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立式钻床用轴均布多轴头设计【10张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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摘要
   本文是立式钻床用轴均布多轴头设计,可调式多轴头各轴在圆周方向均布且方向可方便地沿直径方向同步调整,以适应多种小批量生产条件下法兰盘类零件的螺孔加工。固定试式多轴头是根据一个典型法兰盘类零件而设计的,用于零件中大批量生产要求。
多轴头架的设计参数来源于一般的加工工艺条件,以适应更广阔的加工范围。针对工厂里多孔钻削时,孔径一般较小,多在10cm左右,而且大部分是箱体、法兰盘等,箱体、法兰盘多为铸造件,材料是铸铁,也有个别的被加工零件的材料是低碳钢。根据这些工件的切削条件,可以确定多轴头架的工艺主参数。
主参数确定后便可以进行多轴头架的总体设计。多轴头架的传动原理是通过齿轮啮合增加钻削轴的轴数,以满足多孔加工的要求。通过二级齿轮啮合,输入轴和输出轴的转向没变,但由于齿轮分支传动,变成多根输出轴。
为了保证加工生产条件的安全,加上多轴头工作时装隔离装置比较困难,所以必须严格校核轴头架的强度,以免发生事故或达不到加工要求。
可以看出,改装后的多轴钻床,可以同时完成多个孔的钻、扩、铰等工序。工艺范围可以满足一般加工情况的孔类钻削要求。可调多轴头架可以起到提高生产效率、降低成本、提高孔系加工精度等作用。参照该调节原理可进行其他任意孔系加工装置的设计,还可以用于攻丝、扩、锪孔等加工装置。此外该装置具有结构简单、操作方便、应用范围广等特点,值得推广。
关键词:立式   钻床   多轴头   可调   固定


Abstract
The design of multiple spindles heads for drilling machine whose drills spindles are adjustable or fixed are introduced
The adjustable spindles of the multiple spindles heads are located evenly in the circuit and can be adjusted synchronism on the diameter’s direction to meet the small scale production needs of the screw hole manufacture for flange plate parts.And the fixed multiple spindles heads is design for the big scale production needs of the screw hole manufacture for flange plate parts,it can’t be used to manufacture another farts, because it’s spindle distance is designed for the only part.
The design of multiple spindles heads include three parts : the total design, the transfer system design , and the constructive design
Because of the un-development in our manufacture industry ,most company’s plant lack of the machine to drill multiple holes at the same time , and it’s a waste of funding on the manufacturing facilities which will be laid after the parts are produced . so the economic   multiple spindles heads enable the normal company to drill the multiple holes in a fast way .And same company gained the economic performance by the way of reequips the machine tools. It’s the fact that the reequipped drilling machine can satisfy the process precision requirement .so the design is feasible.
Based on the design of the  multiple spindles heads , we can also design the others to the manufacture of the other flange plant parts.
