Spatial Analysis Study Vermont：空间分析研究佛蒙特州.pdf

state of vermont department of financial regulation 89 main street montpelier vt 05620 3101 www dfr vermont gov vermont healthcare claims uniform reporting the departments of health vermont health access mental health the green mountain care board and state consultants including burns ensuring access to and coverage for high quality care supporting health improvement in the vermont population and ensuring greater fairness and equity in how care is financed 1 evaluating progress toward these goals requires that decision makers have accurate and timely data resources and analytical capability to convert data into meaningful information variations research can be used to compare measures of health care access cost and resource use and health outcomes among small areas as well as against regional and national benchmarks after accounting for differences in health and other determinants that can affect spending utilization and outcomes the study of variations has focused increased attention on relative efficiency and accountability measuring the degree to which hospitals and physician practices are more or less efficient and might be held accountable for both the quality and cost of care that they provide 2 the state of vermont historically has based analysis of variations on hospital service areas hsas defined by geographically distinct populations of vermonters who are highly dependent on a particular hospital or group of hospitals for acute care as displayed in figure 1c 3 4 is the hsa the best population denominator for measuring rates of utilization and spending health outcomes for the vermont population and the wide array of health care services this question led the department of financial regulation dfr to convene the health analysis areas work group to discuss the population denominators including hsas and other models needed to support measuring variations the work group recommended that dfr commission a study to define primary care service areas pcsas using claims data and other sources of provider data to locate primary care providers pcps attribute people to pcps define and map pcsas and measure expenditures primary care has assumed an important role and is a key component of health care reform most notably addressed by the blueprint for health advanced primary care medical home program which has expanded across the state newer models of care management and payment assume that primary care providers have a significant influence on costs and quality of care for their patients primary care plays a crucial role within the health care system serving as a point of contact for providing basic health care services and care coordination enhancing preventive care and if effective reducing avoidable utilization of more costly health care services such as inpatient hospitalizations and emergency department visits according to the vermont healthcare claims uniform reporting and evaluation system vhcures roughly 57 percent or 800 000 of 1 4 million physician office visits for commercially insured vermonters in 2010 were for primary care services as were 66 percent or 530 000 of 800 000 physician office visits for medicaid enrollees 1 strategic plan for vermont health reform 2012 2014 agency of administration state of vermont january 2012 2 skinner j fisher es reflections on geographic variations in u s health care the dartmouth institute for health policy lebanon in new hampshire there was a positive correlation between hospitals being located within these pcsas and the increased percentage of in pcsa spending recommendations this initial report uses available claims and other provider data sources to identify pcsas and explores the potential for analyses this study is not intended to answer all possible questions this study makes recommendations for next steps in both the short and long term that would advance the ongoing availabilty of pcsa spatial resources and analysis short term recommendations for follow up study include claims dinclude claims data ata for the medicare populationfor the medicare population which will require a re examination of methods to account for expected higher use of specialists for primary care services by medicare beneficiaries generate claims expenditures flow tabulations and maps for all identified pcsasgenerate claims expenditures flow tabulations and maps for all identified pcsas or possible aggregations of pcsas with small populations and for other specified categories of services including but not necessarily limited to hospital inpatient hospital outpatient medical specialist surgical specialist ob gyn primary care and mental health stratify by payer types commercial spatial analysis the development of pcsas for the state of vermont february 2013 4 medicaid medicare and age groupings review and adopt a method for categorization of claims expenditures consistent with other approaches in use by the state expandexpand the study to incthe study to include members lude members who dwho do o not have primary care not have primary care visitsvisits compare the allocation of claims expenditures for all members and by payer type commercial medicaid medicare across categories of service for members with and without primary care services for each payer type stratify by age groups address potential differences in age gender risk health status social determinants and access to primary care that may exist between members with and members without primary care visits t test models of attribution to pcsas for members without primary care visitsest models of attribution to pcsas for members without primary care visits based on preference patterns for members with primary care visits test test preference preference fraction methods by payer typefraction methods by payer type and analyze differences among payer types and factors that contribute to differences intensify efforts tointensify efforts to improve improve vhvhcures