基于AT89C51的锁相频率合成器的设计【CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】
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摘 要
随着无线电技术的发展，对信号的频率稳定度和准确度要求越来越高，一般振荡器不能满足要求，而高稳定度的晶体振荡器产生的频率往往是单一的或者只能在极小的范围内微调，而且频率通常都不很高。为了解决频率稳定度、准确度和频率高、宽范围可调之间的矛盾，就需要频率合成技术。其技术特点是将一个高稳定度和高精度的标准频率源经过加、减、乘、除的四则运算，产生同样稳定度和精度的大量离散频率。
本系统主要分为频率合成模块和单片机模块。单片机模块包含单片机、键盘、LED显示屏，主要控制系统的各种功能，频率的合成及各种参数；频率合成模块包括与单片机连接的并行接口、频率合成器、低通滤波器、压控振荡器。它可在一定范围产生各种离散的频率输出，输出范围为36MHz-38MHz,频率稳定度。本文主要介绍了该系统的组成原理及设计过程，同时也阐述了设计过程中所遇到的问题及解决方案。
关键词: 单片机；锁相环；频率合成； 压控振荡；鉴相器
Abstract
With the development of radio technology for signal frequency stability and accuracy for demanding high, the general oscillator can not meet the requirements and the high degree of stability arising from the crystal oscillator frequency are often single or only in the context of minimal fine-tuning, but the frequency is usually not very high. To address the frequency stability, accuracy and high frequency, wide scope of powers between the contradictions requires frequency synthetic technology. Their technical characteristics is a high stability frequency source for standard and high-precision through Canada, reduced, by, the mathematical operations, and have the same stability and accuracy for the large number of discrete frequencies.
This system is divided into primarily the frequency synthesizes module and the MCU module. I mainly am responsible for the MCU module and the frequency synthesizes module of the system. The MCU module which includes the MCU, KB and LED display, mainly controls various functions of the system, the frequency synthesizes and various parameters. The range of output frequency is 36MHz-38MHz. The thesis mainly introduces the constitute principle of the system and the designing process and expatiates design problem met in process and solutions.
Key words: MCU ; PLL ; The frequency synthesizes ; VCO ; PD
目录
第一章 绪论…………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1锁相环路 ……………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 锁相技术发展概况 ……………………………………………………………………… 1
1.3 锁相技术的特点 ……………………………………………………………………… 1
1.4 频率合成的方法 ……………………………………………………………………… 2
1.5 锁相频率合成器 …………………………………………………………………… 3
第二章.锁相环路和锁相合成器……………………………………………………………………4
2.1 锁相基本原理 …………………………………………………………………………… 4
2.2 锁相频率合成器的基本原理 ………………………………………………………… 7
第三章 基于单片机的锁相频率合成器设计………………………………………………………9
3.1系统介绍 ……………………………………………………………………………………9
3.2方案的选择 ………………………………………………………………………………9
3.3锁相环路功能模块电路的设计 ………………………………………………………… 11
3.4 单片机模块设计 …………………………………………………………………………19
第四章 系统功能调试 ………………………………………………………………………… 26
4.1 压控震荡器的调试 ………………………………………………………………………26
4.2 伟福仿真系统功能 ………………………………………………………………………26
4.3锁相环路的调试 …………………………………………………………………………29
4.4 输出频率测量及稳定度 …………………………………………………………………29
第五章 总结 …………………………………………………………………………………… 31
附录 系统程序…………………………………………………………………………………… 32
致谢 ……………………………………………………………………………………………43
参考文献 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 44
第一章 绪论
1.1 锁相环路
锁相环路（PLL）是一个能够跟踪输入信号相位的闭环自动控制系统，它在无线电技术的各个领域得到了很广泛的应用。锁相环路有其独特的优良性能，它具有载波跟踪特性，作为一个窄带跟踪滤波器，可提取淹没在噪声之中的信号；用高稳定的参考振荡器锁定，可作提供一系列频率高稳定的频率源；可进行高精度的相位与频率测量等等。它具有调制跟踪特性，可制成高性能的调制器和解调器。它具有低门限特性，可大大改善模拟信号和数字信号的解调质量。70年代以来，随着集成电路技术的发展，逐渐出现了集成的环路部件、通用单片集成锁相环路以及多种专用集成锁相环路，锁相环路逐渐变成了一个成本低、使用简便的多功能组件，这就为锁相技术在更广泛的领域应用提供了条件。
锁相环是一个相位误差控制系统。它比较输入信号和振荡器输出信号之间的相位差，从而产生误差控制信号来调整振荡器的频率，以达到与输入信号同频同相。所谓全数字锁相环路(DPLL)就是环路部件全部数字化，采用数字鉴相器（DPD）、数字环路滤波器(DLF)、数控振荡器(DCO)构成的锁相环路。
