本课题的内容是关于多功能封口机的设计，主要包括多功能封口机的结构设计以及对现有产品的结构优化和创新。能够实现较高的自动化程度和生产效率，如1）设计封口机的多功能化，实现其从填料到封口一体化；2）优化结构计算填料与封口之间的运动时间关系，提高工作效率；3）设计简易的填料和封口装置，减少设备耗材与复杂程度，提高设备工作质量与工作效率。主要研究对象是多功能封口机的结构设计，通过Solidworks等三维建模软件对设计的封口机进行三维造型与仿真，利用有限元分析等计算填料和封口部分的疲劳强度等。将三维造型图转化为工程图，计算并确定结构参数，完成零件图的绘制与标注，最后完成对论文的撰写。

课题任务要求

1.查阅多功能封口机相关文献并进行收集和整理，完成毕业设计前期工作：任务书、文献综述、开题报告、外文翻译；

2.查阅大量关于封口机结构设计的资料、封口机填料资料、封口机封口相关资料。整理后确定多功能封口机的具体设计方案；

3.进行必要的设计计算和结构设计，填料与封口运动之间的时间关系、装置中使用的机构尺寸设计等。保证其具备良好的机械性能；

4.运用CAD软件，对设计的多功能封口机进行三维建模，绘制装配图及零件图析；

5.利用三维建模完成工程图的转换，工程图要体现出结构上的尺寸参数等部分；

设计出的多功能封口机要求在现有同类产品上有所改良，同时保证生产效率不低于现有同类产品。

主要参考文献（由指导教师选定）

[1] 孙桓陈作模葛文杰机械原理第七版[M].高等教育出版社，2006

[2] 刘鸿文材料力学第四版[M].高等教育出版社，2004

[3] 濮良贵纪名刚机械设计第八版[M] 高等教育出版社，2006

[4] 辛文彤李志尊 Solidworks2012中文版从入门到精通[M] 人民邮电出版社，2012

[5] 赵美宁王闯王佳塑料封口机自动控制系统设计[J]包装工程，2007，第10期

[6] 哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室理论力学I 第七版[M] 高等教育出版社，2004

[7] 闻邦椿机械设计手册第五版[S] 机械工业出版社 2010

[8] 丰日美机械扣式电池封口机毕业论文[D] 天津工业大学机械工程学院，2007

[9] 周林辉软包装自动充填封口机的结构设计探讨[J]包装与食品机械 2005，第2期

[10]作者不详塑料袋热压式封口机[J]包装与食品机械 2009，第1期

[11]孙建锋桌上型全自动塑杯封口机的设计[J]包装与食品机械 2000，第6期

摘要I

Abstract II

1绪论1

1.1多功能封口机设计背景1

1.2设计目的与意义1

1.3设计内容2

2方案设计5

2.1方案设计方法5

2.2任务要求键入章标题(第 2 级)5

2.3多功能封口机工作原理5

2.4方案选择6

2.5 总体布置7

3结构设计 8

3.1成形器 8

3.1.1袋形选择 8

3.1.2成形器种类及选择 8

3.1.3成形器相关计算 9

3.2总体方案设计 11

3.2.1电机的选择 11

3.2.2运动参数计算12

3.2.3各传动轴参数计算12

3.2.4主轴最小直径 13

3.2.5功率分配14

3.3链轮设计 14

3.4纵封辊 17

3.5横封辊 17

3.6齿轮设计18

3.7切断装置20

3.8导辊21

4 结论 22

致谢 23

参考文献 24

文献综述 25

文献翻译 31

摘要

本文是针对多功能封口机的设计以及说明。

多功能封口机，即多功能包装机，因为在一台机器上完成两个或两个以上的包装工序故称之为多功能包装机。其主要由引导成型部分、填料部分、封制部分以及切断部分组成。包装材料被安置在卷桶上，经由导辊引导至成型器处，在成型器作用下完成包装袋的基本成型，同时完成填料，此时由横封装置以及纵封装置完成对袋的封口工作，之后由切断装置切断，使之分离为完整的包装袋个体。

