拿破仑——英文介绍PPT课件.ppt

Napoleon sMilitaryCareer 2020 1 8 1 HewasborninCorsicaonAugust15th 1769 diedonMay5th 1821 HeisthemostfamousFrenchmilitarystrategistandstatesman HeisveryfamousbecausehefoundtheFrenchempire HeisthefirstFrenchEmperor Napoleon 2020 1 8 2 Itisthelong termstudyandaccumulationthatcreatedthemilitarytalent Napoleongotintothemilitaryacademywhenhewastenyearsold Hewaslaughedbyotherstudentsbecausehewaspoor incommunicativeandarrogant Buthewasverycleveranddiligent andgraduatedwithgoodgradesafterfiveyears In1784 attheageoffifteen Napoleonwasallowedintotheroyalmilitaryacademyforfurtherstudy Hemetotherstudents contemptonceagain However hegotridofbadtempergradually Attheroyalmilitaryacademy studentsgenerallytooktwoorthreeyearstoacquireofficerqualification butNapoleonpassedtheexamattheendofthefirstyear Itwas1785whenhewas16yearsold Aftergraduatingfromtheacademy NapoleonwassenttoArtilleryRegiment Inadditiontoperformingofficialduties healsostudiedbyhimself especiallyaboutthemilitaryandpoliticalhistory Inordertoimprovehismemory hetookthenoteeverytimehereadbooks HealwaysmadearesearchaboutAlexander HannibalandCaesar slifeseriously Accordingtohisownwords heusuallyworkedforfifteenorsixteenhoursaday OnJuly10th 1792 hewassenttothe4thArtilleryRegimentandpromotedasacaptain Notuntil23yearsolddidheshowamilitarytalent 2020 1 8 3 WarofthefirstCoalition thefirstshowInFebruary1793 BritainandsomeothercountriesmadeupthefirstcoalitionandoccupiedtheToulonandCorsica Inmid september NapoleonarrivedintheToulonwarfaceandtookovertheartillery Buthefoundthattheartillery sstrengthwasveryweak Therearenothinghere noartillery noammunitionexceptforsomenotrainedsoldiers 2020 1 8 4 Preparationbeforethebattle Firstofall hetriedtocollectallkindsofguns Innotlongtime hegothundredsoflargecalibergunsandplentyofammunition Heoftenlivedwithsoldierstoinfluenceandinspirethemwithhispracticalactionandleadership Soonhewonthesuperiorvaluedandappreciated andhewaspromotedtotheartillerycolonel 炮兵上校 2020 1 8 5 Combattactics Duringthebattle NapoleonputforwardthattheyshouldfocustheforcesonattackingthesmallGibraltaratfirst ThentheypoundedtheBritishfleetsanchoredontheberthtocutofftheirconnectionwithotherenemiesstationedinToulon Inthisway eveniftheFrenchonlyhadalittlestrength butalsocouldcaptureToulonquickly Napoleon sbattleplan boldandinnovative showedhiskeeninsightandrichimagination ThenNapoleonwasappointedasArtillerydeputycommander 炮兵副指挥 tosiegetheToulon Itistheordinarybutgreatplanthataffectedandchangedthewholeprocessandoutcomeofthebattlegreatly Thegeographicallocationwithoperationalandtacticalsignificanceonthebattlefieldisveryimportantforbothsides Whofirstrealizesthevalueofitandactsdecisivelytoseizeit thenhecangaintheinitiativeofthewar Apparently Napoleondidit 2020 1 8 6 WarofthesecondCoalition smashtheenemy sinvasion Thesecondcoalition 1799 1802 wasthesecondattemptbyEuropeanmonarchs ledbyAustriaandRussia tocontainoreliminateRevolutionaryFrance AndNapoleonBonaparteledanexpeditiontoEgyptinthattime Bythe1799 NapoleonhadreturnedfromEgypt leavinghisarmybehind andtookcontrolofthearmyofFrance In1800 NapoleontookpersonalcommandofthearmyinItaly andeventuallywonavictoryattheBattleofMarengoagainsttheAustriangeneralMichaelMelas Sincethen TheTreatyofAmiensbetweenFranceandBritainbeganthelongestbreakinthewarbetweenthetwoduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryandNapoleonicperiods 2020 1 8 7 WarofthethirdandfourthCoalition Warmoldedthepower WarofthethirdCoalition spanningfrom1803to1806 sawthedefeatofanallianceofAustria Portugal Russia andothersbyFranceanditsclientstatesunderNapoleonI InMay1803 BritaindeclaredwaronFrance In1804hecrownedhimselfEmperoroftheFrench Inthefirstdecadeofthenineteenthcentury HeturnedthearmiesofFranceagainsteverymajorEuropeanpoweranddominatedcontinentalEuropethroughaseriesofmilitaryvictories 2020 1 8 8 WarofthefourthCoalition NapoleondecisivelydefeatedthePrussiansinafightingcampaignthatculminatedattheBattleofJena Auerstedton14October1806 FrenchforcesunderNapoleonoccupiedPrussia pursuingtheremnantsoftheshatteredPrussianArmy andcapturedBerlinonOctober251806 thenmovedallthewaytoEastPrussia PolandandtheRussianfrontier