本文采用锁相式频率合成的实现方法，实现中必须解决的关键技术问题是减小相位噪声，以满足用户提出的较为苛刻的相位噪声指标。
本课题是设计一个由单片机、定时计数器及单片机集成锁相环路组成的可程控频率合成器，所以设计过程会涉及到锁相环路、频率合成器和单片机方面的知识。
1.2 锁相技术发展
锁相原理在数学理论方面，早在30年代无线电技术发展的初期就己出现。1930年己建立了同步控制理论的基础。1932年贝尔赛什(Bellescize)第一次公开发表了锁相环路的数学描述，用锁相环路提取相干载波来完成同步检波。到了40年代，电视接收机的同步扫描电路中开始广泛地应用锁相技术，使电视图像的同步性能得到很大改善。进入50年代，随着空间技术的发展，由杰斐(Jaffe)和里希廷(Rechtin)利用锁相环路作为导弹信标的跟踪滤波器获得成功，并首次发表了包含噪声效应的锁相环路线性理论分析的文章，同时解决了锁相环路最佳化设计问题。在60年代，维特比(Viterbi)研究了无噪声锁相环路的非线性理论问题，并发表了“相干通信原理”一书。到70年代林特塞(Lindscy)和查利斯(Charles)进行了有噪声的一阶、二阶及高阶锁相环路的非线性理论分析，并作了大量实验以充实理论分析。
锁相环路具有许多优良特性，它可用于频率合成与交换、自动频率调谐、模拟和数字信号的相干解调、AM波信号的同步检波、数字通信中的位同步提取、锁相稳频、锁相倍频与分频、锁相测速与测距、锁相FM (PM)调制与解调、微波锁相频率源及微波锁相功率放大器等。目前，锁相环路的理论研究正日臻完善，应用范围遍及整个电子技术领域。现在锁相环路正向着集成化、数字化、多用途、系列化、高速度、高性能方向迅速发展，且商品化集成锁相环路日益增多，为锁相技术应用提供了广阔前景。
1.3 锁相技术的特点
锁相环路处于正常工作状态时，有如下基本特点:
1.可以实现理想的频率控制。由于锁相环路包含有一个固定积分环节、环路输出无剩余稳态频差存在。
2.良好的窄带载波跟踪特性。当压控振荡器输出频率锁定在输入频率上时，位于信号频率附近的干扰成分将以低频干扰的形式进入环路，而绝大部分干扰会受到环路滤波器的低通特性的抑制，就相当于一个窄带的高频带通滤波器。
3.良好的调制跟踪特性。锁相环路中的压控振荡器输出频率可以跟踪输入信号的瞬时变化，表现了良好的调制跟踪性能。
4.门限性能好。锁相环路不像一般的非线性器件那样，门限取决于输入信噪比，而是由环路信噪比决定，较高的环路信噪比可取得较低的门限性能。
5.易于集成化。环路集成化与数字化为减小体积、降低成本、增加可靠性、多用途提供了条件。
1.4 频率合成的方法
实现频率合成的方法很多，总的可分为相干合成和非相干合成两大类。非相干合成就是利用多个独立无关的晶体振荡器作参考频率源来产生所需的频率。相干合成就是由一个高稳定度和准确度的标准信号源产生若干具有同一稳定度和准确度的频率，这些频率与基准频率之间是完全相关的，各输出频率之间也是完全相关的。相干合成按其型式分为三种:直接式频率合成，锁相式频率合成和直接数字式频率合成，这三种不同的频率合成型式既体现了频率合成技术的发展过程，又各有优缺点。
直接合成法是最早被采用的频率合成法。它利用倍频(即乘法)、分频(即除法)、混频(即加法和减法)及滤波，从单一参考频率源产生多个所需的输出频率。优点是不同频率间的转换时间很短(<100μs)和具有很好的频率分辨率;缺点是不能产生大量的输出频率，杂散分量多，对滤波和屏蔽的要求很高，功率相当大。这种方法现在很少使用。
直接数字式频率合成是一种近年发展起来的新的频率合成技术，是从相位的概念出发进行频率合成的。它采用了数字取样技术，将参考信号的
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外文翻译资料PIC series monolithic integrated circuit characteristicPIC系列单片机的特点Along with the large scale integrated circuit (LSI) the manufacture technology rapid development, the computer is facing two obvious directions (namely two big branches) to develop: One is the microcomputer system performance enhances unceasingly, by satisfies the high velocity large capacity data processing; Two is the monolithic microcomputer function consummates day by day, by satisfies many domains each kind of intriguing scene control.随着大规模集成电路（LSI）制造技术的飞速发展，电脑正朝着两个明显的方向（即两大分支）发展：一是微型计算机系统的性能不断提高，以满足高速度大容量的数据处理；二是单片微机的功能日益完善，以满足诸多领域各种错综复杂的现场控制。The Texas instrument company invented after 1975 in the world the first 4 monolithic integrated circuit TMS - 1,000 births, some large-scale micro electron companies competed to develop have developed each kind of monolithic integrated circuit series product. Divides from the word length aspect, the monolithic integrated circuit has 4, 8, 16, 32 four big kinds, first three kinds occupied the monolithic integrated circuit market main share, in the middle of these three kind of monolithic integrated circuits, 8 machine continuously primarily flows the product.在1975年德克萨斯仪器公司发明的世界上第一个4位单片机TMS1000诞生后，一些大型微电子公司竞相研制开发了各种单片机系列产品。从字长方面划分，单片机有4位、8位、16位、32位四大类，其中前三类占据了单片机市场的主要份额，在这三类单片机当中，8位机又一直为主流产品。Has the representative 4 monolithic integrated circuits to have the American Texas instrument company TMS - 1,000, Nippon Electric Company (NEC) mu PD75 long neck hair series, American country semiconductor company (NS) COP400 series, American company (ROCKWELL) PPS/1 series, Japanese Panasonic companys MN1400 series, Japanese Fujitsu Corporations MB88 series as well as Japanese Sharp Corporations SM long neck hair series and so on.