本文对多功能包装机的工作原理、结构等做了分析及说明，并在现有多功能封口机的基础上进行设计，设计出一套可行的方案并进行相关计算，使用制图软件画出其相应工程图。

本文使用Autocad2010对其进行绘图，Autocad2010是比较基础的工程制图软件，能够使机械的平面结构简单、清晰地表现出来，是当下十分常见与实用的制图软件之一。

关键词：多功能封口机包装 Autocad

Abstract

This paper is aimed at the multifunctional sealing machine design and description.

Multifunctional sealing machine, the multifunction packing machine, because the completion of two or more than two of the packaging process is called multifunction packing machine in a machine. It is mainly composed of lead forming part, filling, sealing and cutting part part part. Packaging materials are placed in the roll barrel, through the guide roller guide to forming device, the completion of the basic molding packing bag in the shaper, at the same time, filler, this time by the sealing device and longitudinal sealing device to complete sealing of the bag, then cut by the cutting device, so that the separation for the complete package bag of individual.

This paper makes analysis and description of the working principle, multi function packaging machine structure, and machine design based on the existing multifunctional sealing, designed for the relevant calculation a set of feasible solutions and, using the mapping software to draw the corresponding engineering drawings.

In this paper, Autocad2010 drawing of engineering drawing software, Autocad2010 is the basis of comparison, can make the plane mechanical structure simple, clearly demonstrated, is now very common and practical drawing software.

Keywords: Multifunctional sealing machine sealing Autocad

绪论

1.1多功能封口机设计背景

封口机是典型的包装机械，包装机械在世界上已有一段历史。可以说，正因为有中国的造纸技术，才给纸包装技术的产生以及发展提供了必要条件，之后才得以由此发展出各种材料的包装机械。

从1850年始，世界的纸价格大幅跌落，纸张开始应用于食品包装。在这之后的1852年，美国的沃利发明出了纸袋制造机，由此正式出现了纸制品机械。1861年，德国人建立了世界上第一个包装机械工厂，并且在50年后也就是1911年成功生产出全自动成形充填封口机，这应该是有历史记载的最早的多功能封口机。

而中国在此方面由于各种原因起步晚于欧美各国，但经过了二十多年的发展，中国的包装机械已经成为国内机械工业十大行业之一，为中国的包装工业作出了重大贡献，满足了国内市场的基本需求，填补国内在此方面的空白，甚至出口国外。但是总体上看，中国包装机械的进出口额与发达国家相比仍然相去甚远，品种少，配套数量少，缺乏高精度以及大型化产品仍然是国内市场不可忽视的问题。而且国内此类产品主要以针对国外产品的仿制为主而缺少自主创新类产品，元器件的整体质量也不如国外，这就导致了包装产品的质量不如国外。

1.2设计目的与意义

本此设计的目的，在于对于多功能封口机的原理分析与结构设计，加深对于包装类机械的了解，能够在现有机械的基础上作出自己的一些设计，增强自我设计方面的能力，锻炼自身的相关能力。

