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任务书一、原始依据（包括设计或论文的工作基础、研究条件、应用环境、工作目的等。）工作基础： 本毕业设计是对某一给水处理工程的模拟，通过设计，使学生系统的熟悉和掌握环境工程专业图纸设计方面的内容体系、操作程序、培养学生综合运用所学理论知识解决实际问题的能力，为今后从事工程实际设计或施工工作打下基础。研究条件及应用环境 原水条件：处理量Q=12000m3/d。夏季高浊时浊度为100150NTU，冬季最低浊度30NTU。出水水质：出厂水浊度1NTU。图纸条件：厂地平整，以室外地坪标高（0.00，）为基础标高。出水通往市政管网，洪水水位以-10.00m计。 气候与地质条件：该给水厂位于我国北方地区，冬季最低气温为-35,夏季最高气温34,常年主导风向为西北风，地震裂度为5级。工作目的： 通过本次毕业设计可以培养学生一下几方面的能力： （1）加深对所学的基础理论、基本技术能力和专业知识的理解，培养学生的综合运用所学知识的能力；（2）培养学生独立工作、独立思考和分析解决实际问题的能力，特别是培养学生的创新能力和实践能力；（3）培养学生的图纸设计、文件编辑、文字表达、文献查阅、计算机应用、工具使用等基本工作的实践能力。二、参考文献1 中国市政工程西南设计院主编.给水排水设计手册第1册（常用数据）.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，19862 上海市政工程设计院主编.给水排水设计手册第3册（城市给水）.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，19863 上海市政工程设计研究院主编.给水排水设计手册第3册（城镇给水）.第2版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，20044 中国市政工程西北设计研究院主编.给水排水设计手册底11册（常用设备）.第2版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，20025 严煦世，范瑾初主编.给水工程.第4版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，19996 张智，张勤等编著. 给水排水工程专业毕业设计指南.北京：中国水利水电出版，19997 张智，张勤等编著. 给水排水工程专业毕业设计指南.北京：中国水利水电出版，19998 王海山主编.给水排水常用数据手册.第二版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，20009 姜乃昌主编.水泵及水泵站.第四版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，199810 韩洪军，杜茂安主编.水处理工程设计计算.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2006表2 毕业设计绘制图纸要求图纸内容数量及尺寸要求1给水处理厂工艺总平面图1张，2号2给水处理系统的工艺流程及高程计算2张，2号3给水泵站工艺图1张，2号4沉淀池工艺图1张，2号5絮凝池工艺图1张，2号 指导教师（签字）： 王淑静20xx年 02 月 24 日审题小组组长（签字）：年 月 日1外文资料Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in ChinaQIAN Yi,WEN Xianghua, HUANG Xia Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China AbstractChina has been experiencing fast economic development in recent decades at the cost of serious environmental deterioration. Wastewater discharge, especially municipal wastewater discharge, and non-point pollution sources are becoming the major water pollution source and research focus. Great efforts have been made on water pollution control and a number of renovated technologies and processes for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation as well as non-point pollution control have been developed and applied in China. This paper discusses the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment systems, anaerobic biological treatment, biofilm reactors and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in the country.1 IntroductionWith the rapid development of the industry and urbanization as well as the population growth , China is facing an increasingly serious water crisis in terms of water shortage and pollution. The annual average precipitation in the country is 648 mm and the water resource available per capita is 2220m3/a, which is only 1/4 of that of the world. The low treatment rate of municipal wastewater, illegal discharge of industrial wastewater, and non-point pollution sources have resulted in severe water pollution, expressed by the deterioration of surface water, the eutrophication of lakes, the increase of nitrate in groundwater, etc. Persistence organic pollutants (POPs) have been monitored in some water bodies.To control water pollution in the country, thousands of scientists and engineers in this field have made great efforts in developing appropriate technologies of water and wastewater treatment. Preliminary progress has been obtained. This paper reviews the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment systems, anaerobic biological treatment and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in China.2 Appropriate process and technology for wastewater treatment in ChinaChina is a big developing country with many environmental problems. Developing and applying appropriate wastewater treatment processes and technologies characterized by high efficiency and low cost, is an urgent need for water pollution control in the country. The characteristics of appropriate process or technology for wastewater treatment in China are as follows:High system efficiency and stability in producing high quality effluent to be reused;Lower energy consumption and operational cost;Easy operation and maintenance;Accommodating to local conditions;Lower specific footprint to reduce the occupied land area and the investment cost.In the following paragraphs, some examples of appropriate processes and technologies for municipal wastewater treatment and non-point water pollution control developed and renovated by Chinese scientists and engineers are discussed.3 Natural wastewater purification systemsIn ancient China, people used excrement and urine to manure the fields, which can be considered as crude natural wastewater disposal schemes. Nowadays, there is an expanding worldwide