Martin Luther OnlineHistory.org.ppt

theprotestantreformationingermany freedomv authority thecastofcharacters martinluther anobscuregermanmonk changedthemedievalworldandthreatenedthecatholicchurchlikenoother charlesv theholyromanemperorfrom1500 1558 opposedlutherandtriedtooutlawhimandhisfollowersasheretics frederickthewise electorofsaxonyfrom1486 1525 supportedlutherandhisteachings protectedhiminhisearlyyearssothereformationhadachancetoflourish leox oneofthemostextravagantpopesinhistory madethemistakeofnotseeinglutherasathreattothepowerofthecatholicchurch hansandmargaretteluther piousandhardworkinggermanswhosesonchangedtheworldforever katharinevonbora luther swife lutherfoundpeacewhenhemarriedthisex nunwhomhehadhelpedtoescapefromanunnery martinluther driventodefiance iwouldneverhavethoughtthatsuchastormwouldrisefromromeoveronesimplescrapofpaper martinluther martinluther anobscureaugustinianmonk fewifanymenhavechangedthecourseofhistorylikemartinluther inlessthantenyears thisdedicatedgermanmonk upsetachurchthathadruledforathousandyearssetinmotionasequenceofrevolution war andconflictthatwouldreshapewesterncivilizationandbringitintothemodernera luther sstoryisanaccountof thebirthofthemodernagethecollapseofmedievalfeudalismthebeginningoftheidealsoffreedomandlibertythatareatthecoreofthe21stcentury martinlutherdetailfromthefreedomwindowwarmemorialchapelwashingtoncathedral notedaremoses abrahamlincoln martinluther paulrevereandgeorgewashington butitisalsoanintenselyhumantale itisthestoryofamanwhobeginshisjourneyinthedepthsofdespair triumphs butturnstodespairagainwhenheisfacedwithforceshecannotcomprehendorcontrol ashisfollowerssoughttobuildanewandjusteuropearoundhim hecouldonlyturnontheminfrustration declaringthattheironlygoalshouldbeheaven martinlutherstandsasahero themanwhobuiltthebridgebetweenthemedievalandthemodern histragedywasthathewouldneverfindthecouragetocrossithimself martinlutherwasbornintoaworlddominatedbythecatholicchurch whichheldspiritualauthorityoverallthenationsofeurope fortheintenselyspiritualluther thechurch spromiseofsalvationwasirresistible accordingtolegend hewascaughtinathunder storm terrifiedbythepossibilityofimminentdeath andvowedtobecomeamonk butafterenteringthemonastery lutherbecameincreasinglydoubtfulthatthechurchcouldactuallyofferhimsalvationatall hisviewswereupheldbyatriptorome wherehefoundthatthecapitalofcatholicismwasladenwithcorruption godhasgivenusthepapacy letusenjoyit popeleox wrackedbydespair lutherfinallyfindsreleaseinthepagesofthebible whenhediscoversthatitisnotthechurch buthisownindividualfaiththatwillguaranteehissalvation rom3 28 wemaintainthereforethatamanisjustifiedbyfaithapartfromtheworksofthelaw rom5 1 2 beingthereforejustifiedbyfaith wehavepeacewithgodthroughourlordjesuschrist throughwhomwealsohaveouraccessbyfaithintothisgraceinwhichwestand gal2 15 16 we beingjewsbynature andnotgentilesinners yetknowingthatamanisnotjustifiedbytheworksofthelawbutthroughfaithinjesuschrist evenwehadtobecomebelieversinchristjesus thatwemightbejustifiedbyfaithinchrist andnotbytheworksofthelaw becausenoonewillbejustifiedbytheworksofthelaw gal3 11 12 nowthatnomanisjustifiedbythelawbeforegodisevidentfor therighteouswilllivebyfaith thelawisnotoffaithbut themanwhodoesthemwilllivebythem theproblemofauthorityluther sdiscoveryuncoveredtheproblemofauthority isthebiblethesolebasisforreligiousauthority aslutherclaimed orarethebibleandchurchtraditionthebasisforauthority astheromancatholicchurchclaimed here showoneprotestantdenominationtodaycharacterizesluther scontributiontoreformationtheology withthisrevelation heturnsonthechurch attackingitspracticeofsellingindulgencesinthefamous95theses thekeypointsofluther sthesesweresimple butdevastating acriticismofthepope spurposeinraisingthemoney heisricherthancroesus hewoulddobettertosellstpetersandgivethemoneytothepoorpeople astraightforwardconcernforhisflock indulgencesaremostperniciousbecausetheyinducecomplacencyandtherebyimperilsalvation