由上文可知我国当前在包装机械上的成果并不如国外，因此，就更加需要我们对其产生重视，藉由对于多功能封口机的设计，进一步了解机械包装产业。

参考文献

[1] 卢立新包装机械概论[M]中国轻工业出版社.2011

[2] 陈镜波世界包装机生产与贸易概况[J]包装与食品机械.1995，第4期

[3] 孙恒陈作模葛文杰机械原理第七版[M]高等教育出版社.2006

[4] 杨裕根诸世敏现代工程图学[M]北京邮电大学出版社.2008

[5] 濮良贵纪名刚机械设计第八版[M]高等教育出版社.2006

[6] 周林辉软包装自动充填封口机的结构设计探讨[J]包装与食品机械 2005，第2期

[7] 杨军良刘云霞多功能忱型包装机横封传动机构设计探讨[J]包装与食品机械1999，第6期

[8] 张西良式包装机工艺过程及其控制系统研究[J]轻工机械2003，第3期

[9] 戴远敬袋成型包装机中常用拉膜机构分析[J]包装与食品机械 1999，第1期

[10] 孙建锋桌上型全自动塑杯封口机的设计[J]包装与食品机械 2000，第6期

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内容简介：: International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 2 No. 10, October, 2012 ISSN: 2049-3444 2012 IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 1717 An Inverse Kinematic Analysis of a Robotic Sealer Akinola A. Adeniyi 1, Abubakar Mohammed 2, Aladeniyi Kehinde 3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria 3Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria ABSTRACT A planar robotic sealing or brand stamping machine is presented for an automated factory line. The appropriate time to seal or to stamp an object is basically determined by a motor controller which relies critically on whether or not the object is in the best position. The extent of protraction and retraction of the piston head is largely dictated by an infrared sensor. Given the extent to protract or retract the piston head, the angular displacements of the link required are determined using the Inverse Kinematic (IK) techniques. The inertia and gravity effects of the links have been ignored to reduce the complexity of the equations and to demonstrate the technique. Keywords: Forward Kinematics, Inverse Kinematics, Robotics, Sealer. 1. INTRODUCTION An automated factory uses a number of mechanical links electronically controlled to achieve tasks. The benefits of factory automation are many and of strategic importance to management 1. Standard mechanical links are usually powered with electrical motors, pneumatic systems or solenoids. In a manually operated machine, the human performs visual checks and other standard checks that are to be replicated by automation. The interest of this work is centered on a hypothetical sealing machine which is used for stamping some signatures and logos as done in a branding factory line. Inverse kinematic analysis is applied to enable us determine angular displacements of the link. Kinematics involves the study of motion without consideration for the actuating forces. Inverse Kinematics (IK) is a method for determining the joint angles and desired position of the end-effectors given a desired goal to reach by the end effectors 1. A feasibility of using a PID controller was studied by Nagchaudhuri 2 for a slider crank mechanism but without an offset. Tolani et al 3 reviewed and grouped the techniques of solving inverse kinematics problems into seven. The techniques are the Newton-Raphsons method and its other variants. There are the Jacobian and the variants with pseudo-inverse (otherwise known as the Moore-Penrose inverse) for square or non-square Jacobian. Other methods are the control-theory based and the optimisation techniques. A number of authors 1, 4-7 have proposed algorithms for solving IK problems which include but not limited to Neural Network algorithm, Cyclic Coordinate Descent closure and Inexact strategy, but like every other techniques for a given problem the choice of method depends on the specifics of the problem. Buss 8 discussed the Jacobian transpose, the Moore-Penrose and the Damped Least Squares techniques. In terms of computational cost, the Jacobian transpose method is the cheap but can perform poorly based on the robot configurations. In this work the Jacobian transpose technique ill-performed but the Jacobian Inverse technique is suitable and more so it is a simple 2D planar representation of the problem with only 4 degrees of freedom. 2. OPERATIONS OF THE ROBOTIC LINK Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the robotic sealing system. The capping or stamping is achieved with the piston or ram head, P. C is the conveyor line. The caps or the branding heads are placed in position and sensed by an infrared sensor, S. The instruction to seal or brand is dependent on feedback from the sensor. If the item to be branded, capped or stamped is out of place at the instance when the ram head was going to touch, the sensor feedback will be to retract the head. It can also be to not go too far. There can be a range of feedback to the motor controller, M. This kind of control system is similar to what a human operator would do if it were manually operated. The use of sensors and fast responding motor controller will make this hypothetical machine a very useful tool in a factory performing this kind of mundane task. This factory sub-line is a simple slider-crank mechanism