Key words:   drilling machine  ;adjustable;  multiple spindles heads;

目录
前言………………………………………………………………………………1
1.概述……………………………………………………………………..2
1.1问题的提出……………………………………………………….2
1.2同行业概况……………………………………………………….2
1.3课题的意义……………………………………………………….2
2.总体方案设计…………………………………………………………4
对工件进行工艺分析……………………………………………4
检查图纸的完整性和正确性…………………………...4
分析工件的结构特点…………………………………...4
分析工件的材料及加工性能…………………………...5
工件的生产批量………………………………………...5
确定工件的加工方法……………………………………………5
对被改装钻床的分析……………………………………………5
总体布局…………………………………………………………6
其他问题分析……………………………………………………7
3.齿轮可调式三轴头架的设计…………………………………………8
齿轮可调式三轴头架的传动原理及调整方法…………………8
方案的工艺设计参数……………………………………………9
Z535钻床动力所允许的工况条件…………………….9
确定用于钻削计算的极限值………………………….13
三轴头架的传动设计…………………………………………..16
齿轮的设计验算………………………………………16
轴的设计与校核………………………………………21
轴承的校核计算………………………………………35
键的设计校核…………………………………………37
螺栓的设计校核………………………………………38
夹头夹紧力的计算校核………………………………40
4.润滑与密封…………………………………………………………43
5.结束语………………………………………………………………44
6.谢辞…………………………………………………………………46
7.参考文献…………………………………………………………….47

前言
我的毕业设计的题目是《立式钻床可调式多轴头架的设计》。在现阶段,我国制造也的发展状况,一方面零件精度、复杂度越来越高,另一方面我国的制造业中普遍存在社别老化的问题。虽然设备老化在现代工业中是不可避免的事情——现在设备的设计更新实在太快了。而且,随着现代产品的小批量生产趋势,为了加工某个零件去购置一台新机床是不合适的。怎样利用现有设备高效快速地加工出新零件是一件很有实际应用价值的课题。
在现代设计中,箱体类、钣金类的零件被广泛应用,在上面进行设计一系列孔是很多时候必须的工作。进行多孔钻削是现代加工中一个不可缺少的加工工序。但是在我国的大部分中小企业目前还不能很好的适应多孔钻削的生产要求,为了某个批量不是很大的零件购置响应的排钻甚至专用机床是取不了多大的经济效益的。针对各个企业里的钻床进行改装不失为一个经济易行同时能满足大部分精度要求的好方法。
目前国内已有一些厂家通过改造现有的钻床设备使之具备加工多孔钻削的能力。一般情况下,都是采用加装多轴头架的方法,并学用适当的夹具便于多轴头架的装夹。由于改造机床多为了某个特定的零件,各种多轴头架各有各的特点。一改改装机床的工艺对象普遍狭窄的缺点,我这里设计了一个可调式的多轴头架,它的切削周向直径可调节,大大的扩大了它的加工范围。



1. 概述
1.1 问题的提出
本次毕业设计任务的提出,是为适应目前我国大部分制造厂的实际生产状况。当前制造业设备更新特别快,大部分企业遇到同一端面的多孔钻削的零件时,为此购置专用设备又往往不经济的条件下,可以通过改造现有普通单轴钻床使之具有多轴钻削的能力。既解决了加工要求与现有设备的矛盾,又有效的利用了闲置机床,极大的提高了设备利用率,给企业带来了巨大的经济效益。
1.2同行业概况
在国内的相关企业中已经有一部分企业开始原有设备的改造以适应新的加工生产。其中有一些结构相对比较复杂,当然这与白加工零件的相关工艺参数有关。在法兰盘周向均布孔的加工上应用已经相当广泛。比如在郑州的一个汽车制造车间上,运用了改造后的钻床进行加工,取得了良好的经济效果。由于这些厂家的生产对象的特殊性,他们加工的孔径一般较大,改造后的钻床,除了加装多轴头架外,还需设计额外的夹具以减轻头架的重量对钻床的作用力影响及保证头架进给的精度。
1.3课题的意义
为了使广大的一般小型生产厂家具有同一端面的多孔加工能力,我设计了重量较轻,钻削轴均布的三轴头架。可以实现同时三孔位的加工,而且如果孔之间的距离有变化,可以随时进行孔距的调节,使它能够实现多孔位的加工,那样不仅可以节省时间、改善工人的劳动强度、提高劳动效率,而且对于机械行业也是一种革新。
齿轮可调式三轴头架,因为它是一种可换的,而且是可以调节孔距的设备,所以适应生产过程中的小批量的生产。


内容简介:
540Research on the structure of green-product integration development systemJiang Jibin, Wu Qisheng, Lin Jiuguang, Liu Zhifeng, Liu GuangfuHefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, ChinaABSTRACT In order to conduct green design effectively andscientifically, it is an important premise to build Green-product Integration Development System orienting productlife-cycle. In this paper, viewed from practicality andintegration, current green products design tools are firstlyanalyzed, the structure of current accessible green-productintegration development system is secondly discussed, andthe strategy of system development from practicality andintegration is lastly brought forward. *1 SUMMARYGreen-product is compatible with environment, resourceand energy. Its green attribute is implemented on its whole life-cycle. Green-product development means that its function andstructure. are designed and the green degree of the life-cyclesdifferent stage is virtually designed and assessed its digital-product stage. So the demands of time, quality, cost etc. arefulfilled on the precise of meeting environment and resourcesdemands. There are many design tools about green-productdesign now. But most of them which are on theoretic stagearent integrated with traditional design tools such as CAD,CAM etc and can not support the enterprises productdevelopment. This paper studies on the structure of currentaccessible green-product integration development system anddiscusses the strategy of system development on the base ofanalyzing the specialties of green-product development frompracticality and integration.The aims that different computer aided tools can fulfill arenot the same as each others. For example CAD mainlycompletes products geometrical modeling. On the contrary,different aims of functions decide the structure of diversesystem. So at the beginning of implementing systemdevelopment, only to know well the functional aim ofestablished system to be fulfilled, and only to apply those aimto instructing system planning and software development, canone assure the system to be established meeting functionaldemand.The aims of traditional designs theories and methods areto meet products function, quality, time, and cost. These * This project is supported by the Nation Natural ScienceFoundation of China59935120 demands include the functions of satisfying customers, need,high quality, short manufacturing cycle, and low cost. Greendesign adds environmental aim comparing to traditional designand is centered by environmental protection. As to eliminatethe potential negative effect, it emphasizes on the bondagebetween products fundamental attributes and environmentalattributes. The environmental aim is a wide