interest in the application of natural purification systems as a low-cost, effective wastewater treatment process to purify wastewater and recycle valuable organics and nutrients.The natural purification processes, including land treatment systems and stabilization ponds, had been intensively studied during the 1980s to the 1990s 13 in China. The major research focus was the design, performance, cost analysis and mechanisms of pollutant removal in natural treatment systems. More attention to the natural treatment system has been obtained since the late 1990s in the country when non-point source pollution control was introduced. The major processes studied and applied include: rapid infiltration 46, slow rate filtration 78, overland flow 1,9, subsurface infiltration 10,11, constructed wetland 1232, anaerobic, facultative, aerobic (aerated), high rate pond, etc. 3343. Various unit processes may be arranged in sequence to create an integrated treatment system 4451.Since 1990, large scale natural systems have been applied in many areas in China to treat municipal wastewater 8,13,23,28,36,42,47,48 and industrial wastewater 20,30,30. Some demonstration treatment systems 7,10,14,16,18,29,52 were also established. Table 1 summarizes the effluent quality of different natural treatment systems.The data in Table 1 show that all the applied natural treatment processes produced high quality effluent with low COD, BOD5, SS, TN, and TP. Moreover, the systems were very effective in removing potential and harmful recalcitrant organic compounds 20,40, heavy metals 30, chemicals and biological agents, including viruses 24. Some kinds of selected plants, like mangrove and reed, were used for enhancing the treatment efficiency of municipal wastewater and for the plant-mediated remediation of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals 15,27,31,5355.Although natural purification systems have high removal efficiency for various pollutants in wastewater, their performances are highly dependent on climate and temperature. They generally function well in warm seasons or in warm areas in south China. Operation at low temperature in winter or in cold regions in north China can be improved significantly by employing intensified measures such as adding biofilm carriers in ponds 42, artificial filtration layer 7, plant cover 16 and using integrated treatment systems.Figure 1 shows a land treatment system applied in Shengyang City, located in the Northeast of China. Considering the low temperature in winter and the seasons for crop irrigation, a system combining a slow rate filtration process and a rapid infiltration process was designed. The slow rate filtration process runs from May 10 to November 25 and the rapid infiltration works in the rest of the year. The treated water is used to irrigate crops when needed or to inject into ground water.Figure 2 shows a full-scale integrated treatment system including a stabilization pond and two stages of subsurface flow constructed wetland treating the mixed industrial and domestic wastewater in Shatian, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province. The designed treatment capacity is 5000m3/d and the actual influent flow is in the range of 2000 to 10000m3/d. Under normal operational conditions, the final effluent quality meets the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 89781996) very well. Seven species of plants were selected and grow in the wetland. It is noticed that the plants growing in the wetland are vulnerable to lower temperature in winter 23.In the past few years, the Chinese government has paid great attention to lake eutrophication caused by non-point and point source pollution. Many investigators have been engaged in researching and developing natural systems for rural sewage treatment. There is a considerable body of literature on nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies and mechanisms by natural purification systems 11, 21, 22, 5664.Figures 3 and 4 show two sets of natural systems in Dian Lake area, Yunnan Province, which have been successfully used for rural sewage treatment and achieved high nitrogen and phosphorus removal 65,66. One is a subsurface infiltration system (Fig. 3). The other is a combination treatment system of two kinds of constructed wetlands with a biological pond (Fig. 4). Table 2 shows the performance data of these two full scale systems.Nowadays, several investigators have began to pay attention to the long-term effects of various types of natural treatment systems on soils and ground water, and the possibility of bioaccumulation and migration of toxic materials to the human food chain. Proper system management, including