中石化2013年高级职称英语考试参考书（全）石化.docx

8炼化工程unit 1 composition of petroleum石油的组成read the text and translate it into chinese. petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the earths surface. petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. it is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. in its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes both crude oil and natural gas. both crude oil and natural gas are predominantly a mixture of hydrocarbons. under surface pressure and temperature conditions, the lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while the heavier ones from pentane and up are in the form ofliquids or solids. however, in the underground oil reservoir the proportion of gas and liquid varies depending on the subsurface conditions, and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture. an oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. a gas well produces predominately natural gas. however, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. under surface conditions these will condense out of the gas and form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils. translate the following paragraph into english. 任何石油产品中，都不希望硫的含量高，柴油也不例外。对于这些燃料油，人们声称硫加剧了磨损和沉积物的问题，但对其产生的后果的大小仍有争议。不过，不管对柴油要求的低硫含量有无技术上的理由对于减少空气污染这个道理是不辩自明的。生产模式已经确立，炼厂必须接受这一规定。正因为如此，许多炼油厂通常安装有粗柴油加氢脱硫的工艺装置。【课文参考译文】 石油或原油是天然形成的、有毒的、可燃性的液体，是含有不同分子量的碳氢化合物以及其它有机化合物的复杂混合物。它是在地球表面下的地质层中发现的。石油大部分是通过石油钻探开采得到的。石油很容易按不同馏程进行炼制和分离成为大量的消费产品，从汽油、煤油到沥青以及用作制造塑料和药品的化学试剂。 严格意义上来说，石油仅仅包含原油，但是惯用法上，它包括石油和天然气。石油和天然气主要是烃类混合物。在地面压力和温度条件下，轻质的碳氢化合物甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷以气体的形式出现，而重质的碳氢化合物如戊烷和重于戊烷的烃都是以液体或固体的形式出现。然而，在地下油藏，气体或液体的比例变化的取决于亚地表层条件和石油混合物的相图。 油井主要生产原油，伴有一些天然气溶解在其中。因为地表的压力低于地下的压力，一些气体将从溶液中溢出，或者以伴生气或溶解气被回收（或燃烧）。气井主要是产生天然气。然而，由于地下温度和压力比地表高一些，气体中或许含有较重的碳氢化合物，例如气态的戊烷、己烷和庚烷。在地表条件下，这些较重的碳氢化合物将会从气体中析出，形成天然气的凝聚物，经常简称为凝析油。凝析油外观上类似于汽油，组成类似于一些挥发性的轻原油。【练习参考答案】 in any petroleum product, a high sulphur content is considered undesirable, and diesel fuels are no exception. for such fuels, sulphur is claimed to aggravate problems of wear and deposits, but the magnitude of the effect is still a matter of some controversy. however, whether or not there is technical justificationother than that of abatement of air pollution -for the low sulphur levels demanded for diesel fuels, the pattem has been established and must be accepted by the refiner. for this reason, processing units for the hydrodesulphurisation of gas oils are commonly installed in refineries.unit 2 petrochemicals石化产品read the text and translate it into chinese. petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum. gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are, not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons. the classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification. the manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound types to basic chemical reactions, such as oxidation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polymerization, and alkylation. the low-molecular-weight paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and dealt with. a wide range of compounds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now progressing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. for example, the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entities and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials. the overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of products bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material. translate the following paragraph into english. 石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物理方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质也可能因含量低而在炼制过程中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。 【课文参考译文】 石化产品通常指直接或间接地从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是烃类的混合物。 像“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其他途径生产，因而这一术语只是用来识别原料的来源。 从石油生产化学品是基于各种类型的化合物对各种基本化学反应响应迅速，如氧化反应、卤化反应、硝化反应、脱氢反应、加成反应、聚合反应和烷基化反应。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量链烷烃和烯烃，以及轻质芳烃，因为这些物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望得到，其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如石油重质馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明可以将这些物质当做化学单体，能够通过各种化学和物理反应将其转变成更有价值的产品。这些转化的总体效果是，所生产的物质能够相对容易地用作高品质芳焦，或者能够形成带有官能团的产品，用作非燃料原料。