concept. Itincludes a series of problems such as ecological environment,resource, and the utility of energy etc. The problem aboutecological environment means that it affects ecologicallyenvironment on its whole life-cycle. For example, polluted airand used water generated on manufacturing procedure affectecological environment, whats more, the products which aredisposed can affect ecological environment also. The utility ofresource means the capacity of resource , especial non-recycle resource is utilized comprehensively and optimized.Then the aim is very important because resource isincreasingly scarce. Though products green attribute isimportant when it is on manufacturing, using and disposedstage, it is decided on product development (digital productor blueprint) stage. Then we can achieve the goat ofproducts minimum affect on ecological environment,minimum energy consumption, maximal resource using if onlyif we understand it well and regard environment as one aim byrational design of product structure when we is developingproducts.We can make a conclusion from above analysis: Green-product development not only includes traditional designwhich is applied to fulfill products function but also carriesout environmental capability design., so the computer aidedsystem which is applied to support Green-productdevelopment has characters of multi-tool and integration, andthis point must to be considered when the structure of green-product development system is planned.2 THE STRUCTURE OF CURRENT GREENPRODUCT DESIGN TOOLThe research about green product has been widely carriedout since Alting introduced life-cycle engineering in 1993.Many research institutes and universities have studied anddeveloped some green product design tools while manytheories have been pointed out after many years research.Those tools not only validated these theories pointed out butalso supported designers informational design tools. Thecurrent main green design tools is listed on section 3.5.2 inReferences1, and by analysis on those tools, the structure ofthe system is mainly divided into two style: single-toolstructure and integration structure. This section will analyzetheir characters and applied field as to support theoreticallythe structure of green product development system which isbased on uniform product model introduced in this paper.5412.1 Single-tool StructureGreen design references to the analysis and estimate ofproducts green attributes in life-cycle. It is a multi-fact andmulti-attribute decision-making process. Early green designtools adopted single-tool structure and developed operatingtools for a particular design content. The system existed aloneand could not communicate with other design tools. Forexample, DFDS(Design For Disassembly System)developedby HeFei University of Technology belongs to this kind ofstructures.Figure 1 The Structure of DFDSFigure 1 is the structure of DFDS. This system acquiresinformation about the structure, assembling and parts, andconstructs product net-graphic model by information inputtingsystem. It calculates parts disassembly direction and createsproducts disassembly sequence by some relative algorithmabout applied graphic and analyzing disassembly plan which isbased on net-graph model. Then it estimates productssustainability by analyzing disassembly time and disassemblyproblems. It finally creates files about estimating result whichare supplied to the designers , and to be applied to modifyproducts design.The research and development of DFDS supply an aidedtool which can analyze the ability of disassembly for designers.DFDS can achieve interactive disassembly and prompt theresearch and development of sustainability design and greendesign. But the system adopts single-tool structure, it hassome disadvantages. Many yearsresearch on CAD that indicates informationabout product structure, geometry, andassembly is so much , complicated anddiverse that it is difficult to be expressed bysimple data structure. DFDS is developed byVC+, because the data structure which isused to store product information is limited, itis too difficult to acquire entirely information,and it is only applied to several parts; It isnot integrated with development tools such asCAD etc. Then it results to input informationagain and again and not feedback the estimating resultautomatically. The visual-ability of product anddisassemblys process is limited. Whats more, its operationis relatively abstract.2.2 Integration Structure Integration structure regards information integration as theaim. It realizes the integration of product developmentprocess and supports the information exchange and transferamong CAx (CAD, CAPP etc) and DFx (DFA, DFD etc.) bybeing supplied uniform data model (product model ormanagement model).According to data model, the structure of productintegration development system is