with actuator arm A. In clearer terms, the instructions would be to press the piston ram to seal if the cap and the container are in line; to reverse the piston in case of a jam; to not press the piston ram if either the container or the cap is absent; to International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 2 No. 10, October, 2012 ISSN: 2049-3444 2012 IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 1718 press further if the seal length is shorter than expected as may be caused by wear and tear. This clearly shows that the piston determines the angle of the link or the direction or action of the motor. This is an inverse kinematics problem. The sensor feedback part is much of a control engineering problem, not considered in this paper. Fig. 1: The robotic sealing rig schematic 3. ANALYSIS Fig. 2 is a representation of the slider-crank mechanism. There is an offset, f, of the piston axis from the motor axis, O1. O2 is the axis of the piston with moving coordinates (x,y). The motor rotates clockwise or counter clockwise about O1. If the crank makes displacement s on the piston plane, it is equivalent to a motion of ex and ey. This motion is caused by the crank making an angular motion clockwise or counter-clockwise, . The angle between the connecting rod and crank makes an angular displacement of, . This also means the angular shift of is made between the connecting rod and the piston or ram plane. Fig. 2: The offset slider crank (Cartesian coordinate world) In a computer game application for these, the angles would be explicitly required so that the links do not “physically disjoint”; for a physically connected link, the motor controller only would need the instruction to move only the crank. 3.1 The World Cartesian coordinate system is adopted. Clockwise is positive and motion to right and upwards are positive. The Top Dead Centre (TDC) is attained when the crank, radius r, and the connecting rod, length l, are in line. This is attained when . fm is the maximum variable offset based on the geometry. The Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) is reached when . The TDC and BDC with the variable offset are shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3: The Top and Bottom Dead centre The piston has been constrained to move only in planar direction, on the vector of . In this work, the direction vector is , making the plane at 45o to the horizontal. 3.2 The Forward Kinematics The displacement caused by the motor moving clockwise from the position in Fig. 2 is represented in equation (1). Where subscripts (i,f) are respectively mean initial and final values. The position at f is reached in reality smoothly for a rotating crank, but the smoothness can be reached in fine incremental steps, in the numerical approach. At the end of the stepped increments, the final displacement to the goal is seen as a function of angular parameters given as: (1) The linear dependence of the angles, in this problem, can help to reduce the number of degrees of freedom to compute in equation (1). It can be shown that , thereby making . Using trigonometry, the instantaneous initial, arbitrary, position of the piston in Fig. 2 is given by Equation (2). (2) (3) The Jacobian matrix for is given in equation (4) and simplified to equation (5). International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 2 No. 10, October, 2012 ISSN: 2049-3444 2012 IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 1719 J (4) J (5) Computing the new piston position involves solving equation (1). The new coordinate of the piston by the first term of expansion of the Taylor series can be shown to be given in equation (6). is the vector of the robot angular displacements for the related links. Mathematically, . Here, we have . Therefore the current position of the piston or the pressing head is approximately given in equation (6). It should be noted that can be measured from the horizontal to further reduce the equation sets, this is referred to as elsewhere in this paper. J (6) 3.3 Inverse Kinematics The problem is not that of solving for Xf given Xi and but it is that of solving for given Xi, and the desired Xf. This is iteratively implemented such that the target displacement of the piston is given as . This is a vector of the piston displacement and can be represented as . Since this is a planar problem with no displacements in the other directions, it reduces to a . To smoothen the possible jerk or jumpy effect, this can be stepped using a factor of which can be selected intuitively based on the ratio of r to L but and J is the inverse of Jacobian matrix. The algorithm checks if the target has been reached or not. Iteration is stopped when the solution is within a pre-determined level of error or a maximum number of iterations. The choice