《实用科技英语翻译》.pdf

1 A Practical Course on EST Translation 实用科技英语翻译 Prof Wei CHEN 陈伟陈伟 教授 教授 Institute for Translation 2 Help the students enlarge their EST vocabulary so as to build a robust foundation for ESP English for Special Purposes 在拓展学生科技英语翻译能力的同时 有效地 实现大学英语与专业英语的有效衔接 3 Help the students improve their reading ability through studying and appreciating texts of different styles in EST translation 4 Help the students enhance their language accuracy and fluency in EST translation 5 Help the students improve their critical thinking ability in EST translation 3 6 Familiarize the students with relevant translation theories in order to grasp some techniques used for EST translation 7 Offer the students workshops to do EST translation Teaching Methods lectures questions and answers in class discussion presentations by students giving students more space to air their own opinions Contents Lecture 1 Introduction Lecture 2 Lexical features of EST genres Lecture 3 Discourse features of EST genres Lecture 4 Common Prefixes Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms Translation Lecture 5 Body Nouns Used in Technical Terms Translation Lecture 6 Some Common Techniques in Technical Terms Translation Lecture 7 Theme Rheme Represented in EST Translation Lecture 8 Aesthetic Orientation in EST Translation Lecture 9 Shifts between Generalization and Specification in EST Translation Lecture 10 Sentence Length and Focus in EST Translation Lecture 11 Logic Analysis in EST Translation Lecture 12 EST Translation Practice Lecture 13 Some Common Grammatical Mistakes in EST Translation Lecture 14 Some Common Rhetorical Mistakes in EST Translation Lecture 15 Some Common Logical Mistakes in EST Translation Lecture 16 Exam Focuses 1 Lexical and discourse features of EST genres 2 Criteria of EST translation 3 Translation expertise in EST translation Difficulty Translation techniques in EST translation 课程的重点是科技英语文体的词汇和语篇特征和翻译的标准 难点是科技英语的翻译技巧 Requirements of Students a Attend every class unless it is impossible for good reason Points are awarded for class participation If you do not attend you cannot participate If you cannot make it to class please let me know ahead of time ONE absence without note for sick leave will lead to the loss of one point THREE absences with note for sick leave will lead to the loss of one point b Be punctual c Keep cell phones turned off during class time d Work positively and contribute to the best of your ability in class 4 e Complete all assignments on time Makeup tests and late assignments will only be considered in case of emergency f Take full advantage of necessary resources to practice your skills Assignments a background knowledge search for each lecture b preview work for each lecture c exercises after each lecture d one quiz for every 4 lectures Assessment a attendance 10 b in class participation 20 c monthly quiz 10 d final exam 60 本课程分为五大部分 第一部分介绍科技英语文体的词汇特征 如科技术语的翻译总原 则 合成科技术语的语义分析 类比构词及其翻译和科技术语翻译中的矛盾处理等 第二部 分介绍科技英语文体的语篇特征 如 当代语言学理论在科技英语翻译中的作用 