英语说明文写作.doc

教 案使用教材: 授课课名: 英语写作 41授课课号: 1220010721授课教师: 李晶授课年级: 2006级授课专业: 英语授课班别: 4，5，6 班授课学年度: 2007-2008学年度(第一学期)授课日期: 2007年9月-2008年1月 外国语学院2008年1月教学目的:写作能帮助学生提高使用英语的准确性,能扩大 所用语言的范围,提高逻辑思考及分析问题的能力。同时写作的实际用途也凸显出来，如信函、论文、报告、讲稿、便条等。同时写与译也密切相关，想做好翻译，必须提高写作水平。教学内容：说明文的写作方法及技巧不管使用什么方法或技巧，任何一篇说明文的写作都应遵循下列几条原则。1 目的明确2 选题适当3 选材充分4 顺序清楚5 用词准确6 寓教于乐说明文的一些具体写作方法、技巧简介：1定义法（1）近义词法(synonym)1. A dingy room means a dirty room.2. To be courteous means to be polite.（2）功能法(function)1. An agency is a place of business which usually provides a specified service.2. A toast is a call on other people to drink to a person or thing.（3）否定法(negation) 1. A good teacher does not just teach students knowledge, but teaches them how to behave. 2. A library is not a place to spend your leisure time but a place to acquire knowledge.（4）分类法(classification) 1. A dictatorship is a form of government in which one person has absolute control over his or her subjects. 2. A mule is a kind of animal that is the offspring of an ass and a mare.What is poverty? ListenYou ask me what is poverty? Listen to me. Listen without pity. Icannot use your pity. Listen with understanding. Poverty is living in a smell that never leaves. It is a smell of young children who cannot walk the long dark way in the night. It is the smell of milk which has gone sour because the refrigerator doesnt work, and it costs money to get it fixed. It is the smell of rotting garbage. Poverty is being tired. I have always been tired. They told me at the hospital when the last baby came that I had chronic anemia and that I needed a corrective operation. I listened politely. They dont say that there is no money for the iron pills or better food or warm medicine. Or that an operation is frightening and costs so much. Or that there is no one to take care of the child. Poverty is dirt. You say, “Anyone ca be clean.” Let me explain about housekeeping with no money. Every wash every stitch my schoolage child has on and hope her clothes dry by morning. What dishes there are, I wash in cold water. With no soap. Even the cheapest soap has to be sawed for the babys diapers. Why not hot water? Hot water is a luxury. I dont have luxuries. Poverty is asking for help. I will tell you how it feels. You find out where the office is that you are supposed to visit. You circle that block for four or five times, then you go in. Everyone is busy. Finally someone comes out and you tell her you need help. That is never the person you need to see. You go to see another person and, after spilling the whole shame of your life all over the desk between you, you find that this isnt the right office after all. Poverty is looking into a black future. Your children wont play with my boys. My boys will turn to other boys who steal to get what they want. And for my daughter? At best there is for her a life like mine. “Buy,” you say to me, “there are schools.” Yes, there are schools. But my children have no books, no magazines, no pencils, no crayons or paper. And most important of all, they do not have health. They have worms. They have infections. They so not sleep well on the floor. They do not suffer from hunger, but they do suffer from malnutrition. Poverty is cooking without food and cleaning without soap. Poverty is an acid that drips on pride until all pride is worn away. Some of you say that you would do something in my situation. And you maybe you would for the first week or month. But for year after year after year? 2.举例法(illustration or example) Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is hard to handle as love is, or even marriage, Of course I am not talking about easy-go friendship. I am talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who make life worth living. Im talking about friends you can share almost everything with. My friendship with Kathy was real friendship. She made me laugh. She made me feel wanted. She understood me. She was never too busy to see me. We were sixteen when we met at the local technical college and we were both doing the same course. I was very nervous the day I started and Kathy was the first person I talked to. As a result, I really enjoyed my year at the Tech. Like I say, she was fun, she was lively, she was sure of herself. And a little bit of her character rubbed off on me. However, it was not a perfect friendship. There were two things I have to tell you about either one of them is enough to explain what was wrong between us. Both of them together brought our friendship to an end. But to this day, thirty years later, I still cannot decide which of these two things really caused me to betray her. I learned very soon in our friendship that Kathy was jealous. She did not like to think that I had she did not have. We would have great fun going out shopping. However, if I bought, say, a dress for party, and she thought my dress was better than hers, she would start to say slightly unkind things about it. I could not understand this at all, and even now it puzzles me. The other problem was my mother. She thought Kathy was common. She thought Kathy had a bad influence over me. She even disliked Kathys way of speaking. She thought her pronunciation was common. Mum disliked Kathy and looked down on her and kept telling me to stop seeing her. If ever I invited her into the house, she would be angry and tell me off as soon as Kathy was gone, Thanks to Kathy I had a wonderful year at the Tech. As a result I looked forward to going out to work. If the Tech could be such fun, so could work! Perhaps I foolishly imagined