小升初英语语法-名词.doc

一、 名词(一) 名词的分类名词类别意义例词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim, China, Qingdao, the United Kingdom, the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat, country集合名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people, police, team, clothes, group不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, air抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care【注】：专有名词(1) 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写，专有名词前一般不加冠词，但由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词“the”，“the”不大写，例如：Beijing, the Peoples Republic of China,the Great Wall(2) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人（复数含义）,如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。(3) 节日中传统节日前要加“the”，其余不加“the”，如：the Spring Festival, Mothers Day(二) 名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a或an”；复数形式是在名词后加 “-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：当名词为：词尾变化读音例词一般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, maps, clocks在浊辅音或元音后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, bags以ce, se, se, (d)ge结尾的词读/iz/oranges, 以t结尾的加s读/ts/以d结尾的加s读/dz/cats, kiteshands, grades以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes注：stomach-stomachs以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去y 变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s，如：monkey- monkeys。以字母o结尾的单词加s或es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes zoos, photos, bamboos, pianos以f 或fe结尾的单词去f或fe变v 加es/vz/leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, life-lives, wife-wives,wolf-wolves, self-selves,shelf-shelves, knife-knives, half-halves, scarf-scarves(围巾)注：roof-roofs（屋顶）以th结尾的词加s/z/z/mouths/z/paths; months, deaths【注】：读音变化mouthmau-mouthsmauz, househaus-houseshauziz, saysei-sayssez2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化1)不规则变化：tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen, man-men, woman-women, postman-postmen, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen; mailman-mailmen; Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen【注意】：walkmanwalkmans，GermanGermans2)单复数同形：deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, goldfish-goldfish, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese3)复合名词：由man和woman构成的复合名词, 前后都要变复数；其他只变后面词例如：a man doctor-men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachersa man scientist-men scientists,a dinner table-dinner tables【注】：a sports shop-sports shops, a clothes shop-clothes shops, a sports car-sports cars4)有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式例如：shoes, gloves, socks, trousers, shorts, pants, glasses, scissors, etc; 5)有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数（其后的谓语动词要用单数）例如：news, maths, phyiscs, politics, works（工厂）6)有些集体名词形式上是单数，而意义上是复数，谓语动词也用复数。例如：people（人们）, police总为复数，单数分别用person和policeman、policewoman表示例如：family（家庭、家庭成员）, group（组、组成员）, class（班，班里的学生），team（队，队员）等在表示总体时为单数，在表示成员时为复数。7)某国家人：中日不变、英法变，其他s加后面例如：Chinese-Chinese, Japan-Japanese, Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,也不能用数词修饰（如one, two），没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:物质名词在表示数量时, 常用某个量词+of来表示例如：a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。（特别是表示种类为可数）例如：food 食物- foods 各种食物，fish 鱼-fishes 各种鱼类，fruit 水果-fruits 各种水果vegetable 蔬菜- vegetables 各种蔬菜，candy 糖果-candies 各种糖果cucumber 黄瓜-cucumbers 各种黄瓜，green 绿色-greens 青菜有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，意思上也有了变化。例如：beer-a beer一杯啤酒，coffee-a coffee一杯咖啡，glass-a glass一个玻璃杯，room空间-a room一个房间，work-a work著作 常见的不可数名词：water，rice，fish，meat，bread等。应特别记medicine, news, work, homework, housework, money, chalk, weather, cotton, wood.4. 特别注意的名词：（见笔记本）room-空间U; 房间Ctime-时间U; 次、倍C; 时代复数paper-纸U;考卷、文件Cchicken-鸡肉U; 鸡Cpeople-人们集体名词; 民族Cwish-可数名词C，表示愿望常用复数difference-可数名词Cnewspaper-可数名词Cnoodle-可数名词C，常用复数形式noodlescloud-云U；具体的、不同区域、不同种类的云或云块C，经常a+形容词（white、dark）+cloud，也可以复数cloudsrain-雨U；一种样的雨C，例如，a heavy rain；rains表示“大阵雨”或“雨季”wind-风U；一种样的风C，例如，a north wind；winds表示“一阵阵的风”snow-雪U；一种样的雪C，例如，a heavy snow；snows表示“多场雪”或“积雪”exerciseU CstudyU C cloth、clothes总是复数clothing hair、hairs work、worksorange1) sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)2) fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)(三) 名词的所有格：名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s；另一种是用of, 表示 “的”。1. (1) 有生命的名词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +s。如：Childerns Day, my sisters book, childrens clothes (2) 以s结尾的名词复数所有格只在词尾 +如：teachers books，Teachers Day (3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面+s。例如：Lucy and Lilys room. (指两人共住一个房间)Mrs Greens and Mrs Browns son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 所有格后面的名词是不言而喻时，或表示某具体场所（如住所、诊所、店铺等）时, 所有格后面的名词可省略例如：We had a great evening at Pauls Ill go in Franks car and you can go in Alans（不言而喻）the doctors (office)(诊所)；Mr. Whites；my anuts(我阿姨家)：go to the doctors 去医生家2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。例如：the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom (2) 名词的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。例如：a long story of a 50-year-old man3. 表示时间、距离、金额、世界、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格。例如：tenminuteswalk, todays newspaper, ten minutes break, Chinas population4.双重所有格：“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格。被修饰的名词前有指示代词、不定代词、或数词限定。例如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) Two friends of my fathers came to see me.【注意】：(1) 不能是独一无二的，例如：不能说a father of Marys (2) 被修饰的词前面不能加“the”，但可以加this、that (3) 后面应是确指的，例如：不能说a brother of a friends，可以说a brother of my friends (4) 后面应是有生命的，例如：不能说a door of the rooms，只能说a door of the room【注意】：区别 This is a photo of my mothers（妈妈收藏的照片）This is a photo of my mother（妈妈的照片）【名词练习】：1、Some bread _ over there.(be)2、These two pieces of bread _ over there.(be) 3、Could I have three _ , please？ A. piece of bread B. piece of breads C. pieces of bread D. pieces of breads 4、The white shirt is _and blue one is _. A. Kate, my B. Kates, mine C. Kate, mine D. Kates, my例题解析：1. They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here.A. orange, orange B. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges3. Every evening Mr. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters12. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be14. “Would you like _?” “_, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions练习与巩固：1. Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathersC. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride.A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. - What would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, well have_ holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors11.- How many w