科技翻译 中的美学取向 科技英语翻译中的虚实互化现象 主位述位在科技翻译中的表现 科技翻译 中句长和语句重心的处理等 第三部分阐述科技英语的一般特征及其翻译的标准 第四部分 说明科技英语翻译的常见语法错误 修辞问题和逻辑问题 第五部分为科技英语翻译实践 5 Lecture 1 Introduction 1 The Definition of EST English for Science illumination intensity determination 照明强度测定 the generation of heat by friction 摩擦生热 2 Lengthy sentences and logic connectors For explicitation 将事理充分说明 we often employ some lengthy sentences containing expressions and clauses 短语和分句 and logic connectors such as hence consequently accordingly however on the contrary as a result in short etc 3 The Present Tense and The Perfect Tense The stated findings and results in the essays or books can be verified and repeated 4 The Passive Voice Objective less subjective scientific impersonal 5 The Antecedent 先行词 it Construction For balance of sentence structure e g It is quite useful to think of the earth and its atmosphere as being rather like an onion that is a ball made up of layers although unlike an onion each layer is made of different material 8 6 Double or triple propositions 介词词组连用 Relationship of different things such as spatial and temporal relationship 时空关系 subordination 所属关系 and cause effect relationship 因果关系 etc e g The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude 空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机 Lecture 2 Prerequisites for EST Translation 1 Basics of Specialty EST involves many fields in natural sciences therefore it s quite essential to get familiar with the knowledge of the relevant subjects along with a rich vocabulary necessary for EST translation 德马格起重机械 上海 有限公司德马格起重机械 上海 有限公司 技术翻译技术翻译 6 Others activities request from top management team 2 Accurate comprehension of semantic meaning Popular words learned words technical terms Specialized meanings in EST consult the dictionary the rapid development of science and technology newly coined words we cannot find them in the dictionary translation expertise 3 Analyzing the Lengthy Sentences Lengthy sentences segmentation main clause logic translation 科技英语中有大量长句 长句中含有若干分句和许多短语及其他修饰限定成分 这给理解带 来了一定困难 翻译时首先必须对长句进行深入细致的分析 先理解主干 再层层明确各 成分之间的语法关系和语义逻辑关系 然后根据情况 选择采用顺译 逆译或综合译法 表达时一定要将意义的准确性和清晰度放在首位 该断句就断句 该增益就增益 不可死扣 原文形式 10 Prof Guangzhong YU 余光中 的的不休 4 Wording EST formal in style 3 levels academic 学术性 technical 专业性 popular 通俗性 experts well educated versatile people laymen the most formal the most informal e g 1 Experts AIDS 获得性免疫缺乏综合征 poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎 diarrhea 腹泻 2 Laymen pink eye 红眼病 the runs 拉肚 AIDS 艾滋病 爱之病 poliomyelitis 小儿麻 痹症 5 Familiarizing the word formation Newly coined words neologisms Prefix Root suffix A Compounds e g heartman 换心人 photobotany 光植物学 hot press 热压 B Affixation e g antibody 抗体 semisynthetic 半合成的 futurology 未来学 C Clipping e g influenza flu parachute chute 降落伞 university varsity three dimensional film 3 D 立体电影 11 D Blending e g teleprinter exchange telex 电传 biological rhythm biorhythm 生理节奏 E Acronyms e g AC alternating current交流电 DC direct current直流电 CCTV closed circuit television闭 路电视 