高中英语 American English美式英语课件.ppt

americanenglish thevarietyofenglishspokenintheusaiscalledamericanenglish americanenglishandbritishenglish thetwomainvarietiesofenglish haveessentiallythesamegrammarsystem phoneticsystemandvocabulary theycan tberegardedasdifferentlanguages theyaretwoequitablevariantsoftheenglishnationallanguagehavingdifferentacceptedliterarystandards onespokenintheusaandtheotherspokenonthebritishisles definitionofamericanenglish beforeindependencefromindependencetotheearlynineteenthcenturyfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresenttime thegrowthofamericanenglish theimpactofamericanenglishonbritishenglish americanexpressionsbegantomaketheirwaytothebritishislesabout1820 togetherwiththeprogressinallfieldsandthegrowthofthepoweroftheunitedstates thestatusofamericanenglishhasbeenontherise twofactorshavestrengthenedthistendency thetwovarietiesofenglisharebasicallythesameinphoneticandmorphemicstructure americanmovies popularsongs newspapers magazines novels andradioandtelevisionprogramsaresopopularinenglandthattheyserveaseffectivemediathroughwhichthebritishpeopleacceptamericanexpressionsalmostunconsciously characteristicsofamericanenglish a creativenessinenrichingthelanguageb conservativenessorretentionofarchaicfeaturesc heterogeneityd relativeuniformityinspeeche popularityofslangf useofbigwordsg verboseandplainstyleinwriting creativenesshasbeenretaineduptothisdatebecausetheunitedstateshasneverceasedtoexperiencerapidprogressofproductionandtransportation developmentofscienceandtechnology constantchangeofinstitutionsandwaysofliving andendlessstrifeathomeandabroad creativenessinenrichingthelanguage facingtheurgentrequirementofnamingnewthingsandexpressingnewconcepts theearlysettlersformedgreatnumbersofexpressivecompounds thepracticehasbeencarriedonuptothisday skyscraper bell hop cloudburst anotherhandywayfrequentlyusedbyamericanstoformwordsisconversion especiallyfromnountoverb toholidaytomodel someaffixesarepreferredbyamericansandusedratherfreely super superfilm superstarde dehire deescalate debug nik protestnik peacenik computernik filmnik citynik beatnik peacenik americanreadinessformakingneologismsalsofindsexpressioninblendsandback formation amerind americanindianmedicaid medicalaidcommute enthuse emote clippingsandacronymsco ednasanewmeaningsforexistingwordsfiresuckerphrasesoriginatinginamericatohaveanaxtogrindtobarkupthewrongtree americanenglishhasalsopreservedanumberofoldfeaturesinpronunciationandgrammar thusarchaismorconservativenessisoftenregardedasanothercharacteristicofamericanenglish atypicalexampleisiguess druggist chemist railroad railway jeans load conservativenessorretentionofarchaicfeatures inpronunciationmast half car fordingrammaraimto asagainstaimatincurrentbritainenglish get got gotten americanenglishhasinthecourseofitsdevelopmentincorporatedtremendousnumbersofexpressionsfromnumeroustonguesandhasbecomeheterogeneousinnature americanindiantobury todigup thehatchetfatherofwaters heterogeneity frenchspanishdutchgermanitalianafricanelementsyiddish portage prairie shantyranch desperado bonanzasantaclaus bossfrankfurter hamburgerpizzabonjo jazznebbish americanenglishisrelativelyuniform inthisconnectionitshouldbepointedoutthattheearlycolonistswerefromdifferentpartsofenglandanddifferentwalksoflife hencetheenglishtheybroughttoamericanwasalanguageofmarkeddialectaldifferences constantimprovementoftransportationandcommunication particularlyoftalkies radio andtvhavecombinedtoacceleratetheleveling neverthelessregionalandsocialdialectsdoexist andhavebeenobservedandrecordedbylinguisticgeographers relativeuniformityinspeech americansalsoliketousebigwords or high sounding mouth filling words fortheyliketoimpresspeoplewithforcefulandoftenexaggeratingexpressions useofbigwords anotherfeaturewhichhasbeenlabeledbyernestgowersas americanstyle istheverbosestylefoundinamericanofficialwriting theoccupationalincidenceofthedemandchangeisunlikelytocoincidewiththeoccupationalprofileofthosewhoregisteredattheemploymentoffice thejobmaynotfitthepeople verboseandplainstyleinwriting nonethelessweshouldnotfailtoseethesimpleeffectivelanguageusedinamericanpopularwriting infactaverywidespreadnotionamongamericansisthatanythingreallyworthsayingcanbesaidin plainenglish intheearlystageofmodernenglish differencescanbefoundbetweenamericanandbritishenglishinpronunciation spelling grammarandvocabulary buttheconceptofdifferencemustnotbetakentoofar asthebasicwordstock