adequate tracking monitoring, is necessary to assure ecological safety and human health 67.Practical experiences show that the capital and operational cost of natural treatment systems is very low. Cost-effect analysis on land treatment systems and the comparison with an activated sludge system were made. The results show that the cost-effectiveness of the land treatment system is mainly dependent on the cost of land because the system occupies a large area of land. Results of cost-effect analysis show that there is a critical unit land price for the application of a land treatment system with different capacity. The critical unit land price is defined as the unit land price at which the total capital cost for the land treatment system equals to that of an activated sludge system. It implies that the application of land system is cost-effective or not depending on if the unit land price is lower or higher than the critical unit land price.Figure 5 shows the critical unit land price for different natural application systems with different capacities based on the price of land in China in 1990.The operational experiences also showed that land treatment systems required very simple maintenance. When a slow filtration system is used, the economic benefit can be obtained from the crop planted on the land.Because natural treatment systems have such merits as high quality of effluent, low cost and easy operation and maintenance, they provide environmental, ecological and social benefits for the treatment of sewage in small cities, towns, and villages.4 Anaerobic biological treatment processesCompared with aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic biological treatment has significant advantages such as low cost, low sludge yield and energy recovery by utilizing generated biogas. It can also improve the biodegradability of refractory organics in the wastewater by acidification and hydrolysis.The development of the high-rate anaerobic reactor has made it possible to treat municipal wastewater since 1970, which has been proven feasible by national and international experiences. Because the treatment efficiency strongly depends on temperature, most full-scale anaerobic treatment plants for municipal wastewater treatment are in the tropical areas.Since the late 1990s, the price of crude oil has increased dramatically and a serious energy crisis appeared again. The application and investigation on anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater have become a hot point in China again. The practices focus on:1) Investigation on operation of high-rate anaerobic reactors treating municipal wastewater The high-rate anaerobic reactors include:Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor;Anaerobic filter (AF);Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR);Internal circulation anaerobic (ICA) reactor;Expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) reactor etc.Generally, a UASB reactor with 410 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) can remove 44%82% COD and 73%87% SS from municipal wastewater. AF has similar removal rates. ABR is a reactor with 36 UASB reactors without threephase- separators in series. It has a simpler structure and more stable performance. To solve the problem of low SS removal of ICA reactors, researchers from Tsinghua University introduced a new ICA reactor by replacing the settling part of the reactor with a filter layer. This improvement was proven with the better SS and colloidal COD removal. An ICA reactor with HRT of 4 h and organic loading rate of 24.7 kg COD/ (m3 d) was used to remove 73%87% COD and 90% SS. Table 3 lists some applications of high-rate anaerobic reactors for municipal wastewater treatment in China. Even for the high-rate reactors, aerobic post treatments are generally needed to meet the effluent discharge standard. However,the application could significantly decrease the investment and operation cost of a municipal wastewater treatment plant.2) Improved processes with hydrolysis/anaerobic reactor as core treatment unit The process consists of a hydrolysis or anaerobic step and an aerobic step has been developed in China for municipal wastewater treatment, which has the following alternatives:Hydrolysis+aerobic process;Anaerobic+aerobic process;Multi-stage anaerobic+aerobic process.In full-scale application, the most widely used process is “hydrolysis+aerobic process”. Ma et al. 68 used a hybrid hydrolysis+aerobic biofilter process to treat municipal wastewater of about 30 000 m3/d in Shandong Province and the investment was only 50% of that of the activated sludge process. The effluent COD, BOD5 and SS were 60, 30 and 20 