较具有代表性的4位单片机有美国德克萨斯仪器公司的TMS1000，日本电气公司（NEC）的PD75系列，美国国家半导体公司（NS）的COP400系列，美国洛克威尔公司（ROCKWELL）的PPS/1系列，日本松下公司的MN1400系列，日本富士通公司的MB88系列以及日本夏普公司的SM系列等等。Has the representative 8 monolithic integrated circuits to have the American micro chip company the PIC16C long neck hair series, the PIC17C long neck hair series, the PIC1400 series, American Intel Corporations MCS - 48 and the MCS - 51 series, the American Motorola Corporations MC68HC05 series and the MC68HC11 series, the American uneven speech companys Z8 series, the Nippon Electric Company mu the PD78 long neck hair series, American Moses the Turk company and young attendants to the immortals company cooperative production F8 (3,870) the series and so on. Has the representative 16 monolithic integrated circuits has American Moses Turk company MC68200, the American Intel Corporations MCS - 96 series, the Nippon Electric Company mu the PC14040 series, the American country semiconductor company (NS) 783 long neck hair series and so on.较具有代表性的8位单片机有美国微芯片公司的PIC16C系列、PIC17C系列、PIC1400系列，美国英特尔公司的MCS48和MCS51系列，美国摩托罗拉公司的MC68HC05系列和MC68HC11系列，美国齐洛格公司的Z8系列，日本电气公司的PD78系列，美国莫斯特克公司和仙童公司合作生产的F8(3870)系列等。 较具有代表性的16位单片机有美国莫斯特克公司的MC68200，美国英特尔公司的MCS96系列，日本电气公司的PC14040系列，美国国家半导体公司（NS）的783系列等。At present, the monolithic integrated circuit is facing internal memory RAM and the ROM capacity is big, I/The O port function many, the supply voltage scope width, the power dissipation are low, the operating speed quick direction develops.In the above each kind of monolithic integrated circuit, why does this course select the micro chip company PIC in the series PIC16F873 monolithic integrated circuit to take the model introduction?目前，单片机正朝着片内存储器RAM和ROM容量大、I/O端口功能多、电源电压范围宽、功率消耗低、操作速度快的方向发展。在上述各种单片机中，本讲座为什么选用微芯片公司的PIC系列中的PIC16F873单片机作为样板介绍呢?The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit hardware system design is succinct, command system design fining. In the middle of all monolithic integrated circuits variety, it is easiest to study, one of easiest application monolithic integrated circuit varieties. Said regarding the monolithic integrated circuit beginner, if chooses the PIC monolithic integrated circuit achievement to capture the monolithic integrated circuit kingdom the breach , will be a most relaxed shortcut, decides can obtain the twice the result with half the effort effect. At present had several famous semiconductors companies to imitate the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit, develops and it pin compatible series monolithic integrated circuit, for instance American SCENIX Corporations SX series, Taiwan EMC Corporations EM78P series, Taiwan MDT Corporations MDT series and so on. Below the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit has the characteristic: (1) uses the Harvard structure. In the home most common monolithic integrated circuit, the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit is the only 11 kinds uses the Harvard structure in the chip interior the type. Here said the Harvard structure is, in chip interior data bus and command line separation, and uses the different width. Does this the advantage is, is advantageous for the realization streamlined production , also is while carries out instruction to carry on to the next instruction takes refers to the operation, but in the common monolithic integrated circuit, the command line and the data bus is uses in common. PIC系列单片机的硬件系统设计简洁，指令系统设计精炼。在所有的单片机品种当中，它是最容易学习、最容易应用的单片机品种之一。