grammarandphoneticsystemofbothvariantsareessentiallythesame andthesimilaritiesaremorethanthedifferencesbetweenthem differencesbetweenbritishandamericanenglish differencesinvowels breame a fast fa st f st e i premier premj pri mi differencesindiphthongs breame r r hero hi rou hi rou r r hurry h ri h ri differencesinpronunciation differencesinconsonantsonthewhole theamericanconsonantsystemisthesameasthatofbritishenglishwiththefollowingexceptions 1 breleavesouttheletter r beforeconsonantswhilegeneralamericanretains breamepark pa k pa k 2 wh w inbrewh hw inamewhen wen hwen differencesinthepronunciationofindividualwords breameclerk kla k kl k tourist tu rist tu rist stressamericanenglishtendstogivenearlyevenstresstodifferentsyllables whilebretendstomakethesyllablesreceivingtheprimarystressespeciallyconspicuous inamewordswithtwoormoresyllablesfollowingthechiefstressoftenhaveastrongersecondarystressthaninbre amebrelibrary laibri laibr ri address advertisementintonationinintonationamericanenglishisflatterthanbritishenglish whichhasmorerisesandfalls onthewhole thespellingsystemremainsessentiallythesameinbothbreandameexceptthatamericanspellinghassomesimplifications hundredsofamericanspellingshavewonacceptanceinengland differencesinspelling brecentrefavouranalysetheatrelabourrealisemetrehonourmodernise amecenterfavoranalyzetheaterlaborrealizemeterhonormodernize amespellingconformstothepronunciation bretravellerprogrammewaggoncigarettebregood byeaxebretyregreytsar ametravelerprogramwagoncigaretamegood byaxametiregraytzar thesubstitutionofoneconsonantfortwoconsonants theomissionofallfinalsilent e irregularspelling differencesintheuseofcertainverbsamehastwopastparticiplesforget got gotten whilebreonlyone got will hasdisplacedshallinamewhilebreretainsthedistinctionbetweenwillandshall declineintheuseofmodalverbsinameandgradualformationofsomenewmodalverbsinamewanna wanttogonna be goingtogotta have gottobetta hadbetter differencesingrammar differencesintheuseofarticlesthereismoredeclineoftheuseofarticlesinamethaninbre thedefinitearticle the isoftenomittedinameafterall allthenight allnightallthewinter allwinterallthemorning allmorning2 thedefinitearticle the isoftenomittedbefore day thedaybeforeyesterday daybeforeyesterdaythedayaftertomorrow dayaftertomorrow 3 anouninappositionisnotaccompaniedbyanarticleinamexiaowang monitorofourclass istall li writerofthisbook isapeasant 4 theuseoftheorderoftheindefinitearticlesmaybedifferent breamehalfadozenahalfdozenhalfanhourahalfhour differencesintheuseofprepositions1 onthewhole theamericansaremorelavishintheuseofprepositionsthanthebritish amebreinbackofbehindstartinstartstandforstandfaceupfacetryouttry 2 differentchoiceofprepositionsincertainconnectionsbreamefiveminutestothreefiveminutesofthreefiveminutespastthreefiveminutesafterthreeathandonhandtaketotesoftakenoteson fromthepointofviewoftheircurrencyinbritainandtheusaalllexicalunitsmaybesubdividedintogeneralenglish thosefoundonbothsidesoftheatlantic americanisms thosespecificofpresent dayamericanusage andbriticisms typicalofbritishenglish defferencesinvocabulary causesoflexicaldifferencesbetweenbreandamequiteanumberofwordsthatwereonceincurrentusageinenglandhavesurvivedinamericaafterbecomingobsoleteinengland e g toloanasto tolend fallas autumn guessas think or suppose homelyas ugly etc newwordswerecoinedorborrowedfromthelanguageswithwhichamericanenglishcameintocontact e g indianhickory moose spanishcanyon mustang germansemester toloaf dumb stupid inthecourseoftimewiththedevelopmentofthemodernmeansofcommunicationthelexicaldifferencesbetweenbritishenglishandamericanenglishshowatendencytodecrease alargenumberofamericanismshavegainedcurrencyinbritishenglish e g reliable lengthy talented belittle etc atthesametimeanumberofbriticismsarepassingintothelanguageoftheusa e g smog tobrief sometimesthebriticismsadoptedinamericacompetewiththecorrespondingamericanexpressions theresultbeingthedifferentiationofmeaningorspheresofapplication e g store ame andshop bre luggage bre andbaggage ame theexistingcasesoflexicaldifferencesbetweenbritishandamericanenglishinvocabularycaseswherewordsareusedonlyinonecountrybre prince duke marquis count viscount etc ame bayou caribou etccaseswheredifferentwordsareusedforthesamedenotationcan tin candy sweets mailbox pillarbox truck lorry etc caseswherethesamewordsignifiesdifferentdenotationbreame万亿十亿内衫背心短裤长裤爆竹白干二层一层caseswhereotherwiseequivalentwordsaredifferentindistribution ride bre ahorse abicycle ride ame onthetrain ride