Multiple meanings e g AC 1 absorption coefficient 吸收系数 2 adapter cable 适配电缆 3 air condenser 空气冷 凝器 4 air conditioner 空调 5 alternating current 6 automatic control 自动控制 7 accumulator 蓄电池 8 analog computer 模拟计算机 6 Assignments Summarize the commonly used prefixes and suffixes Lecture 3 Technical Terms in EST Translation 1 Compound Words the most common way to enlarge the EST vocabulary 1 Compound nouns A N N e g diesel locomotive force pump B ADJ ADJ e g incandescent lamp distant signal C V ing N e g loading platform rectifying stone D N V ing e g side loading rail reconditioning E N V ing N e g rail reclaiming plant rail fastening broom F N V ed N N phrase e g dip forged disc wheel dip forged solid disc wheel G V partical 小品词 e g flyover turnout H Particle V e g uprise input I ADJ N head N 中心名词 e g narrow gauge railway axial piston pump 12 J ADJ ADJ N head N e g basic direct access method double acting stop block K ADV ADJ N N phrase e g locally alternative sequence functionally distributed computer system L N N N e g gauge side control gear change lever M Capital Letter N 1 shape feature and nature e g U steel I beam 2 abbreviation e g P waves P primary Q factor Q quality N Greek letter N e g gamma decay alpha angel 2 Compound adjectives e g anti armored fighting vehicle missile 反装甲导弹 3 Grammar compound e g double curved arcbridge circular one shaft vibrator automate route control of train 2 Rules for Technical Term Translation 1 Syntactic Structure of Some Common Technical Terms A S V 主谓式 B V O 动宾式 C ADJ N 偏正式 Suggestions of EST Technical Term Translation Based on the characteristics of Chinese syntactic technical terms we should employ some translation techniques such as literal translation free translation combination of literal translation and free translation translation according to its image etc 在翻译合成科技术语时 我们应连心汉语词法上的特点 结合传统的音译 意译 音意结合 形译 象译等翻译方法 适当地讲科技术语译成主谓式或偏正式等结构 e g 13 pile driving 打桩 V O in track grinding 现场打磨 ADJ N up and down hump yards 双向驼峰编组场 ADJ N ballast regulating b prescribe the head nouns without any relationship between them and the given material or substance 规定与这种材料或物质没有必然联系的核心词 e g cane sugar 蔗糖 coal gas 煤气 oil film 油膜 saw dust 锯木屑 2 N2 produces makes N1 e g steel mill 轧钢厂 copper mill 轧铜厂 paper mill 造纸厂 computer factory oil well 油井 rubber tree 橡胶树 tear gas 催泪瓦斯 3 N1 drives 驱动 N2 16 Head noun object determiner agent the source to drive head nouns such as equipment instruments tools etc e g air drill 风钻 battery car 电池汽车 oil control 油压控制器 spring governor弹簧调速器 4 N1 contains N2 Determiner whole head noun part e g bed post 床架 motor drive 电机驱动装置 oscillator plate 振荡片 table leg 桌子脚 5 N1 is N2 The determiner and the head noun have something in common e g blinker light 闪光灯 pine tree 松树 resistant element 电阻元件 6 N1 uses N2 N1 determines the usage of N2 e g block switch 闭路开关 oil way 油路 safety valve 安全阀 7 N1 is turned into N2 e g snowflake 雪花 a flake of snow dust hump 垃圾堆 raindrop 雨滴 rainstorm 暴风雨 8 ADJ N N The ADJ determiner represents the attributes of