of these limiting values should depend on the response time acceptable. This can be critical for a real time application. J (7) 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Consider a current orientation of the robotic arm at any arbitrary position with the piston head at a position P1. Suppose the sensor system requires the piston to move to a target new position P2. The simulation is done for several arbitrary starting positions of the crank and results are similar for reachable targets. Supposing the crank angle is at a current orientation with crank angle of -5o, and there is an instruction from the sensor to retract the piston ram head by 0.1 times the crank arm length. The simulation instructs the crank proceeds to counter clockwise by 15.58o, this corresponds to an increase of to 19.26o and correspondingly, reduces to 86.32o. Fig. 4 shows the simulation progress of the piston head from a current position P1 to the new target P2 and the number of iterations done. Fig. 4: Crank Position and Iteration with the Jacobian Inverse Matrix The technique used is the Jacobian inverse technique. The Jacobian transpose technique is not predictable for the same problem and in this case, the solution settles to a local minimum for only one of the angles but the convergence rate is faster, see Fig. 5. Fig. 5: Crank Positions using the Inverse and Transpose of the Jacobian Matrix If there is a request to a physically unreachable target, such as to a more than the TDC or BDC locations, P3, the simulation runs and stops after the maximum number of iterations or if the Jacobian Matrix becomes un-invertible, Fig. 6. 0102030405060708090100-20-100Crank AnglePercent to TargetCrank Positions01020304050607080901000500010000Number of IterationsInternational Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 2 No. 10, October, 2012 ISSN: 2049-3444 2012 IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 1720 Fig. 6: Unreachable Target situation 5. CONCLUSION This paper is focused on the application of the Inverse Kinematics technique to the analysis of a robotic link, such as obtained in a sealer of an automated factory, without consideration for the effects of inertia effects. The Jacobian inverse technique, as mentioned in literatures, is more reliable in this application. The Jacobian transpose approach is not reliable. This paper has demonstrated the application of the inverse kinematics to a simple robotic sealer; the piston is instructed to retract by 0.1 units as a test case. The new crank angle was found more accurately with the Jacobian Inverse technique better that the Jacobian Transpose technique. The problem can be extended to include the dynamics for possible selection of the optimal driving torque or electric motor selection for the driving parts. REFERENCES 1 S. Tejomurtula and S. Kak, Inverse Kinematics in robotics using neural networks, Information Sciences, vol. 116, pp. 147-164, 1999. 2 A. Nagchaudhuri, Mechantronic Redesign of Slider Crank Mechanism, in ASME International Mechnical Engineering Congress & Exposition: IMECE2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2002. 3 D. Tolani, A. Goswami, and N. I. Badler, Real-Time Inverse Kinematics Techniques for Anthromorphic Limbs, Graphical Models, vol. 62, pp. 353-388, 2000. 4 S. K. Saha and W. O. Schiehlen, Recursive Kinematics and Dynamics for Parallel Structured Closed-Loop multibody Systems, Mechanics of Structures and Machines, vol. 29, pp. 143-175, 2007. 5 X. Wang, A behavior-based inverse kinematics algorithm to predict arm prehension postures for computer-aided ergonomic evaluation, Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 32, pp. 453-460, 1999. 6 A. C. Nearchou, Solving the inverse kinematics problem of redundant robots operating in complex environments via a modified genetic algorithm, Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 33, pp. 273-292, 1998. 7 M. J. D. Powell, Some Global Convergence Properties of a variable metric Algorithm for Minimization without Exact line searches, in Symposium in Applied Mathematics of the American Mathematical Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, New York City, 1976. 8 S. R. Buss, Introduction to Inverse Kinematics with Jocobian Transpose, Pseudoinverse and Damped Least Square methods, University of California, San Diego2009. 01002003004005006007008009001000-1000100Crank AnglePercent to TargetCrank Positions0100200300400500600700800900100005001000Number of IterationsInternational Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 2 No. 10, October, 2012 ISSN: 2049-3444 2012 IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 1721 Appendix Source Code %MATLAB/Octave Script %Solver for the IK implementation of the offset slider crank % Init

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