claims cures claims datadata including accuracy of coding that identifies both service and billing providers accuracy of zip codes in vhcures for practice locations and improved assignment of npi data to providers in the vhcures data propose propose amendments to the vhcures ruleamendments to the vhcures rule andand guidelines and guidelines and set set programprogram prioritiespriorities to improve the timely availability of accurate and more precise provider and member data future inclusion of medicare data will require discussions with the u s centers for medicare and medicaid services as a voluntary and not mandated vhcures reporter regarding provider data issues longer term recommendations for future development provide additional evaluation for populations in eastern vermont and western new hampshireprovide additional evaluation for populations in eastern vermont and western new hampshire along the vermont border with a strong preference for new hampshire providers to evaluate the capacity and use of primary care practices in new hampshire along the vermont border include population and claims data for new hampshire adapt analyses to account for population variations adapt analyses to account for population variations for future analyses using pcsas particularly analyses on subpopulations or specific conditions consider the small numbers in some of these areas develop a minimum population threshold and potentially group small areas that do not meet the minimum threshold evaluate expenditures and resource use for members attributed to pcps and pcsas with evaluate expenditures and resource use for members attributed to pcps and pcsas with popotentially caretentially care intensive diagnosesintensive diagnoses such as cancer congestive heath failure chronic obstructive pulmonary disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als dementias advanced cirrhosis and other complex conditions i include encounter data fonclude encounter data for uninsured r uninsured vermontersvermonters understanding that the uninsured subpopulation is a relatively small proportion of the total vermont population estimated to be 6 8 percent in 2012 this population could be analyzed at a higher level of aggregation due to small numbers at sub state levels the same considerations would apply to inclusion of data for vermonters with military benefits and providers spatial analysis the development of pcsas for the state of vermont february 2013 5 evaluate access to care adequacy of access and outcomes for pcsas with both high and low evaluate access to care adequacy of access and outcomes for pcsas with both high and low rates of personsrates of persons perper pcppcp or pcp rates per population an appearance of adequate supply does not always ensure sufficient access to care pertaining to timely availability of appointments accessible office hours acceptance of insurance coverage coordination of care and other factors d develoevelop p a plan for a plan for a system to supporta system to support a standardized and routinely updated a standardized and routinely updated master master provider provider data data filefile to support spatial analysis for the state of vermont that includes data from various sources in addition to vhcures designate an entity to support and require collaboration among public and private entities with provider data resources identify identify additional additional data sources data sources that would support that would support applapplication ofication of adjustments for risk health adjustments for risk health status status environmental factors environmental factors andand socioeconomic characteristicssocioeconomic characteristics for analysis of variation in measures of access utilization expenditures quality of care and outcomes pursue longpursue long term development of term development of online web applicationonline web applications s based on timely automated data based on timely automated data feedsfeeds to provide decision makers with tools to answer questions regarding provider locations supply and distribution of health care resources access to care utilization of services expenditure flows outcomes and other issues spatial analysis the development of pcsas for the state of vermont february 2013 6 background the role of primary care in the health care system primary care serves as a point of contact for patients basic health care needs and care coordination within the health care system in 1996 the united states institute of medicine iom defined primary care as the provision of integrated accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs developing a sustained partnership with patients and practicing within the context of family and community 5 according to the iom primary care provides a place for patients to bring a wide range of health problems guides patients through the health system facilitates an ongoing relationship between patients and providers provides opportunities for disease prevention and early detection of problems and links patients family and community studies have found that patients who live in areas where primary care practitioner access is high had more favorable health outcomes than patients living in areas where access is low 6 that primary care is associated with a more equitable distribution of health in populations 7 and that primary care physicians provide better preventive care than specialists 8 patients who use primary care also are more likely to be treated before serious problems develop are more likely to receive preventive services and are less likely to have avoidable hospital admissions and emergency room use 9 10 11 12 for the millions of americans with chronic illnesses the defining characteristics of primary care guiding patients through the health system providing comprehensive care and linking to community resources are particularly important and system support and improvements are critical to successfully treating