divided into two categories:(1) Integration structure based on uniform product datamodel This structure plans every life-cycle developmenttool as a whole system. Product development is based onuniform product data model. It can achieve systemic highintegration and shared information of a system. It is shown infigure 2(a). It constructs product integration developmentsystem platform by encapsulating development tools withuniform application interface. Different users carry outdifferent product developments basing on this platform. Theinteractive action between development platform and productmodel is implement by product data management. Then theyachieve information exchanging between development toolsand shared information and integration in the process ofproduct development. The essence of this system is productintegration model which is applied to exchange, save,pigeonhole of product data in the whole life-cycle. Integrationstructure which is based on uniform product data modelreferences to uniform and product integration model includinglife-cycle information about the product. It discards everydevelopment tools special database. At the same time, itconstructs semantic relation between different tool data bymanaging product model data. Then it avoids datesredundancy and non-consistence between dates. Whatsmore, the advantage of product model with applied publicdata format is that it can reduce the developments of data-exchange processor. So researchers can spare more time torealizing the function of development tools, but not realizingsystem integrative data exchange. (a) (b)Figure2 The System of Integration Structure(2) integration structure based on uniform datamanagement model The structure is based onPDM(Product Data Management), and integrates manyfunctional software on uniform PDM platform, and achievesintegration management of information and process. It isData-exchange processorPDM systemIntegration productmodelProduct data managemenDevelopment system platformSpecialty productmodelSpecialty productmodelProduct informationAnalysis resultInformationinputtingInformationmodelingDisassemblyplanning? Base information? Part information? Assembly information? Net graph model? Layer relation? Disassembly direction? Disassembly sequence? ProductData BaseProduct modelUser interfaceDFA DFD DFxCAD CAPP CAxDevelopmentToolsbasal modelAppliedbasal modelProfessionalapplied modelKnowledge baseKnowledgeResourceUniversalknowledgeProfessionalknowledge542shown on figure 2(b). PDM usually adopts product data andmodel management based on product structure model. Thereis plenty of redundant dates in applied files because onproduct structure model only proscribes the relation betweenprofessional product model and each applied system. Theconsistence check of files content can not been carried outby product dates management system either. Low-layerapplied systems is forced to establish Mechanism of input andoutput conformed by standards such as STEP and IGESetc. because it lacks an integrative data model. On the otherhand, the work amount is very large. So it is difficult to assureveracity of transforming data from one systemic productmodel to another.3 THE STRUCTURE OF GREENPRODUCT INTEGRATIONDEVELOPMENT SYSTEMGreen attribute is the essential character of green product.Because what green attribute references to mainly ismanufacturing, using, and disposing which are on life-cyclesmaterial stage. So it usually adopts simulating way on thedigital stage of product development. It also constructs virtualmanufacturing, using and disposed environment on computerand predicts future green products character. In the future itappraises product green attribute on the basis of product andmodifies irrational design affecting green attribute. Theproduct to be developed finally reaches scheduled green aims.On the other hand, product development references to othersimulating characters besides green attribute such assustainability and manufacturing-ability of product. Thosecharacters need digital product model too. So product modelwith uniform structure, no redundant information and orientedthe whole life-cycle are the bases of realizing green productdevelopment , and it must to be considered carefully whenresearchers are planning product development system.According as above discussions, we think that the integrationsystem based on uniform product data model should bepreferred structure. What is shown in figure 4 is the structureof integration development system based on uniform productmodel. This system mainly consists of some components.Figure3 The Structure of Green Product IntegrationDevelopment System(1) Development tool Product development systemsupplies correspondent supporting development tools whenproduct is oriented for different applied demands in life-cycle.They are computer aided tools (CAx) and Design for X tools(DFx), and CAx is a platform that can meet demands inspecial fields of product design. Such as CAD, CAPP andCAM etc, modeling product and planning manufacturingprocess can be finished on this platform; DFx developed onthe basis of CAx is technology and a tools that can meet life-cycle demands, it considers thoroughly what product affectson later procedure of product design stage, such as assembly-ability, manufacturing-ability and maintain-ability etc, designersconsider as many factors as possible which can affectfunction by appraising every CAx designing results andrational decisions. Then it makes product achieve an optimumaim that synthesizes each functional index in the whole life-cycle.