【练习参考答案】 the starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude oil in one or two general ways. they may be present in the crude oil and as such, are separated through physical methods, such as distillation or solvent extraction. on the other hand, they may be converted to synthetic during the refining operations because of lower content. in fact, unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in crude oil, are nearly always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining processes. unit 3 petroleum refining石油炼制read the text and translate it into chinese. petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products. most petroleum products, including kerosenes, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and waxes, are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components. other products, for example, gasolines, aromatic solvents, and even some asphalts, are totally or partly sy.nthetic in that they have compositions that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. they result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products. refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market. in fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. for example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. if the latter cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. to prevent the occurrence of such a situation, the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. this usually means more processes - a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt - to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market. translate the following paragraph into english. 此外，一套完整的炼油装置须包括以下设备：所有必要的非工艺设施；充裕的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力来源和物料装卸设备；用于维持一天24小时，一周七天连续运转所需的车间和物资；废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调合设施。【课文参考译文】 石油炼制就是将石油分离成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和蜡，都是原油经过处理脱除不需要的成分而得到的石油馏分。其他石油产品，如汽油、芳烃溶剂、甚至包括某些沥青，则是通过完全或者部分合成而制得的。因为组成这些产品的物质成分无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过化工过程，改变原油选定部分的分子性质而获得的。换言之，它们是通过炼制得到的，或称为炼制产品。 石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品不仅满足质量要求，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场需求。 实际上，炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置，其数量根据产品的不同市场需求。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每种产品的销售量而进行。比如，从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点产品。如果这些高沸点产品不能作为重燃料油销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应灵活采取措施，并根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求：运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦碳成为副产品；或者运用减压蒸馏工艺将重油分离成润滑油基础油和沥青。【练习参考答案】 in addition,a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil, intermediate,and finished products;a dependable source of electrical power, material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day,7 day/week operation; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blending facilities.unit 4 catalytic cracking催化裂化 read the text and translate it into chinese. catalytic cracking is a process for the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon fractions mainly into high-quality gasoline and fuel oil components, which are lighter, less viscous and thus more valuable than the feedstock. the conversion, or cracking, predominantly takes place in the vapour phase in the presence of a catalyst. this catalyst, which is available as pellets or as a powder, has the ability to enhance the rate of cracking reactions and selectively to promote certain types of reactions. this results in products and product properties that are characteristic of the catalytic cracking process, e.g. formation of relatively large quantities of olefins, iso-components, and aromatics. these components contribute significantly towards the high octane number of the gasoline. although catalysts are now being developed that can tolerate some metals deposition and thereby facilitate processing of residual material containing moderate amounts of asphaltic material and metals, a catalytic cracker complex usually includes a vacuum distilling unit for feed preparation. it, furthermore, includes distillation columns for separation of the products, and treaters for the final products. translate the following paragraph into english. 近几年来，世界能源状况已推动了更有效的转化过程的开发和应用，使炼油厂的原油加工手段能够升级，以生产出更多价值高的轻质馏分油和较少的燃料油。因此，相对于直馏产品而言，炼油厂的转化或裂化产品的数量正在增加。因为这些转化产品的特点通常是除硫以外，烯烃、芳烃和氮的含量也较高。由于这个原因，加氢脱硫过程已经发展到了目前这种作为一种加氢精制过程的状况，通过采用合适的催化剂和操作条件，已经能够把这些不合要求的质量特性减少到可接受的水平。【课文参考译文】 催化裂化主要是把重质烃馏分转化成优质汽油和燃料油组分的工艺，这些产品较轻，粘度较低，因而比其原料更有价值。 这种转化或裂化主要是在气相并在有催化剂存在的条件下发生。这种制成颗粒状或粉末状的催化剂，具有提高裂化反应速度并有选择地促进某种类型反应的能力。其结果是生产具有催化裂化工艺特点的产品和产品性质，如较多数量的链烯烃、异构组分和芳烃。这些组分对提高汽油的辛烷值起着很大的作用。 尽管正在开发能够容忍某些金属沉积物的催化剂，以便加工含有适量沥青质和金属的渣油原料，催化裂化联合装置通常包括用于原料制备的减压蒸馏装置，此外，它还包括用于产品分离的蒸馏塔和最终产品的处理装置。【练习参考答案】 in recent years, the world energy situation has encouraged the development and application of more effective conversion processes, whereby the crudes processed by the refinenes can be upgraded to give larger quantities of lighter, more valuable distillates and less fuel oil. as a consequence, the quantity of converted or cracked products within the refineries is increasing relative to straight-run products. since these converted products are often characterised by high olefin, aromatics and nitrogen contents, in addition to sulphur. for this reason the hydrodesulphurization process has evolved to its current status as a hydrotreating process with, by application of suitable catalysts and operating severity, the capability of reducing these undesirable quality features to an acceptable level.unit 5 co-catalysts共催化剂read the text and translate it into-chinese. due to rapid changes in fuels supply and demand, the us refining industry has experienced volatility in the relative pricing of its products. as a result, the drive to