the head noun such as color shape size taste etc e g blank bill 空白票据 square coil 矩形线圈 fixed point 定点 floating point 浮点 black pigment 黑颜料 dark room 暗室 17 9 N2 is like N1 限定词 N1 可以把核心词 N2 与其他物体比拟 如果两个合成成分的相似不十分明显 可以 在两者中间插入 type e g butterfly nut 蝶形螺母 butterfly valve 蝶形阀 catfish 猫头鱼 H cable H 型电缆 U steel 槽钢 V belt 三角皮带 Lecture 4 Common Prefixes Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms Translation 1 Roots roots meanings examples acu sharp acute angle 锐角 act to do active volcano 活火山 anim life animate being 有机体 aud hear audible aut auto self automation bene well good beneficial 有利的 bio life biology cent one hundred percentage clud clus clos close conclude cre grow increase dict say speak predict duc duct to lead introduce equ equal even equalize flex flect to bend flexible mit to send emit 18 miss let go radioactive emission mov mot move remove pose put Water is composed of H and O port carry transport scrib script write inscribe 2 Prefixes a 非 不 asymmetry 非对称性 astray 偏离 aero 空气 飞机 aerodynamics空气动力学 aero craft carrier航空母舰 all 全 all weather 全天候的 all round champion 全能冠军 anti 反 防 抗 antifreeze 防冻的 antidote 解毒药 astro 天文 宇宙 Astronavigation 天文导航 astrovehicle 宇宙飞行器 auto 自动 autocoder 自动编码器 autochart 自动流程图 bi 双 重 bipolar relay 双极继电器 bicarbonate 重碳酸盐 bio 生物 bionics 仿生学 biocatalyst 生物催化剂 cine 电影 cinefilm 电影胶片 co 共 同 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 contro 反 逆 controflow 逆流 counter 反 逆 counteractant 中和剂 de 除 脱 defroster 除霜剂 derailment 脱轨 deci 十分之一 分 decimal 十进制 di 双 偶 两 diode 二极管 dibit 两位 du 二 双 duplicate 复制 equi 同等 均 equilibrium 均等 ferro 铁 钢 ferroalloy 铁合金 gyro 陀螺 旋转 gyroscope 陀螺仪 hecto 百 hectare 公顷 hectoliter 百升 19 hemi 半 hemisphere 半球 hepta 七 heptagon 七角形 hexa 六 hexagon 六角形 homo 同 相似 homochromic 同色的 homoclimate 相同气候 hydro 水 氢化 hydroelectric locomotive 液力传动内燃机车 hyper 高 超 重 hypertension 高血压 hypervelocity 超高速 infra 下 亚 次 infrared rays 红外线 infrastructure 地基 inter 相互 际间 intercity train 城际列车 iso 等 同 isotherm 等温线 isotope 同位素 macro 宏观 常量 macrocontrol 宏观调控 macroanalysis 常量分析 mal 不 失 malnutrition 营养不良 malfunction 失灵 mega 兆 百万 megaton 百万吨级 micro 微观 microelectronics 微电子学 mono 单 一 monoblock prestressed concrete sleeper整体预应力混凝 土轨枕 multi 多 Multi frequency locomotive 多频电力机车 ortho 正 直 orthocentre 垂心 orthograph 正投影图 over 过 超 overexposure 曝光过渡 photo 光电 光敏 photosynthesis 光合作用 photoreceptor 感光器 poly 多 聚 polymer 聚合物 polysulphide 聚硫化物 post 后 postmeridian 午后 pseudo 伪 假 pseudo program 伪程序 quadr 四 两次 quadraphonics 四声道立体声 quasi 准 拟 quasi high speed 准高速 quasi ordering 拟序 semi 半 semi trailer 半挂车 stereo 立体的 stereophone 立体声耳机 sub 子 亚 subsoil 亚土层 super 超 super streamlined train 高级流线型列车 tele 远 telemetry 遥测术 20 thermo 热 thermostat 恒温器 thermoscreen 隔热屏 trans 超越 变换 Transparency 透明度 tri ter 三 Tertiary 第三产业 ultra 超过 ultrasonic rail detector 超音速钢轨探测仪 3 Suffixes suffixes meanings examples er or 器 机 air oil booster 气 液增压器 air compressor 空气压缩机 ite 石 矿物 granite 花岗岩 sulphite 亚硫酸盐 meter 表 计 speedmeter 速度计 ohmmeter 电阻表 ity 性 度 absolute viscosity 绝对粘度 track elasticity 轨道弹性 scope 仪 镜 spectroscope 