lutherwasnotonlyarevolutionarythinker hewouldalsobenefitfromarevolutionarytechnology thenewlyinventedmachineryofprinting asinglepamphletwouldbecarriedfromonetowntoanother whereitwouldbeduplicatedinafurtherprintrunofthousands withinthreemonths alleuropewasawashwithcopiesofluther s95theses martinlutherhadinadvertentlychosenunavoidableconflictwiththemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheday thecatholicchurch martinluther reluctantrevolutionary hereistand icandonoother godhelpme amen martinluther popeleox luther sadversary thecatholicchurchbroughtallitsconsiderablepowertobeartotryandmuzzleluther includingaccusationsofheresyandexcommunication butprotectedbyhislocalruler frederickthewise luthercontinued towriteevermoreradicalcritiquesofthechurchtodevelopawholenewsystemoffaith onethatputsthefreedomoftheindividualbelieverabovetheritualsofthechurch hisideasspreadlikewildfire aidedbythenewlyinventedprintingpress finallyhewascalledbeforethegermanimperialparliamentinthecityofwormsandtoldhemustrecant convincedhewouldnotsurvivethetriptowormsbutwithabsolutefaithhedeclared iamnotafraidforgod swillwillbedoneandirejoicetosufferinsonobleacause riskingtortureandexecution lutherrefusedtorecantandproclaimedhisrighttobelievewhathewished hisstandbecamealegendthatinspiredacontinenttorevolution overturningthethousand yearolddominationofthechurch butasthereformationexpandedintoamovementforsocialfreedom lutherfoundhimselfoverwhelmedbythepaceofchange histheologicalreformationhadbecomeasocialrevolution thereformmovementspreadrapidlyawayfromgermany toswitzerlandandhollandwherecalvinandknoxfoundedsocietiesbasedonluther sprinciplestoengland whereitwouldtakeabloodycivilwarbeforecromwellcouldestablishhisprotestantdemocraticstatetothenewlydiscoveredlandsofamerica wherethepuritanswouldfoundjohnwinthrop s cityonahill onluther sfoundationsofreligiousfreedom butlutherneverlefthisprovinceingermanyagain insteadhemarriedanex nunnamedkatharinevonbora whomhehadhelpedtoescapefromhernunnery andtheyhadalargefamilytogether lutherwasabletodevotehimselftothesimplerpleasuresoflife gardening music andwriting lutherfinallydiedintheyear1543 seizedbyacripplingheartattack heheldontohisrighteousnessandrageuntiltheveryend whenidie hesaid iwanttobeaghost soicancontinuetopesterthebishops priestsandgodlessmonksuntilthattheyhavemoretroublewithadeadlutherthantheycouldhavehadbeforewithathousandlivingones charlesv powerfuladversary charlesvdecidedthatextinguishinglutherwouldleavethepopewithoutarival charlesv luther smostpowerfuladversary attheageof19 charlesvwastherichestandmostpowerfulpersonofhistime butallthepowerintheworlddidnotstopmartinlutherfromchallenginghiscatholicempire bornin1500 charlesinheritedavastempirefromhisparents whenhisfatherphilipidiedin1516charlesinheritedcontroloverthenetherlands luxembourg artoisandfranche comt andthefreecountyofburgundy in1516hismaternalgrandfatherferdinandiidiedandheinheritedaragon navarre granada naples sicily sardinia spanishamerica andjointkingshipwithhismother whowasinsane overcastile thenin1519whenhisgrandfathermaximilianidied charlesinheritedthehapsburglandsinaustriaandwaselectedholyromanemperor charlesvsettledingermanyandsoughttobecometheleaderofauniversalempire throughhisreignhewouldfaceongoingbattleswithfrance resisttheadvanceoftheottomanturks andfailtocheckthereformation becauseofpoliticalexpediencyandinattention likemanyothers charlesunder estimatedthedissatisfactionofhiscatholicsubjectsandtheinfluenceahumblegermanmonkwouldhavethroughhisdefiantpen despitebeingadevoutcatholiccharlesvwasacutelyconsciousofpapalpoweranditwasinhisinterestforthevaticantobeputinitsplace atthedietofwormscharlesabsolutelyopposedlutherbuthadotherthingsonhismindthussavinglutherfromexecutionasaheretic charleswassoonpreoccupiedbybattleswithfranceandtheottomanturksanddidnotcheckthespreadofprotest antismsweepinghisempire hespenttherestofhislifewagingwarinfrance germanyandspain itwasonlyafterhisdeathin1558thatapeacetreatywassignedwithfrance