maximize either gasoline or diesel from the fcc has been constantly changing. how does a refiner respond to these market variations to maximize, the value of the products from the fcc unit? co-catalysts are a new product category providing the refiner with the flexibility to change the product slate ofthe fcc without changing the fcc catalyst. changing between a maximum gasoline co-catalyst and a maximum lco co-catalyst will allow the refiner to rapidly capture the most favorable economics at all times - maximizing fcc profitability. co-catalysts are added to the base catalyst to rapidly change the core performance of the fcc. due to their exceptional catalytic properties, co-catalysts drive this fundamental change in unit performance and displace at least the equivalent rate of the base catalyst. they can be added quickly to the unit making the unit performance respond to rapidly changing product values - in the shortest time - optimizing profitability far more quickly than can be achieved by reformulating the fcc catalyst. translate the following paragraph into english. 共催化剂与助剂和催化剂具有相似之处，但是作为独立和新系列的产品而与众不同。催化剂能够提供催化裂化装置核心的催化效果。助剂加入到基础催化剂中能促进其它工艺过程或产品的效果，如最大化生产丙烯、汽油脱硫、促进一氧化碳燃烧、减少氮氧化物和硫氧化物等。将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中，比常规助剂的添加速率更快，以改变催化裂化的核心效果。【课文参考译文】 由于燃料油市场供需关系的急剧变化，美国炼油工业的产品相对价格也经常变化。因此，从催化裂化装置中得到最大量的汽油或柴油的生产方案也经常变化。炼油商如何从催化裂化装置中得到最大的产品价值以应对市场变化呢？ 在炼油商需要灵活改变催化裂化装置的产品方案而不改变催化裂化催化剂的情况下，共催化剂（应运而生）成为一种新的产品种类。在最大量生产汽油的共催化剂和最大量生产轻循环油的共催化剂之间变换，可以使炼厂总能迅速的获得最大的经济效益使催化裂化装置的利润最大化。 将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中能快速的改变催化裂化装置的主要性能。由于其优良的催化特性，共催化剂能够促使装置的性能发生根本变化，并可替代至少同等量的基础催化剂。它们可以快速加入装置中，使得装置性能迅速地发生相应变化，在最短的时间内重塑产品分布和产品价值远比通过调整催化裂化催化剂的配方快得多地实现利润的优化。【练习参考答案】 co-catalysts have similarities with both additives and catalysts, but stand alone as a separate and new category of products. catalysts provide the core catalytic performance of the fcc unit. additives are added to the base catalyst to promote other process or product effects such as propylene maximization, sulfur reduction of gasoline, co combustion promotion, nox and sox reduction, etc. co-catalysts are added to the base catalyst - at greater addition rates than typically used for additives- to change the fcc core performance. unit 6 distillation蒸馏read the text and translate it into chinese. the most widely used separation process in the chemical industry is distillation. this unit operation is also referred to as fractionation or fractional distillation. separation of constituents is based upon differences in volatility. in distillation, a vapor phase contacts a liquid phase, and mass is transferred both from the liquid to the vapor and from the vapor to the liquid. the liquid and vapor generally contain the same components but the different relative quantities. the liquid is at its bubble point, and the vapor in equilibrium is at its dew-point. mass is transferred simultaneously from the liquid by vaporization and from the vapor by condensation. the net effect is an increase in concentration of the more volatile component in the vapor and of the less volatile component in the liquid. vaporization and condensation involve the latent heats of vaporization of the components, and heat effects must therefore be considered in distillation calculations. in an ideal solution, the volatility can be related directly to the pure-component vapor pressure of each component. in nonideal solutions, no simple relationship exists. distillation is widely used to separate liquid mixtures into more or less pure components. translate the following paragrtiph into english. 蒸馏操作的应用多种多样。用于炼钢、火箭及医疗的纯氧就是通过液化空气蒸馏得到的。 原油最初在大型蒸馏塔中分离出许多馏分，这些馏分进一步处理得到最终产品，并且蒸馏经常应用于最终产品生产过程的中间环节。【课文参考译文】 在化学工业中使用最为广泛的分离过程是蒸馏。这种单元操作也被称为分馏或组分蒸馏。组分分离是基于各组分挥发性的差别。 在蒸馏过程中，气相与液相相接触，从液相到气相和从气相到液相都会发生传质过程。通常气相和液相中含有相同的组分但是相对数量不同。液相处于沸点，而气相在平衡时则处于露点。传质同时发生在液相气化和气相冷凝过程中。 实际效果是气相中更易挥发的组分浓度增加，而液相中不易挥发的组分浓度增加。气化和冷凝涉及组分的气化潜热，因此在蒸馏计算中必须考虑热效应。 在理想溶液中，挥发度与每个纯组分的蒸气压直接关联。在非理想溶液中，这种简单关系不存在。蒸馏广泛应用于将液相混合物分离为近似纯组分。【练习参考答案】 applications of distillation are tremendously diverse. pure oxygen, for use in steel-making, in rockets, and for medical applications, is produced by the distillation of air that has been liquefied. crude oil is initially separated into a number of fractions in large distillation columns. these fractions are further processed into finished products, and distillation is frequently used in the intermediate steps in the manufacture of the final products.unit 7 adsorption吸附read the text and translate it into chinese. adsorption involves the transfer of a constituent of a fluid to the surface of a solid phase. to complete the separation, the adsorbed constituent must then be removed from the solid. the fluid phase may be either a gas or a liquid. if several constituent are adsorbed to varying extents, it is often possible to separate them into relatively pure components. many solid adsorbents are used. strictly speaking, the term adsorbent is usually applied to a solid that holds the solute to its surface by physical forces. an example would be the adsorption of organic vapors by charcoal