mg/L, respectively. Because hydrolysis is less affected by temperature, the process is promising in China. However,hydrolysis+aerobic process cannot generate biogas and the energy consumption in the aerobic unit is still high because hydrolysis can only remove 30%40% COD. The Anaerobic+aerobic process and multi-stage anaerobic+aerobic process can compensate for the disadvantages of the hydrolysis+aerobic process and evoke strong interests on a large scale. Table 4 summarizes the properties of the treatment processes with the anaerobic unit as the core technique.3) Integrative installations for treatment of sewage from a building or community.The practice of anaerobic treatment on domestic wastewater in China not only focuses on process but also on integrative installations. Integrative installations for the treatment of sewage from a building or community are rather popular in the country because it is a practical solution for water pollution control without huge construction fees and complex maintenance. Table 5 lists some data from integrative installations for the treatment of sewage from a building or community.The general features of the integrative installations are low cost and simple maintenance by application of multi anaerobic stages and extended HRT (to several days) in some installations. The COD, BOD5, and SS removals could reach 70%90%, 70%90%, and 50%98%, respectively.The installations can not only be distributed in buildings and communities in cities but also scattered in corners of rural areas. Biogas is used to replace traditional fuel and the effluent and sludge of the installations are utilized as fertilizers for plants or feed for aquatic animals. In late 2004, 1.54 million families have had their own treatment installations and it is estimated that 0.12 billion families in China will have it in 2020.5 Bio-film reactorAs the earliest bio-film reactor, tricking filter has been used in wastewater treatment for a long time. Because of its high operation requirement and low organic loading, some renovated bio-filters have been developed and applied for municipal wastewater treatment in recent years, as shown in Table 6. They are also applied in the post-treatment of secondary effluent 78.A submerged bio-film reactor called bio-contact oxidation tank has been studied and applied for industrial wastewater treatment since the 1970s and is now applied to municipal wastewater treatment in China. It is very similar to the aerated bio-filter developed in Europe except the type and size of the media. Both plastic packing media and slag have been used in bio-contact oxidation tanks. Aeration is provided under the packing media and the flow pattern can be either up flow or down flow.However, until 2002, the bio-contact oxidation process was not widely used. It was only used in nine wastewater treatment plants in China 85. The reason is mainly related to the packing media. It plays an important role in promoting the bio-contact reactor performance. Many different types of packing media have been developed sequentially in the country 86, from the rigid packing media firstly used to the flexible, semi-flexible, combined, suspended, to the recently created enzyme catalyzed packing media. The major targets are to provide a larger surface area, larger porosity and better affinity to bio-film. With the development of packing media, it is expected that the submerged bio-film reactor will have even better performance.The three-phase bio-fluidized bed (TPB) is another advanced bio-film reactor that has many advantages. The reactor was developed in the Netherlands where it is called the air-lift loop reactor. Intensive study has been carried out on TPB in China and it is now applied to both industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater treatment. The reactor is comprised of four zones: riser, downcomer, gas disengagement and solid sedimentation, while the riser and downcomer zones are jointly called as the reaction zone. Due to gas injection into a section of the reactor, the hydrostatic pressure difference is produced to cause the fluid to flow with the bio-carrier circularly. Because the biomass attached on the carrier lives in a suspended state, the technology has the combined advantages of a bio-film reactor and activated sludge process. Two types of three-phase bio-fluidized bed have been distinguished in recent years. One is the innercirculation three-phase bio-fluidized bed (ITFB) and the other is the external-circulation three-phase bio-fluidized bed (ETFB). Few researches have focused on ETFB 87 because less variety and modifications around the gas disengagement zone can be acquired, which is adverse to the reactor