光谱仪 telescope 望远镜 graph 仪 spectrograph 摄谱仪 Lecture 5 Body Nouns Used in Technical Terms Translation There are various kinds or ways of word formation in technical terms one of them is that some nouns presenting parts of the human body is used to coin some neologisms which denote some things new They are more likely to be understood and memorized 现在科技术语的构词方法和构词途径很多 作为万物之灵长的人不但在构词方法 方面蝉精竭虑 就连人体的许多器官名称也用来做构词的 部件 这大大丰富 了人们的构词手段 而且由这种方构成的词使用起来让人倍感亲切 易懂易记 head 21 band head 光谱带头 brake head 闸瓦托 cable head 电缆线盒 cross head 十字头 distillation head 蒸馏设备 fuel head 油面高度 head banding 磁头条带效应 head effect 对地电容效应 headway 车间距离 overhead 间接费用 管理费 face cutting face 切削面 face cam 端面凸轮 face hammer 平锤 face shield 面罩 face shovel 正铲挖土机 face tooth 端面铣刀 interface 界面 eye camera eye 摄像机取景孔 eye bolt 有眼螺栓 eye diameter 入口孔径 eye fidelity 映像保真性 eye shade 遮光眼罩 nose aeroplane nose 飞机头部 nose wheel 前轮 spindle nose 轴端部 轴头 nose dive 垂直俯冲 nose pipe 放气管 nose piece 喷嘴 ear acute ear 急性中耳炎 ear emergence 抽穗期 ear microphone 耳塞式传声器 ear receiver 耳塞听筒 ear defender 护耳器 jaw centering jaw 定心凸轮 gripper jaw 夹爪 jaw brake 爪闸 jaw clutch 爪式离合器 jaw plate 鄂板 jaw vice 钳子 虎钳 cheek cheek board 边模板 crank cheek 曲柄颊板 cheek teeth 臼齿 mouth 22 mouth annealing 浇口退火 mouth organ 口琴 mouth piece 接口 suction mouth 吸入口 lip lip reed 号类乐器 lip screen 分级筛 overflow lip 溢口 stationary lip 固定颚板 lip microphone 唇式碳粒传声器 tongue joint tongue 榫舌 switch tongue 闸刀开关铜片 tongue scraper 舌板式铲运机 整 平机 tooth tooth bucket 带齿铲斗 tooth coupling 齿式联轴节 tooth marks 切削痕迹 tooth rest 工具磨床的 刀齿支片 hair hair compasses 微调 弹簧圆规 hair crack 细裂缝 hair felt 毛毡 cotton hair 棉线 hand hand brake 手制动 hand lever 手柄 hand radar 便携式雷达 hand tally 计数器 rib arch rib 拱肋 cooling rib 散热片 rib lath 肋条钢丝网 rib flange 肋凸缘 rib stiffener 加劲肋 heart heart cam 心型凸轮 heart cut 中心馏份 heart girth 胸围 23 neck filler neck 漏斗颈 goose necks 鹅头桩 neck bearing 弯颈轴承 swan neck 鹅颈 管 弯管 shoulder type shoulder 胎缘 shoulder grader 路肩用平地机 arm actuating arm 杠杆力臂 arm crane 悬臂式起重机 counter arm 计数器指针 elbow elbow bend 弯头 elbow separator 弯头脱水器 elbow union 弯头套管 wave guide elbow 波导时管 finger finger damp 指型插销 clutch finger 离合器压盘分离杆 clod finger 冷凝管 thumb thumb latch 门窗插销 thumb 书边标目 thumb pin 图钉 leg aerocoil leg 起压架空气油压减震支柱 compression leg 压柱 leg vice 老虎钳 knee knee pipe 弯管 knee voltages 曲线处电压 soft knee 线缓变弯折处 tank knee 舱底接角 foot 24 foot bar 踏杆 foot drill 踏钻 foot screw 地脚螺钉 foot stall 柱墩 footstone 基 石 heel heel block 垫板 heel piece 继电器跟片 heel slab 后部底板 heel post 门轴柱 柱脚 toe toe bearing 止推轴承 toe board 搁脚板 toe crack 焊缝边缘裂缝 toe dog 小撑杆 liver liver ore 赤铜矿 liver oid 硬化油 kidney kidney joint 挠性接头 kidney shaped transverse crack 肾型横向裂纹 Conclusion The above listed examples show that those technical terms based on nouns signifying human body are mainly from machinery engineering Lecture 6 Some Common Techniques in Technical Terms Translation 1 Contradictions to Be Solved in Technical Terms Translation 1 ADJ Modifiers vs N modifiers 25 Nominalization in EST semantic relationship between N modifiers and head N considerable semantic differences between N modifiers