外文翻译--集成和信息辅助夹具设计与制造.doc

附录附录1：外文翻译集成和信息辅助夹具设计与制造F. MERVYN, A. SENTHIL KUMAR* and A. Y. C NEE虽然大量的研究已应用于开发计算机辅助夹具设计系统，但夹具设计制造领域和其他领域之间的信息交换并没有彻底处理。本文针对这一差距，在夹具设计中通过应用适当的信息模型研究计算机辅助夹具设计系统和集成支持制造业。夹具设计的模型主要是介绍有关夹具设计，以及其他设计和制造活动。对应用在XML的信息模型和信息交流中的一个基于XML的消息传递模型的方法进行了讨论。关键词：夹具设计，综合设计和制造;信息建模;1.介绍在一个旨在降低产品交货时间和成本以及提高产品质量的过程中，企业寻求各种工程所涉及的一体化进程设计和制造产品。适当的整合将允许在一个产品实现涉及领域作出的决定适用于其他领域的需要，导致整体的最优解设计和制造产品。计算机辅助系统发挥了关键作用在于协助不同领域开展工作。开发集成设计和制造系统的一个关键成功因素在于能在各种电脑辅助系统的信息进行交流。夹具设计领域的发展已出现大量的电脑辅助系统的应用。在制造过程设备服务于持有目的工件和保持一个安全方面的一致关系的工具。已通过各种办法发展半自动化，自动化夹具设计系统。张毕（2001）努力提出的这些最新成果。尽管通过大量的研究，适应各域之间的信息和其他制造业领域的交流，但是需求并没有得到彻底处理。适当的夹具设计信息模型描述知识和技术规格将有助于大大提高产品质量和缩短产品交货时间。本文的目的是要为解决通过对相应的信息化辅助模式的夹具设计系统，并支持集成设计和制造。该这项工作的范围只限于加工装置本文组织如下：第2条的有关研究进行讨论在发展生产的信息模型;第3条提出了一个活动模型夹具设计;第4给出了不同的夹具设计信息模式，以支持集成设计和制造，而第5条提出了一个使用XML的例子，实现了信息模型。第6节介绍交流信息的夹具设计方法为基础上的信息模型和第7条最后的文件。2.相关研究 制造业的信息交流的重要性已经发展了发展各种信息模型为代表的加工过程。国际标准化组织10303部分（国际标准化组织，1997）是一个应用协议的存储和交换（美联社）进程之间的数控加工零件计划的资料不同的计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP系统）系统。对AP 213的范围包括规划信息的数控加工计划，生产任务的指示利用数控机床的一部分，数控编程和过程检验资料。Wysk等。 （1995年）制定了工艺方案和正式代表模式联营工厂资源模型。他们的工作范围是就如何处理计划可以用在车间控制环境，从而提供整合工艺规划和生产之间的执行。性等。 （1998）开发了一个信息模型的CAPP系统。采用面向对象的建模和偏微分方程发展数据技术。该模型包括零件信息模型，计划信息模型的过程和生产资源信息模型。该工艺方案模型包含制造业活动的资料，例如程序，设置和制造业务。在制造工程工具包（METK）项目，标准和技术研究所（NIST）的在美国开发的一个过程计划（李1999年）作为信息模型在整合过程中的规划和NC验证的应用程序的手段，这个过程计划规定对每个产品的流程顺序指示。 Ryou和Jerard（2001）最近开发的基于XML的一个代表性数值称为控制标记语言（NCML之）作为一个有利的技术，允许买家和自定义加工零件卖方通过互联网进行电子商贸。在代表性，资料工件，设置，工具和信息宽容是提供让用户判断一个零件的可制造。很明显从文献回顾，信息的加工过程发展模式要么不提供或只提供信息装置固定装置的信息作为车间执行系统资源。原因这是因为在集成设计和制造设备的作用已被忽视，不经过深入的探讨。通过模式的发展，活动模型通常是先发展。活动模式设置在其中的作用是不同的域之间的交换方面设计和制造，从而确定捕获的信息类型在信息模型。这些活动的模型的一些审查中可以找到（1996）。活动模式发展至今，装置只能被视为一个制造系统的资源。对装置的影响一个产品的设计仍没有得到处理。在确定一个产品的关键作用，准确度也高，一个制造系统的灵活性、夹具的能力，有效的产品，因此应在设计关注一个产品。本文针对这在当前制造业信息化差距模型提出一个模型，夹具设计活动的需要考虑作用在产品设计和制造设备。适当的夹具设计信息模型，然后发展到支持集成的设计和制造业。该信息模型的开发利用作为一个XML的文件格式和交换信息的基础上的做法。3.夹具设计活动模型拟议的夹具设计活动的模型如图1所示。该活动已使用IDEF0方法描述，并且只有在一个描述抽象的层面，使信息模型是独立的执行这些活动的。在图1可以看出，一为综合设计夹具设计系统与制造执行两个主要活动，格A1 -夹具概念设计和A2 -详细夹具设计。