对于单片机的初学者来说，若选择PIC单片机作为攻入单片机王国的突破口，将是一条最轻松的捷径，定会取得事半功倍的功效。目前已有好几家著名半导体公司仿照PIC系列单片机，开发出与之引脚兼容的系列单片机，比如美国SCENIX公司的SX系列、台湾EMC公司的EM78P系列、台湾MDT公司的MDT系列等。 PIC系列单片机具有以下特点：（1）采用哈佛结构。在国内最常见的单片机中，PIC系列单片机是唯一一种在芯片内部采用哈佛结构的机型。这里所说的哈佛结构就是，在芯片内部将数据总线和指令总线分离，并且采用不同的宽度。这样做的好处是，便于实现流水作业，也就是在执行一条指令的同时对下一条指令进行取指操作，而在一般的单片机中，指令总线和数据总线是共用的。(2) And has used the different width, therefore program memory ROM and the data-carrier storage RAM addressing space is mutually independent, moreover two kind of memories widths are also different. Like this designs not only may guarantee the data the security, but also can enhance the running rate and realize the complete instruction the single byte. Byte said which in this, refers in particular to the PIC monolithic integrated circuit the instruction byte, but is not 8 bits bytes which often said. For example, PIC12C50 / The PIC16C5 series monolithic integrated circuit instruction byte is 12 bits; PIC16C6 / PIC16C7 / The PIC16C8 series instruction byte is 14 bits; The PIC17C long neck hair series instruction byte is 16 bits. Their data-carrier storage all is 8 widths. But MCS - 51 series monolithic integrated circuits ROM and the RAM width all is 8, the command length from 1 byte (8) to 3 bytes lengths not one. PIC系列单片机的硬件系统设计简洁，指令系统设计精炼。在所有的单片机品种当中，它是最容易学习、最容易应用的单片机品种之一。对于单片机的初学者来说，若选择PIC单片机作为攻入单片机王国的突破口，将是一条最轻松的捷径，定会取得事半功倍的功效。目前已有好几家著名半导体公司仿照PIC系列单片机，开发出与之引脚兼容的系列单片机，比如美国SCENIX公司的SX系列、台湾EMC公司的EM78P系列、台湾MDT公司的MDT系列等。 PIC系列单片机具有以下特点：（1）采用哈佛结构。在国内最常见的单片机中，PIC系列单片机是唯一一种在芯片内部采用哈佛结构的机型。这里所说的哈佛结构就是，在芯片内部将数据总线和指令总线分离，并且采用不同的宽度。这样做的好处是，便于实现流水作业，也就是在执行一条指令的同时对下一条指令进行取指操作，而在一般的单片机中，指令总线和数据总线是共用的。 (3) Simplifies the set of instructions (RISC) the technology. PIC series monolithic integrated circuit command system only then 35 instructions. This for the instruction study, the memory, the understanding brings the very big advantage, also gives the procedure the compilation, reading, the debugging, the revision, the exchange brings the enormous convenience, really it may be said is easy to study easily to use. But the MCS - 51 monolithic integrated circuits command systems altogether have 111 instructions, the MC68HC05 monolithic integrated circuit command system altogether have 89 instructions. PIC series monolithic integrated circuit not only completes instruction for single byte instruction, moreover the overwhelming majority instruction for the single cyclical instruction, by favors the enhancement to carry out the speed.（3）精简指令集（RISC）技术。PIC系列单片机的指令系统只有35条指令。这给指令的学习、记忆、理解带来很大的好处，也给程序的编写、阅读、调试、修改、交流带来极大的便利，真可谓易学好用。而MCS51单片机的指令系统共有111条指令，MC68HC05单片机的指令系统共有89条指令。PIC系列单片机不仅全部指令均为单字节指令，而且绝大多数指令为单周期指令，以利于提高执行速度。 (4) The addressing way is simple. The addressing way is seeks the operand the method. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit only then 4 addressing ways (namely register indirect addressing, immediately number addressing, direct addressing and position addressing, later will make detailed explanation), will be easy to grasp, but MCS - 51 monolithic integrated circuits then will have 7 addressing ways, the 68HC05 monolithic integrated circuit will have 6 kinds. （4）寻址方式简单。寻址方式就是寻找操作数的方法。PIC系列单片机只有4种寻址方式（即寄存器间接寻址、立即数寻址、直接寻址和位寻址，以后将作详细解释），容易掌握，而MCS51单片机则有7种寻址方式，68HC05单片机有6种。