and ADJ modifiers 科技英语中有一种名词化 nominalization 倾向 但由于名词修饰语与名词之间有 时存在着深层的语义关系 这就决定名词修饰语与形容词修饰语有时在语义方面 也有着显著的区别 e g efficiency expert 研究提高工作效率的专家 efficient expert 工作效率高的专家 obesity specialist 肥胖病专家 obese specialist 胖专家 riot police 防暴警察 riotous police 暴乱的警察 N modifiers function usage etc N1 N2 N1 V ADJ modifiers attribute nature etc 一般说来 名词定语侧重于职能方面修饰或限制另一方面 而形容词修饰名词只 在属性方面起修饰作用 有时名词修饰名词 但其中一个名词更具动词属性 e g skin lamb 剥羔羊皮 juice orange 榨桔子汁 dust furniture 家俱除尘 26 fireman 司炉 milkman 送奶工 heartman 换心人 2 Ordering Change 正语序与反语序 在很多场合 我们翻译科技术语可依照原语中的固有词序 但有时为了符合汉语 特性则需做词序调整 如 dot character non impact printing technique 可能会被译 为 点阵字符非击打式印刷技术 但在汉语中我们往往把表示颜色 形状和 否定意义的词放在最前面 因此 最佳译法应是 非击打式点阵字符印刷技术 与此类似 decision tree classifier 经过词序调整后译为 树形判定分类法 E g zinc lead battery 铅锌蓄电池 dedicated microprocessor system 微处理机专用系统 common business oriented language 商业通用语言 automatic message switching center 报文自动交换中心 buffered input output channel 输入输出缓冲通道 common user network 用户公用网 shorted diode fault 二极管断路故障 3 Transliteration vs Free Translation 音译与意译 Neologism complication is unclear emergency transliteration e g hormone 荷尔蒙 激素 27 combine 康拜恩 联合收割机 当一个新科技术语出现时 由于我们对它的内涵把握还不够准确和深刻 往往为 了应急而采用音译的方法 如 hormone 和 combine 分别被译成了 荷尔蒙 和 康 拜恩 但后来由于我们对这些科技术语的内容有了根本的认识 而将其改译为 激素 和 联合收割机 含义非常清楚 goodyear commpass diamond dynasty unique luck onlyone 奥林王 现在许多译者盲目一味采用音译 在翻译商标和品牌时更是如此 如 goodyear 固 特异轮胎 commpass 康巴斯石英钟 diamond 戴梦得 dynasty 戴拿斯 unique 优力康 luck 莱珂 我们不否认在某种程度上这些译法有利于这些品牌 的国际化 其中也不乏精彩的例子 如很巧妙地将 onlyone 译为 奥林王 但 优 力康 外国人很容易听成 unicorn 独角兽 How to do Neologisms semantic analysis 1 transliteration annotation 碰到词组型科技术语时 如果从各类词典中找不到与其相应的译法 则应对该科 技术语进行语义分析 结合科技术语翻译的一般原则 尽可能恰当地将其译出 28 单词型科技术语可采用音译法 在译音之后加括号把原单词标出 留待定名委员 会过后订正 4 Conciseness vs Motivation e g hot air 热空气 炽热空气 conciseness omission of 的 in Chinese hi rail track evaluation car 公铁两用轨运检查车 motivation supplement 2 Supplement 科技术语翻译中的增词现象 Standard of EST Translation accuracy conciseness and motivation Motivation Supplement 科技术语翻译的最高境界 确切 简洁 具有理据性 确切 简洁是基本准则 而为了做到具有理据性 有时就牵涉增词的问题 Differences between Chinese and English word formation English typology 形态学 prefix root suffix supplement Chinese syntax S V V O ADJ N 汉语构语法与西方语言的构词法相比 有着很大的差异 汉语要属于句法型构词 法 通过构词法创造出来的汉语科技术语有主谓式 动宾式或偏正式等结构 在 拥有词形变化的西方语言中 常见的构词类型则属于形态学类型 基于这一点 在翻译科技术语尤其是合成科技术语时 我们应联系汉语词法上的特点 结合传 统的音译 意译 音意结合等翻译方法 适当地将科技术语译成主谓式 动宾式 或偏正式等结构 在这几种结构中 往往需要增词 其中在主谓式 动宾式科技 29 术语中主要增加动词动词 而在偏正结构的技术语中则主要增加名词名词 此外 在某些 场合还需要增加副词 形容词副词 形容词等词类 1 Supplement of verbs A Technical Terms N1 modifier N2 Chinese V O N2 科技词汇中大量采用名词性前置定语代替各种结构的后置定语 而汉语中使用的 动词远比英语中多 因而在科技术语汉译通常需增加动词以使意义更加完整 E g ballast car 运碴车 drum barrow 放线车 general goods station 综合性货运站 B Gerund v ing 动名词 V N 动名词具有名词和动词的双重属性 因而汉译时可增加具有动词概念的词 E g programming 程序设计 coding 编码 automatic centering 自动中间对齐 Particles V 某些小品词也具有动词意义 翻译时需增加动词 e g up and down train 上下行列车 on board computer 机载计算机 2 Supplement of nouns Technical terms N phrases Chinese A Supplement of N 30 B Supplement of 式 性 态 科技术语主体就是名词结构 但有时需增加原文中隐含的名词 使汉译的科技术 语更加形象 这主要有两种情况 一是增加纯粹的名词 一是增加 式 性 态 之类的词 e g