(2) Product model and model managementProduct model is the object manipulated by design activity. Itis the essence of green design, and is the data and informationset of product. We consider it consists of different layermodel from figure 4. The first model is basal model which isnot relative to concrete application, such as productgeometrical model. The second model is applied basal modelwhich references to applied function, such as precision modeland resource & environment model. The third model isprofessional applied model for particular application, such asFinite-Element net model. Effective application of productmodel need supporting from management model. Managementmodel and product model are usually combined into onefunctional unit. It can realize interactive information betweendevelopment tool and product model by controllinginformation exchange and storing. Then shared and integratedinformation among all development tools can be achieved.Model management mainly consists of data managementwhich is based on product structure and the mechanism oftransforming model information into applied requirementinformation.(3) Knowledge base and knowledge managementKnowledge base stores much information about all sorts ofapplied knowledge which references to product development.These information is the applied basis of every developmenttool and necessary for designing and estimating project. Allinformation is divided into three layers by its specialties anduniversal character. The first layer is knowledge which isrelated to project and applied field. Such as design rule ofaxial parts and the rule of selecting cutting parameters. Thesecond is knowledge which is related to particular productdesign. Such as enterprise standard and knowledge aboutenterprise manufacturing resource. The third is knowledgewhich is independent of application. Such as materialstandards and mechanical drawing standards. The storing andutility of knowledge data is realized by knowledgemanagement system. These knowledge for product designapplied demand which supports the being carried out projectis delivered to development tool by knowledge managementsystem interface.(4) User interface Each development tool(CAxand DFx), product model and knowledge base areencapsulated as a uniform development platform for designers.Each development tool can be harmoniously applied toprocess of product development by user interface. By userinterface, the storing and acquiring of data and knowledge iscontrolled consistently, and then the uniformly management ofprocess and information is realized. So it is possible to realizeintegrated and parallel product development.One important character of this structure is the modelbased on uniform product. Each life-cycle development tooland shared information is realized by enclosure of userinterface. Then it can ensure that developed product achievesnot only traditional structure and function aim but alsoenvironmental green aim. So green product can besuccessively developed.4 THE IMPLEMENT STRATEGY OFGREEN PRODUCT INTEGRATIONDEVELOPMENT SYSTEMPro/E and UGII which are both commercial supportingsoftware supply functional module such as design, model,analyze, NC programming and manufacture etc. Theyemphasize on product structure and manufacturing process,and they havent functional module such as about analysisand estimating environment affected by product and dont543support correspondent green design tool. But This sort ofsystem is open and integrated partially. Viz.The systemsupplies three-dimension modeling. Uniform product datamodel can be constructed by the software. and at any moment,product geometrical and functional description can beacquired for product development tools, such as CAPP andFinite-Element analysis, etc. The system suppliescustomization modeling. It supplies input interface of projectapplied information about tolerance and material attribute, andmakes a technical basis for constructing product model whichi
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本文标题:立式钻床用轴均布多轴头设计【10张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】
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