charlesv themostpowerfulmanofhistime failedtoachievehisdreamofauniversalempire thwartedbythepoliticalrealitiesofwesterneurope failedtostopthereformationandalthoughhebitterlyopposedtheviewsofmartinlutherheneveractedagainsthim however heisrememberedtodayforhisintegrity strengthofwill andsenseofduty frederickthewise strongadvocate time perhaps willshowifihavebeenagooddiviner frederickthewise 1517 frederickthewise luther sstrongadvocateandbenefactor frederickthewiseisrememberedasthemanwhosavedmartinlutherfromthefuryofthecatholicchurch frederickwasborninhartenfelscastle torgauin1463 thefirstsonoftheelectorernstofthehouseofwettin in1486hesucceededhisfather togetherwithhisyoungerbrotherjohn assovereignofernestinesaxony hewasamanofpeacefulconciliationandkepthisterritoryoutofallwarfareduringhisreign in1502 frederickfoundedtheuniversityofwittenbergwheremartinluthertaught duringluther slifetimewittenbergwasthehomeandintellectualcentreofthereformationmovement frederickwasareliableprotectorofthemovement althoughonlyactiveinthebackground atacrucialperiodfortheearlyreformation frederickprotectedlutherfromthepopeandtheemperor andtookhimintocustodyatwartburgcastleafterthedietofworms 1521 thisputlutherundertheimperialban frederick scollectionofdiplomaticstallingtacticspreventedhiscapture fredericksawlutherasunjustlypersecutedbecausehecouldnotbefoundguiltyofanyrealcrime wartburgcastle frederick however hadlittlepersonalcontactwithlutherandremainedacatholic althoughhegraduallyinclinedtowardthedoctrinesofthereformation heformedhisownopinionafterlisteningtohisadvisersandtheopinionofarecognizedexpert renaissancehumanisterasmusvonrotterdam hediedathishuntinglodgeinlochauin1525 erasmusvonrotterdam anorthernrenaissancehumanist remainedacatholicandwantedtoreformthechurchfromwithin popeleox patronofthearts thechurchneedsareformation andthiscannotbetheworkofasingleman asthepope butitmustbethatofthewholeworld martinluther popeleox luther sadversary popeleoxwasborngiovannidemediciin1475andraisedinitaly smostculturallysophisticatedcity florence aspartoftheprestigiousdemedicifamily renownedpatronsoftheartsbenefactorsofscholarshipmastersofpoliticalintrigue hebecameoneofthemostextravagantofallpopes hewasmoreapatronofthearts ashisparentswere thanasignificantecclesiasticalfigure hewasaskilfuladministratorandbecamepopeattheageof37in1513 raphael sportraitofleoxinthecompanyoftwocardinals 1518 immediatelyleodemonstratedhisappreciationofartbyinitiatingamassivebuildingprojecttobeautifythevatican thepompandextravaganceofhiscourtwasanindirectcauseofthereformation toacquiretheenormoussumsofmoneyforrenovation heencouragedthesaleof indulgences thesepromisedtoremovethetemporalpunishmentduetosinafteritwasforgiven ingermanythispracticearousedtheangerofmartinluther whoissuedninety fiveargumentsforchurchreform lutherwroteinhis95theses hiscriticismofthechurch whydoesn tthepopebuildthebasilicaofstpeter soutofhisownmoney germannoblessawanopportunitytocutoffcurrencyflowingtoromethatwasverymuchneededathome sotheybackedluther scause in1520 leoissuedthepapalbullexsurgedominedemandinglutherretract41ofhis95theses andafterluther srefusal excommunicatedhim somehistoriansbelievethatleoneverreallytookluther smovementorhisfollowersseriously evenuntilthetimeofhisdeathin1521 theyalsocontendthatifhehadbeenmoreinterestedinreligionthanartwork thereformationmayneverhavehappened popeleoxwasalsothepatronoftheartistraphaelandgrantedkinghenryviiiofenglandthetitle defenderofthefaith hewasthelastpopetolookatthepapacyasatemporalmonarchy luther sparents hardworking pious whengodwantstospeakwithus hedoesnotavailhimselfofanangelbutofparents martinluther hansandmargaretteluther hardworkingandpiousgermans martinlutherwasnamedafterst martinbyhisparentshansandmargaretteluther apairofhardworkingandpiousgermanswhoweredeterminedtheirsonwouldsucceedinlife hanslutherwasafarmer ssonbutturnedhisbackonthelandandbecameacopperminer in1484 