that wherever I went I would meet another Kathy. But at the end of that wonderful year two things happened that destroyed our friendship. The students always celebrated the end of the college year with a fancy-dress dance. It was a big event. But unfortunately, Kathy and I had made other arrangements for the day of the dance. We had booked to go to a theatre. We had talked for ages of going, and at last we had our tickets. For us this was a big event. Then we realized that the students” dance was on the same day. It was a shame. But our hearts were set on the theatre. Then Kathy came round to see me Mother was in at the time, and I had to speak to her on the doorstep. I told her I couldnt ask her in because my Mum had a bad headache. She smiled and said she was sorry about my mothers bad head. But I was sure she knew what had really happened. But she carried on smiling and then she said: “Im sorry but I cant come to the theatre with you. My brothers come home and he wants me to take him to the dance. I cant let him down. I hardly ever see him. And hed bought the tickets before he told me about it.” She must have seen that I was disappointed. I couldnt believe she could let me down. She knew how much I had looked forward to the theatre trip. She hardly ever saw her brother. Kathy had often said that her parents were worried about him, and that they were convinced he was getting into trouble. Before she left, she gave me the theatre ticket: “ Take your Mum see the show. I dont want any money for the tickets.” I was almost in tears. After she had gone, Mum was very kind and understanding. “There arent many friends you can trust,” she said. And she made promise that I would never see Kathy again. I agreed, and felt that was the least I could do by way of revenge for my disappointment. Two months later I read in the newspaper that the police had arrested Kathy and her brother for shoplifting. The judge gave him a discharge, on condition that he did not repeat his offence. In other words, they had been found guilty and warned not to do it again. I could not understand how Kathy could have done such a thing. It was so unlike her I felt intensely sorry for her and longed to tell her so. The next day, though, I was shopping with my mum when we both saw her. She seemed to have lost her sparkle. Kathy stopped to say hello. Mum said “Hello, Kathy, nice to see you!” and smiled politely but carried on walking. I stopped and thought hard and unhappily about what I should say. “Have you got a job yet, Sarah?” I managed to reply “Yes. Its great fun!” Mum was walking away from me. I wanted to stop and talk but there was my promise to Mum. There was even that little part of me that still wanted revenge. I hesitated. I knew that my mother was wrong. After all, whats a little shoplifting between friends? But I hesitated a little too long. For Kathy turned away and said “Im glad.” And she was gone. I had no chance to ask if she too was working. I had no chance to mend our friend. I caught up with Mum who said “You did well to be like that with her. Shes not your sort.” It was a long time before I found another friend like Kathy. And to this day I feel guilty about her. 3类比与对比法(compare and contrast) 下面介绍一些常见的转换词： transition words for comparing: both, each(of), like and, as, neither, too, also, compared with, at the same time, the same, just asso, similarly, as well as, in addition, in the same way, likewise transition words for contrasting: although, on the other hand, on the contrary, whereas, but, while, yet, conversely, however, in contrast with/to, instead(of), unlike, nevertheless, the opposite(of) The first President contributed much to getting the new government under the way. He steered his country on a sure and steady course. John Adams said that Washington was not influenced by any one man. He listened from all sides and was more independent in his thinking than any man Adams knew. But all was not easy, peaceful and free from trouble, even within Washingtons own Cabinet. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton did not get along. The tall, red-headed Virginian had little use for the ideas of the smaller, dark skinned lawyer from New York. The two disagreed on the idea of democracy. Hamilton was against it, Jefferson in favor. They disagreed too, on which group the national government should support most farmers, or those who owned factories and businesses. To Thomas Jefferson, the best America was an America of independent farmers, with few if any cities. Farmers were honest and close to nature and the soil. They were hard-working and could take care of themselves. They needed little help from any government. Cities, to Jefferson, were evil, wicked places. With their factories, they produced a large class of poor people and a miserable way of life. The poor in the cities, said Jefferson, would always need help from the government. “I think our governments will remain good for many centuries,” he wrote, “as long as they remain chiefly agricultural. And this will be so as long as there shall be empty lands in any parts of America. When people get crowed together in large cities, as in Europe, our governments will become as corrupt as in Europe.” To Hamilton, on the other hand farmers served but tow purposes. One was to produce food for people who lived in cities. The other was to produce raw material such as flax and tobacco for factories. Hamiltons ideal America was one of cities, factories, and trade. He wanted a much stronger national government than Jefferson did. And Hamilton wanted that government to do all it could to help cities, factories, and trade grow.Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed over whether there should be a Bank of the United States. Jefferson was afraid that the Bank would help only merchants and factory owners. That is exactly what Hamilton hoped the bank would do. The two men disagreed on whether the United States should help a new government in France, one that had come about as a result of revolution. Jefferson wanted to help France because France had helped the United States in their revolution. Hamilton did not. The whisky tax had been Hamiltons liking. Hamilton rode with Washington against the whisky rebels. Jefferson bitterly opposed the governments action.Jefferson and Hamilton were strong leaders and each had many followers. As their disagreement grew, so did that between the groups that followed them. This was the beginning of political parties in the US. 4因果说明文： Why I teachWhy do you teach? My friend asked me the questions when I told him that I didnt want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I didnt want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up; money and power. Certainly I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living; mechanic, carpenter, writer,. For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I nerve feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure I leave the classroom be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual. Not do I teach because I thing I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. Sometimes I am amazed that my students actually take notes on what I say in class! Why, then, do I teach? I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar. June, July, and August offer an opportunity for reflection, research, and writing. I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change-and, more important, my students change. I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. As a teacher, Im my own boss. If I want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbooks, who is to say I cant? Such courses may be huge failures, but we can all learn from failures. I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world is full of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions. I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world I once taught a course called “Self- Reliance in a Technological Society. “My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley. They kept diaries. They wrote term papers. But we also set up a corporation, borrowed money, purchased a run-down house and practiced self reliance by renovating it. At the end of the semester, we sold the house, repaid our loan, paid our taxes, and distributed the profits among the group. So teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning. I have left out, however, the most important reasons why I teach, One is Vichy. My first doctoral student, Vichy was an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet. She wrote articles and sent them off to learned journals. She did it all herself, with an occasional nudge from me. But I was there when she finished her dissertation, learned that her articles were accepted, got a job and won a fellowship to Harvard working on a book developing ideas shed first had as my student. Another reason is George, who started as an engineering student, then switched to English because he decided he liked people better than things. There is Jeanne, who left college, but was brought hack by her classmates because they wanted her to see the end of the self-reliance house project. I was there when she came back. I was there when she told me that she later became interested in the urban poor and went on to become a civil rights lawyer. There is Jacqui. a cleaning woman who knows more by intuition than most of us learn by analysis. Jacque has decided to finish high school and go to college. There the real reasons I teach, these people who grow and change in front of me. Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay being to breathe. A “promotion” out of teaching would give me money and power. But I have money. I get paid to do what I enjoy: reading, talking with people, and asking questions like, “What is the point of being rich?” And I have power. I have the power to nudge, to fan sparks, to suggest books, to point out a pathway. What other power matters? But teaching offers something besides money and power, it offers love. Not only the love of learning and of books and ideas, but also the love that a teacher feels for that rare student who walks into a teachers life and begins to breathe. Perhaps love is the wrong word: magic might be better. I teach because, being around people who are beginning to breathe I occasionally find myself catching my breath with them.4因果说明文：任选下列题目中的一个一篇因果说明文。 (1) Why Does the Internet Attract the Youth So Much (2) Why I Want A Higher Education (3) Why I Dislike Big Cities (4) I Prefer the Country Life (5) Smoking is Hazardous to Peoples Health (6) Cause of High Rate of Divorce in China二. 议论文的种类1 评论(comment)（1） 政论(political comment)Population Growth Turns Out New Trend In a major shift that has stunned demographers, fertility rates in much of Asia. Africa and Latin America have begun dropping, easing fears of a future global population explosion, population experts said on Tuesday.“For the first time, we think its possible that within a hundred years or so, we will have a world declining from a popu