wheretheyfoughtaninconclusivebattleagainsttheRussiansatEylauinFebruary1807 Napoleon sadvanceontheRussianfrontierwasbrieflychecked RussianforceswerecrushedbyNapoleon sarmyatFriedlandonJune14 1807 andthreedayslaterRussiaaskedforatruce BytheTreatiesofTilsitinJuly1807 FrancemadepeacewithRussiaandreceivedhalfofPrussia sterritory JeromeBonaparte sKingdomofWestphalia andthenewDuchyofWarsaw NapoleonwasnowmasterofallofwesternandcentralcontinentalEurope exceptforSpain Portugal Austriaandseveralsmallercountries 2020 1 8 9 AttheCongressofErfurt September October1808 NapoleonandAlexanderagreedthatRussiashouldforceSwedentojointheContinentalSystem whichledtotheFinnishWarof1808 1809andtothedivisionofSwedenintotwopartsseparatedbytheGulfofBothnia TheeasternpartbecametheRussianGrandDuchyofFinland DuetotheContinentalSystem theUnitedKingdomwasyetagainstillatwarwithNapoleonandwasnotaffectedbythepeacetreaty 2020 1 8 10 2020 1 8 11 WaroftheFifthCoalition ConquerEurope TheWaroftheFifthCoalition foughtintheyear1809 pittedacoalitionoftheAustrianEmpireandtheUnitedKingdomagainstNapoleon sFrenchEmpireandBavaria MajorengagementsbetweenFranceandAustria themainparticipants unfoldedovermuchofCentralEuropefromApriltoJuly withveryhighcasualtyrates Britain alreadyinvolvedontheEuropeancontinentintheongoingPeninsularWar sentanotherexpedition theWalcherenCampaign totheNetherlandsinordertorelievetheAustrians althoughthisefforthadlittleimpactontheoutcomeoftheconflict AftermuchcampaigninginBavariaandacrosstheDanubevalley thewarendedfavorablyfortheFrenchafterthebloodystruggleatWagraminearlyJuly 2020 1 8 12 That strue Napoleonhasagiftformilitary However healsofailedinthewar 2020 1 8 13 WaroftheSixthCoalition becomefeebleanddie FrenchinvasionofRussiaIn1812NapoleoninvadedRussiatocompelEmperorAlexanderItoremainintheContinentalSystem RussiaproclaimedaPatrioticWar whileNapoleonproclaimeda SecondPolishWar TheRussiansavoidedNapoleon sobjectiveofadecisiveengagementandinsteadretreateddeeperintoRussia AbriefattemptatresistancewasmadeatSmolenskinAugust theRussiansweredefeatedinaseriesofbattles andNapoleonresumedhisadvance OwingtotheRussianarmy sscorchedearthtactics theFrenchfounditincreasinglydifficulttoforagefoodforthemselvesandtheirhorses 2020 1 8 14 TheBattleofBorodinoresultedinapproximately44 000Russianand35 000Frenchdead woundedorcaptured andmayhavebeenthebloodiestdayofbattleinhistoryuptothatpointintime AlthoughtheFrenchhadwon theRussianarmyhadaccepted andwithstood themajorbattleNapoleonhadhopedwouldbedecisive Napoleons ownaccountwas ThemostterribleofallmybattleswastheonebeforeMoscow TheFrenchshowedthemselvestobeworthyofvictory buttheRussiansshowedthemselvesworthyofbeinginvincible 2020 1 8 15 FollowingthebattletheRussianswithdrew thusopeningtheroadtoMoscow By14SeptembertheFrenchhadoccupiedMoscowbutfoundthecityempty AlexanderIrefusedtocapitulate leavingtheFrenchintheabandonedcityofMoscowwithlittlefood shelterandwinterapproaching Inthesecircumstances andwithnoclearpathtovictory NapoleonwasforcedtowithdrawfromMoscow SobeganthedisastrousGreatRetreat duringwhichtimetheretreatingarmycameunderincreasingpressureduetolackoffood desertions andincreasinglyharshwinterweather allwhileundercontinualattackbytheRussianarmyledbyCommander in ChiefMikhailKutuzov andothermilitias TheFrenchsufferedgreatlyinthecourseofaruinousretreat 2020 1 8 16 BattleofLeipzig TheBattleofLeipzigorBattleoftheNationswasfoughtbythecoalitionarmiesofRussia Prussia Austria andSwedenledbytheRussianCzarAlexanderIagainsttheFrencharmyofNapoleonI EmperoroftheFrench atLeipzig Saxony Beingdecisivelydefeatedforthefirsttimeinbattle NapoleonwascompelledtoreturntoFrancewhiletheAllieshurriedtokeeptheirmomentum invadingFranceearlythenextyear NapoleonwasforcedtoabdicateandwasexiledtoElbainMay1814 2020 1 8 17 WaroftheSeventhCoalition 2020 1 8 18 BattleofWaterloo TheBattleofWaterloowasfoughtonSunday 18June1815 nearWaterlooinBelgium AFrencharmyunderthecommandofNapoleonBonapartewasdefeatedbythearmiesoftheSeventhCoalition UponNapoleon sreturntopowerinMarch1815 manystatesthathadopposedhimformedtheSeventhCoalitionandbegantomobilisearmies TwolargeforcesunderWellingtonandBlucherassembl