primary care patients 13 most patients across the country including in the state of vermont receive their health care in the primary care setting in 2009 approximately 57 percent of all visits to physicians nationally were to primary care physicians similarly in 2010 56 percent of all physician visits attributed to commercially insured vermonters were to primary care physicians 14 15 5 primary care america s health in a new era iom washington dc national academies press 1996 6 chang ch stukel ta flood ab goodman dc primary care physician workforce and medicare beneficiaries health outcomes jama 305 20 may 25 2011 7 starfield b shi l mackinko j contribution of primary care to health systems and health the milbank quarterly 83 3 2005 8 turner bj amsel z lustbader e schwartz js balshem a grisso ja breast cancer screening effect of physician specialty practice setting year of medical school graduation and sex american journal of preventive medicine 8 2 78 85 march april 1992 9 parchman ml culler s primary care physicians and avoidable hospitalizations journal of family practice 39 2 123 8 august 1994 10 mauskopf j turner bj markson le houchens rl fanning tr mckee l patterns of ambulatory care for aids patients and association with emergency room use health services research 29 4 489 510 october 1994 11 rosenblatt ra wright ge baldwin lm chan l clitherow p chen fm hart lg the effect of the doctor patient relationship on emergency department use among the elderly american journal of public health 90 1 97 102 january 2000 12 campbell rj ramirez am perez k roetzheim rg cervical cancer rates and the supply of primary care physicians in florida family medicine 35 1 60 4 january 2003 13 rothman aa wagner e chronic illness management what is the role of primary care annals of internal medicine 138 256 61 february 4 2003 14 national ambulatory medical care survey 2009 summary tables last accessed january 10 2013 http www cdc gov nchs data ahcd namcs summary 2009 namcs web tables pdf spatial analysis the development of pcsas for the state of vermont february 2013 7 reforming primary care in vermont because of its importance to the health care system and to prevention and treatment primary care has been a key focus for health care reform in the state of vermont the state has emphasized primary care improvement through its vermont blueprint for health a state led initiative to promote patient centered medical homes pcmhs pcmhs are models of care that strengthen the clinician patient relationship by replacing episodic care with coordinated care vermont s advanced primary care practices apcps a model that includes pcmhs and community health teams chts are supported by practice reform and payment reform focusing on a more holistic approach to health improvement including behavioral health care patients establish relationships with primary care clinicians who lead chts which are multidisciplinary teams that take collective responsibility for care arranging for care with other qualified clinicians and arranging support within the community 16 prior efforts to define primary care areas in vermont health care planners program evaluators and policymakers require a data infrastructure for evaluating the availability and effectiveness of primary care there are three general methods traditionally used to define health care markets 1 geographic boundaries e g zip codes 2 a fixed area circumference within which providers and patients are located and 3 a variable market approach based on the location of health consumers 17 while it is possible to use geographic boundaries to develop travel time circumferences it is more useful to delineate service areas based on where people actually go for care i e where the plurality of their primary care is delivered dartmouth institute for health policy they later refined them using data from 2000 and now are completing work with 2009 data data were analyzed to determine where each beneficiary obtained the majority of his or her primary care and where the plurality of the population for each zip code went for primary care u s zip codes were grouped into pcsas based on this plurality of beneficiaries preference for primary care providers adjustments were made to establish geographic contiguity and minimum population and service localization 18 15 vermont department of financial regulation state of vermont report card for calendar year 2010 last accessed january 10 2013 one limitation of dartmouth s http www dfr vermont gov sites default files 2010 20vhcures 20rc pdf 16 department of vermont health access blueprint for health 2011 annual report january 2012 last accessed january 10 2013 http hcr vermont gov sites hcr files blueprint 20annual 20report 20final 2001 2026 2012 20 final pdf 17 goodman dc mick ss bott d stukel t chang ch marth n poage j caretta hj primary care service areas a new tool for the evaluation of primary care services hsr 38 1 part 1 february 2003 18 goodman et al february 2003 spatial analysis the development of pcsas for the state of vermont february 2013 8 pcsa work is that it was based primarily on medicare data therefore geographic patterns of primary care for the population under 65 years of age were not incorporated a map of the 49 medicare based pcsas that cover vermont based on dartmouth s analysis of medicare data is presented in figure 1a as shown in this map there was significant crossover to new hampshire providers from the towns on the eastern side of vermont for these medicare based pcsas some pcsas at population and medical centers cover a large area of land e g burlington rutland lebanon new hampshire while others e g wells river stowe richford cover only a limited area the dartmouth analysis provides insights into patterns of primary care utilization in vermont but because the data presented in figure 1a are older i e from 1999 and are limited to the medicare population only updated data and approaches are needed an updated dartmouth analysis is