(5)The code compression ratio is high. The 1K byte memory space, regarding likes the MCS - 51 such monolithic integrated circuits, only can deposit 600 instructions approximately, but regarding PIC series monolithic integrated circuit then can deposit reaches 1,024 instructions strip number. May see from chart 1, compares with several kinds of typical monolithic integrated circuits, PIC16C5 is one kind most saves the program memory space the monolithic integrated circuit. In other words, completes the space which the same function section of procedures takes, MC68HC05 is PIC16C5 2.24 times.（5）代码压缩率高。 1K字节的存储器空间，对于像MCS51这样的单片机，大约只能存放600条指令，而对于PIC系列单片机则能够存放多达1024条指令条数。从图1中可以看出，与几种典型的单片机相比，PIC16C5是一种最节省程序存储器空间的单片机。也就是说，完成相同功能的一段程序所占用的空间，MC68HC05是PIC16C5的2.24倍。 (6) The running rate is high. Because has used the Harvard main line structure, also because instruction reading has selected the streamlined production method with the execution, the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit running rate enhances greatly. May see from chart 2, the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit running rate is higher than other same scales by far the monolithic integrated circuit. In all 8 machine center, PIC17C is in the present world one of speed quickest varieties.（6）运行速度高。由于采用了哈佛总线结构，又由于指令的读取和执行采用了流水作业方式，PIC系列单片机的运行速度大大提高。从图2中可以看出，PIC系列单片机的运行速度远远高于其它相同档次的单片机。在所有8位机中，PIC17C是目前世界上速度最快的品种之一。 (7) The power loss is low. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit power dissipation is extremely low, some models monolithic integrated circuit works when the 4MHz clock consumes the electricity not to surpass 2mA, lowers under the sleep pattern to 1 mu A below. (8) Driving force. I/The O port actuates the load the ability to be strong, each I/The O pin inspiration and the output current maximum value may respectively achieve 25mA and 20mA, can the direct drive light emitter diode, the photoelectric coupler or the miniature relay and so on.（7）功耗低。PIC系列单片机的功率消耗极低，有些型号的单片机在4MHz时钟下工作时耗电不超过2mA，在睡眠模式下低到1A以下。（8）驱动能力强。I/O端口驱动负载的能力较强，每个I/O引脚吸入和输出电流的最大值可分别达到25mA和20mA，能够直接驱动发光二极管、光电耦合器或者微型继电器等。 (9) Has I2C and the SPI serial main line port: PIC series monolithic integrated circuit some models has I2C and the SPI serial main line port. I2C and SPI respectively are invents by PHILIPS and MOTOROLA Corporation realizes the synchronization serial data transmission SDT two kind of serial main lines technology between the chip. May facilitate using the monolithic integrated circuit serial main line port nimbly expands some essential periphery components. Serial interface and serial main line establishment, not only simplified the monolithic integrated circuit application system structure greatly, moreover extremely is also easy to form the product electric circuit the modular structure. At present, company and so on Panasonic, Hitachi, Sony, Sharp, rainbow all in product and so on its large screen in color television has introduced the I2C technology. （9）具备I2C 和SPI串行总线端口：PIC系列单片机的一些型号具备I2C 和SPI串行总线端口。I2C和SPI分别是由PHILIPS和MOTOROLA公司发明的在芯片之间实现同步串行数据传输的两种串行总线技术。利用单片机串行总线端口可以方便灵活地扩展一些必要的外围器件。串行接口和串行总线的设置，不仅大大地简化了单片机应用系统的结构，而且还极易形成产品电路的模块化结构。目前，松下、日立、索尼、夏普、长虹等公司都在其大屏幕彩电等产品中引入了I2C技术。(10) The addressing space design is succinct. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit procedure, the storehouse, the data three use mutually the independent addressing respectively (or address code) the space, moreover the first two addresses arrangement does not need the user to worry, this can receive beginners welcome. But MC68HC05 and MC68HC11 monolithic integrated circuit addressing space when, programming needs the user to the procedure area, the storehouse area, the data area and I/The O port takes the address space makes the careful arrangement, like this can give in masters design to bring the flexibility, but also can bring some troubles to the beginner. （10）寻址空间设计简洁。PIC系列单片机的程序、堆栈、数据三者各自采用互相独立的寻址（或地址编码）空间，而且前两者的地址安排不需要用户操心，这会受到初学者的欢迎。而MC68HC05和MC68HC11单片机的寻址空间只有一个，编程时需要用户对程序区、堆栈区、数据区和I/O端口所占用的地址空间作精心安排，这样会给高手的设计上带来灵活性，但是也会给初学者带来一些麻烦。(11) The periphery electric circuit is succinct. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit internal integrated on the electricity replacement electric circuit, I/On the O pin pulls the electric circuit, the watch-dog timer and so on, may the greatest degree reduction or exempts with the periphery component, in order to realizes the pure monolithic application. Thus, not only is advantageous for the development, moreover also may save the user the electric circuit board space and the production cost. （11）外围电路简洁。PIC系列单片机片内集成了上电复位电路、I/O引脚上拉电路、看门狗定时器等，可以最大程度地减少或免用外围器件，以便实现纯单片应用。这样，不仅便于开发，而且还可节省用户的电路板空间和制造成本。(12) Develops conveniently. Usually, under the extra-curricular condition the study and the application monolithic integrated circuit, the biggest barrier is the experiment develops the equipment to be expensive, causes many beginners to shrink back at the sight. The micro chip company and its domestic many business agents have provided the richly colorful hardware and the software support for users application development. Has each kind of scale fever recording (or called programming) and the hardware simulator sells, its selling price is probably different from 500 Yuan to 2,000 Yuan. In addition, the micro chip company has also developed the many kinds of editions software simulator and the software comprehensive development environment (MPLAB - IDE), for the amateur study and the practice, the application and the development actual drill has provided enormous convenient. Regarding PIC series in no matter what a section monolithic integrated circuit development, all may draw support a set of free software comprehensive development environment realization programming and the simulation. Again uses any kind of inexpensive fever recording to complete the procedure fever to write, then forms a set of economical practical developments system. It suits these not to want specially the excessively many investments purchase expensive development kit beginner and the amateur. With the aid of in this set of inexpensive system, the user may complete some small electronic products the development. Thus it can be seen, said to primary level studying independently that, the PIC monolithic integrated circuit is one kind most suit, the easiest close monolithic integrated circuit.（12）开发方便。通常，业余条件下学习和应用单片机，最大的障碍是实验开发设备昂贵，使许多初学者望而却步。微芯片公司及其国内多家代理商，为用户的应用开发提供了丰富多彩的硬件和软件支持。有各种档次的烧录器（或称编程器）和硬件仿真器出售，其售价大约从500元到2000元不等。此外，微芯片公司还研制了多种版本的软件仿真器和软件综合开发环境（MPLABIDE），为爱好者学习与实践、应用与开发的实际操练提供了极大的方便。对于PIC系列中任一款单片机的开发，都可以借助于一套免费的软件综合开发环境实现程序编写和模拟仿真，再用任何一种廉价的烧录器完成程序烧写，便形成一套经济实用的开发系统。它特别适合那些不想过多投资购置昂贵开发工具的初学者和业余爱好者。借助于这套廉价的开发系统，用户可以完成一些小型电子产品的研制开发。由此可见，对初级水平的自学者来说，PIC单片机是一种最为适合、最容易接近的单片机。 (13) C language programming. Regarding has grasped the C language user, the micro chip company has also provided the C language compiler for it , such user if uses the C language this kind of higher order language to carry on the programming, but also may enhance the working efficiency greatly. (14) The variety is rich. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit has formed three levels, more than 50 models at present. The internal function from to is simply complex, the seal form from 8 feet to 68 feet, may meet each kind of different application need. The user always can find section in among to suit oneself develops the goal the monolithic integrated circuit. In the seal form diversification aspect, does not like MCS - 51 series monolithic integrated circuits such, uses 40 feet seals mostly, the application flexibility receives the enormous limit. In addition, the micro chip company develops the monolithic integrated circuit first which in the world the first smallest 8 foot seals.（13）C语言编程。对于掌握了C语言的用户，微芯片公司还为其提供了C语言编译程序，这样的用户如果使用C语言这种高级语言进行程序设计的话，还可以大大提高工作效率。（14）品种丰富。PIC系列单片机目前已形成三个层次、50多个型号。片内功能从简单到复杂，封装形式从8脚到68脚，可以满足各种不同的应用需求。用户总能在其中找到一款适合自己开发目标的单片机。在封装形式多样化方面，不像MCS51系列单片机那样，大都采用40脚封装，应用灵活性受到极大的限制。此外，微芯片公司最先开发出世界上第一个最小的8脚封装的单片机。 (15) The specification is complete. The micro chip company may provide the many kinds of seals craft to its monolithic integrated circuit some kind of model the product: The belt window EPROM chip, suits the phase of exploitation which the procedure revises repeatedly; A programming (OTP) the EPROM chip, suits the need which and fast goes on the market in the trial production; ROM covers the model chip, suits the big enterprise mass stereotype product the production; The individual model has EEPROM or the Flash program memory, suits the beginner on-line to scratch repeatedly specially writes, the practice programming. （15）规格齐全。微芯片公司对其单片机的某一种型号又可提供多种封装工艺的产品：带窗口的EPROM型芯片，适合程序反复修改的开发阶段；一次编程（OTP）的EPROM芯片，适合于小批量试生产和快速上市的需要；ROM掩模型芯片，适合大企业大批量定型产品的规模化生产；个别型号具有EEPROM或Flash程序存储器，特别适合初学者在线反复擦写、练习编程。(16) Procedure secret. At present still did not have the means to carry on the decipher copy directly to the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit procedure, might maximum limit protect the user the procedure copyright.In the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit, PIC16F873 is the micro chip company a section characteristic bright new product which promoted in 1998 years end, it besides had the above characteristic, but also some most important characteristic, was it may realize the on-line debugging and the on-line programming. This is MCS - 51 and the MC68 series monolithic integrated circuit does not have, but is precisely actually the general monolithic integrated circuits beginner most needs.The micro chip company also specially developed set of exquisite inexpensive simulations tools set of for this section monolithic integrated circuit, has hereafter referred to as the simulation board or MPLAB - ICD. Both may realize the hardware simulation on this simulation board, and may realize the procedure to burn the record, but also retained a user to be possible to weld some primary devices to cover entirely at will welds the hole the electric circuit board space. Thus it can be seen, develops PIC16F873 even more the development other PIC model monolithic integrated circuit method which introduced compared to front. Certainly, if only is for study, also may not be colored by accents money, only uses the free software comprehensive de
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