followingthearrivalofbabymartintheluthersmovedfromeislebentomansfeldtoimprovehans jobprospects hansbecameasuccessfulcoppersmelterandby1491thelutherswereoneofthemostrespectedfamiliesinmansfeld martin smother margarettecamefromasmallbutverywell offfamily despitehersoftupbringing shedidhershareofthefamily sworkloadbutwiththreechildrentolookaftershewasaharshdisciplinarian lutherrecalledoncethat forthesakeofstealinganut mymotheroncebeatmeuntilthebloodflowed hansalsoruledhissonwithanironfist martinlaterrecalled myfatheroncewhippedmesohardiranaway ihatedhimuntilhefinallymanagedtowinmeback hanshadhighhopesforhisfirstsonandhadhisheartsetonmartinbecomingalawyerwhichwouldenablethelutherstoclimbevenhigherupthesocialladder youngmartinfollowedhisfather swisheswithoutprotest hewassenttothebestschoolsintheareaandthentotheuniversityoferfurt in1505hanswasdevastatedtolearnthathisson withoutconsultinghim haddecidedtoembracereligionandhadsoughtadmissiontothehouseoftheaugustinianhermitsinerfurt bothparentslivedtoseetheirsonmarriedin1525andthebirthofseveralgrandchildrenbeforehansdiedin1530andmargarettein1531 theluthers whoweredisappointedthattheirsonhadnotbecomeamiddle classlawyer bothwitnessedhistransformationintooneofthemostfamousandinfamousfiguresofthemedievalworld katharinevonbora wife companion thereisnomorelovely friendly andcharmingrelationship communion orcompanythanagoodmarriage martinluther katharinevonbora luther swife martinlutherfoundpeacewhenhemarriedanex nunnamedkatharinevonbora whomhehadhelpedtoescapefromhernunneryinanemptyfishbarrelandhadtakenrefugeinwittenberg katharinevonborawasbornin1499 thedaughterofanimpoverishednobleman in1504shewenttotheconventschoolofthebenedictineorderinbrehna nearhalle andenteredtheconventofnimbschen neargrimmain1508 in1515shetookhervowsandbecameanun in1523shelefttheconventandendedupinwittenberg byjune1525 echoingatrendacrosseuropeasformernunsandmonksmarried shebecamemrs martinluther katharinewas16yearsyoungerthanmartinandtogethertheyhadsixchildren lutherdotedonhislargefamily hewasabletodevotehimselftothesimplerpleasuresoflife music gardening andwriting katharinetookoverthehousehold particularlythehouseholdexpenses itissaidthatdr lutherdidnothaveaclueabouthowtorunahousehold katharinealsoprovedherselftobeagoodhousewifeandgardener luther shouseholdincluded hiswifeandsixchildrenoneofkatharine srelativessixofluther ssister schildren after1529 studentstohelpthefamily sfinancialsituation forrecreationtheluthersenjoyedabowlinglaneofsortsintheirgarden boardgamessuchaschess andmusic theyevenhadapetdog theygrewmuchoftheirownfoodinasmallgardenattheblackcloisterandthenlateratafarmoutsidewittenberg lutherandkatherinewerediligentparents theydisciplinedtheirchildren butdidsowithlove theirhomewasnotedforitslivelinessanditshappiness katherineoutlivedherhusbandbysixyears shediedondecember20 1552 intorgau shehadfledtheretogetawayfromtheplagueinwittenberg tenthingsyoudidn tknowaboutmartinluther lutherthoroughlyapprovedevenadvocateddrinkingheavily whenayoungmanwrotetohimcomplainingofdespairattheprospectofgoingtohell lutherwrotebackadvisinghimtogoandgetdrunk that hesaid waswhathedidwhenhefeltdespair 1 alcoholcuresallevils luther stankard badandsadthoughtsmustbefollowedbyagoodandhappylittlesongandafriendlyconversation martinluther 2 let stalkaboutsex lutheralsothoroughlyapprovedofsex hesaidthatawomanhadtherighttotakeonalover ifherhusbandwasn tabletosatisfyherinbed andthehusbandshouldlookonthiswithcomposure 3 singmeasong lutherwasverykeenonmusic anaccomplishedluteplayer hecomposedcountlesshymnsandheisregardedasoneofthemostimportantgermancomposerspriortobach 4 wittenbergwasanartists colony wittenberg wherelutherlivedformuchofhislife wasatinytowningermanyatthattime andyetlutherfoundhimselflivingonlyafewdoorsawayfromtwoofthegreatestgermanpaintersoftheday luciuscranachandhisson thecranachsareresponsiblefortheseriesofstrikingportraitsoflutherthatstillsurvive 5 thefishbarrelincident luther swifewasanex nunwhohadmana