optimization. A kind of double cylinder ITFB(DCITFB) achieves more acceptance in China.In DCITFB, the surface area of the carrier media is in the range of 20003 000 m2/m3, which is about ten times of that in the bio-contact oxidation process. A high biomass concentration can be up to 2030 g/L in the reactor depending on the influent quality, carrier concentration and operation parameters. Such high biomass concentration contributes to a high loading rate varying from 520 kg BOD5/(m3 d) 88. Table 7 is the comparison between the performances of the conventional activated sludge process and the DCITFB process in municipal wastewater treatment 89. It can be seen that the DCITFB process shows much better performance than the activated sludge process. The COD concentration in DCITFB effluent is below 30 mg/L although the aeration time is only 1/41/8 of that of the activated sludge process. The oxygen transfer coefficient is about 220 times of that in the activated sludge process. Apart from the organic pollutant removal, NH4 +-N removal loading rate can be up to 1.8 kg/(m3 d) 90. These advantages prove that the DCITFB is a cost-effective wastewater treatment process. Figure 6 is a picture of the DEITFB treating wastewater mainly from domestic users in a small-town (Zhoutiezhen) wastewater treatment plant in Yixing, Jiangsu Province. The treatment capacity of one unit reaches 2 500 m3/d. The quality of the treated water meets the national discharge standard.There are many other types of ITFB developed in China as an improvement over the DCITFB. The high efficient separation composite biological fluidized reactor (HSBCR) is one of them 91. In the reaction zone, the traditional double cylinder is replaced by the honeycomb-type cross section, which enables not only the aerobic zone and anoxic zone to concurrently exist but also a decreased height and diameter ratio of the reactor and hence energy consumption decreases accordingly. The high-efficient dissolved air floatation is coupled in the gas disengagement zone of the reactor, which improves the removal efficiency of SS. In addition, a mazetype carrier separator is added in the reactor to avoid losing carrier particles with the effluent.Two types of pilot scale ITFB are used to treat municipal wastewater for comparison. One is DCITFB and the other is HSBCR. The performance of the reactors is summarized in Table 8 92. The results show that HSBCR outperforms DCITFB in many respects. At the HRT of 40 min, both reactors achieved good performance in organic pollutant removal. However, the NH4 +-N removal loading rate in HSBCR was about three times higher than that in DCITFB. A lower concentration of SS (30 mg/L) was detected in the effluent of HSBCR. Moreover, the energy consumption of HSBCR was only 40% of that of DCITFB.Based on the above discussion, we can see that the inner-circulation three-phase bio-fluidized bed with its enhanced reactor is a very promising process for treating municipal wastewater. It will have more extensive application in the future in China.6 Wastewater reclamationWater shortage is serious in many parts of China. Therefore, there is an increasing interest over the past decade in reclaimed water from municipal sewage as a new reliable water resource in the country 93,94. The treated wastewater has been used for different purposes such as: (1) industrial application for cooling and washing purposes and process water; (2) municipal application, such as toilet flushing, car washing, landscape irrigation, etc.; (3) agricultural irrigation, and (4) supply to environmental water.Table 9 lists several practices of wastewater reclamation and reuse in some cities in China that are short of water. It can be seen that reclaimed water in these practices is mainly used for municipal uses and industrial cooling water.Many different types of treatment processes fit different quality and quantity requirements of wastewaters. The major treatment processes in practice in China are as follows:contact filtration activated carbon adsorption;sedimentation filtration zone oxidation;coagulation sedimentation membrane filtration;contact oxidation sedimentation and filtration;A/O (A2/O) processes, etc.A disinfection unit is generally the last treatment step to guarantee that the treated effluent is free of pathogens and biologically safe for reuse. Different treatment processes have their advantages and disadvantages. How to choose a proper treatment train to produce qualified effluent with low investment and operational cost is still a very hot research topic nowadays in China. There are also a lot of concerns about the ecological and biological risks in using treated water. In this concern, membrane technology has been noticed as one of the promising solutions for producing microorganism-free effluent. There are two main types of membrane filtration technology applied in the field of wastewater reclamation. They are membrane bioreactor (MBR) and direct membrane filtration.Membrane bioreactor can be defined as the combination of two basic processes: biological degradation and membrane separation. The biomass responsible for biodegradation is separated from the treated water by a membrane filtration unit. Ultra-filtration and micro-filtration are two types of membranes used in the membrane bioreactor system. The membrane filtration unit can be located either outside the bio-reactor or submerged in it. Figure 7 shows the schematic diagrams of these two systems.The membrane bioreactor system has the advantages of high volumetric loading, small footprint, low sludge production, high flexibility, etc. It can produce high quality effluent useable for many purposes safely 95,96. The major problem in the operation of a membrane bioreactor system is membrane fouling. There are a large number of papers discussing the mechanisms and measures for membrane fouling control 97,98,99. There are also successful practices of full-scale treatment plant. However, proper design, correct choice of operation parameters, effective membrane fouling control, and clean procedures still have room for study.The membrane bioreactor has been well-accepted in recent years in China as a wastewater reclamation technology. There are a number of membrane technology centers all over the country targeting mainly at wastewater treatment and reclamation. In 1997 and 2005, two large-scale international conferences on membrane technology for water and wastewater treatment were successfully held by Tsinghua University in Beijing. The biggest wastewater reclamation plant by using MBR in Asia was designed by Tsinghua University, which is the Beijing Miyun Municipal wastewater treatment plant with the designed wastewater treatment capacity of 45 000 m3/d. The plant started operations in April, 2006. Figure 8 shows the aeration tank and membrane tank used in the plant. The operational data of the plant indicate that the effluent can well meet the reused water standard of China. There are growing numbers of MBRs in operation in the country treating domestic, municipal and industrial wastewaters for different reuse purposes. It can be predicted that the application of MBR in China will be booming in the near future.Direct membrane filtration can act as the main process in the tertiary treatment of secondary effluent and produce high-quality effluent 100. This kind of process is applied in large-scale water reclamation projects in wastewater treatment plants. According to the requirement of the effluent water quality, MF/UF can be chosen as the core treatment technology and NF/RO as the complementary step. The typical processes are coagulation membrane filtration disinfection (as shown in Fig. 9). In China, several large projects have been or are being built, such as the Tianjin Jizhuangzi wastewater reclamation plant, and the Beijing Qinghe wastewater reclamation plant.Figure 10 shows the membrane combined treatment process used in the Tianjin Jizhuangzi wastewater reclamation plant 101,102. The water source for reclamation comes from the secondary effluent of the Jizhuangzi municipal wastewater treatment plant. The reclamation plant treats 40000 m3/d secondary effluent by the combined system of coagulation, continuous micro-filtration (CMF) and ozonation units. The plant also treats 30000 m3/d water by the conventional process of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. The reclaimed water obtained from the combined system has a high quality with turbidity of 5 NTU, SS90%SS。表3列出了在中国市政给水处理中的厌氧反应器的应用。甚至高速反应器，好氧后处理通常都符合污水排放标准。然而，这个运用可以有效地降低市政给水处理厂投资与运行成本。2） 改进水解/厌氧反应的作为核心处理单元的过程这个过程由水解或厌氧阶段以及好氧阶段组成，在中国市政给水处理中得到发展，有如下几种选择方法：水解+好氧法厌氧+好氧法多极厌氧+好氧法在完整的运行过程中，“水解+好氧处理法”是最广泛应用的方法。Maetal.68运用一种混合水解+好氧和生物过滤器的方法处理山东省日处理量为30000m3/d的市政给水，而投资仅仅是活性污泥法的50%。排放的水中含有的COD，BOD5和SS分别都60，30and20mg/L，因为水解受温度影响较小，这个方法在中国比较有发展前景。然而，“水解+好氧处理法”不能产生沼气以及在好氧单元消耗能量仍然很高，水解仅仅去除30%40%COD。“厌氧+好氧法”和“多极厌氧+好氧法”可以补充“厌氧+好氧法”的不足且在大规模处理中得到很强的效益。3）一体化的处理设备处理一座大楼或一个社区排放的污水在中国实际厌氧法处理家庭污水不仅仅集中于过程而是一体化的设备。处理来自大楼或社区的污水的一体化设备更普遍使用于农村，因为水污染控制实际解决方案没有巨大的建筑费和复杂的维护。表5列出了一体化设备处理大楼或社区的污水的一些资料。一体化装置的普通特点是低沉本、维护简单依据多级厌氧运行，在一些装置中演唱水力停留时间。COD，BOD5，和SS的去除率分别可达到70%90%，70%90%，和50%98%。处理装置不是分布在城市的大楼和社区的而是分散在乡村地区的角落里。沼气被用于取代传统的燃料，处理装置排出的污水和污泥用作植物肥料或水生动物的饲料。在2004年最近，154万家庭已经有了他们自己的处理装置，据估计到2020年在中国将会有1.2亿的家庭拥有这套装置。5 生物膜反应器早期的生物膜反应器很长时间在污水处理中使用次的过滤器。由于高的运行需求和低有机负荷，在近几年的市政给水处理中发展和应用革新的生物过滤，在表6种列出。它们也被应用于污水二级处理的后