夹具设计活动的概念是一个规划过程的一部分活动，在那里他们讨论了需要概念工艺规划的活动，支持产品设计的概念确定生产过程，选择资源和设备，从制造成本估算的概念活动输出发送反馈到产品概念设计活动。作为活动的一部分概念工艺规划，通过对活动支持的困难分析概念产品设计夹具设计的概念夹具在该产品的特点，估计该产品的加工成本所采取的固定装置和夹具的制造时间。到投入活动是概念产品设计，产品的数量的估计是生产和当前夹具清单。该任务的概念夹具设计活动有： 1.确定要使用夹具的类型为基础的估计量该产品被制造。 2.在加工过程中的部分限制的基础上确定的困难概念产品的几何形状。 3.估计的时间和新设备的设计和制造成本如果目前的库存设备不能使用。夹具的概念设计活动的关键是信息模型和概念设计的反馈。这将提供产品信息模型与问题反馈设计，并提供了夹具上一个度量产品设计人员比较关注的不同的初始设计。图1.夹具设计活动模型。夹具的概念设计活动的输出是信息模型与概念设计反馈。这将提供产品信息模型与问题的反馈设计，并提供了一个度量产品设计人员比较关注的夹具上有不同的初始设计。 该夹具的详细设计活动的投入是固定的类型从概念夹具设计活动的信息，中间部分模型将被加工和夹具库存信息。中间部分模型零件的几何关系设置。作为一个例子，图2显示了一个部分，需要3设置机器的特点。中间部分是固定式模式，在每个安装图中显示。中间部分模型可以得出一旦制造业序列测定。应当指出，该夹具设计活动作为输入接收信息控制整个零件模型。该图提供了对现有夹具元件所需资料，以便夹具设计中使用。 图2.例如部分，中间部分的模型。夹具的详细设计活动的任务是： 1.设计为每个安装夹具。这包括进行夹具布局夹具的设计和配置设计。 2.评估所设计的夹具以及如何履行其职能的准确定位，限制和支持工件 3. 生成的铺地板的固定装置处理必要的指示。这包括在夹紧工件和正确的到达的每个夹紧力应驱动。顺序夹具的详细设计活动的输出是信息模型，中间部分模型反馈，夹具配置和组装工件装载指示。中间部分模型提供反馈信息反馈的过程以及如何规划师每个零件模型之间的中间可以设置固定式。反馈将使这个进程规划达到夹具最佳工艺方案。夹具装配模型的配置信息有两个目的。首先，它提供有关的信息工具的夹具装配路径规划配置。这些信息可以被用来生成夹具装配的检查刀具路径之间的干扰和夹具元件。其次，它使车间人员构建基于组件的夹具提供信息。工件装载指示信息模型提供车间工件如何适用于于人员的指示和信号灯。4.夹具设计信息模型 本节描述了各种夹具设计信息模型的细节将要生成的夹具设计活动。该信息模型已使用XML实现。两种方法可以用来表示数据时使用XML，第一是使用一个文档类型定义（DTD），第二个是使用一个XML架构。在这项工作中，我们代表的数据使用一个DTD。一个DTD定义该元素可以出现在一个XML文件和办法，使他们能够出现。对每个DTD的结构信息模型解释了部分。这些文件是由一个开发计算机辅助夹具设计产生系统（默文等，2003）。4.1概念设计和反馈该概念设计反馈XML文件的DTD列于图3是由四个组的信息了：（一）产品设计的评价是进行了身份，（二）固定式的使用，（三）该概念设计的几何评价，并（四）预计成本和时间，制造灯具。 图3.概念设计反馈DTD的XML文件。 在该夹具类型的基础上加以确定的估计量产品被生产。该夹具类型要么是专用或弹性。一般来说，一个专一个灵活的夹具用于小批量的生产。用夹具用于大批量的生产和几何直观的评价应该是对产品设计人员认识上的夹具设计产品的几何效应。有关资料也应可解释为电脑自动化环境中使用。为了要做到这一点，几何评价已经被映射到该产品的特点设计。每个产品的功能，被加工有三个属性，定位，克制和支持。这些属性是一个代表的职责夹具。因此，他们描述的能力，夹具加工过程中的一部分功能。虽然有几个功能可以在一次装夹加工，这个映射已经被采纳，使产品设计师能够轻松地认识到这一问题的该产品的几何形状。三个属性的每个有两个子属性，存在人脸和脸获取。这两个属性的集体描述能否完成特定功能的灯具。面对存在的属性指的是寻找缓解面临的定位，夹紧工件和支持在加工的功能。此属性将一个整数的数值范围从1至5，1个非常容易和非常困难的5。辅助功能属性的脸指的是在公司目前的库存夹具能够访问夹具的脸。这可能是一两个值，标准或特殊。如果脸难以进入，一个可能需要特殊的夹具和值将是特殊。标准装置是可以买现成的，现成的或现有的装置元素在可用于装夹部分用于公司。这个属性允许产品设计人员了解有关产品的成本影响几何夹具及采取的制造夹具的时间。例如，如果类型的夹具是一个灵活的夹具，但面临的无障碍特殊，它意味着由于该产品几何，专用夹具需要一个灵活的，虽然夹具的基础上更适合需要的产品数量。这将使产品设计师，了解了产品的增加导致时间和成本。在成本和时间估算属性有三个子属性，估计费用制造夹具，预计需时多久制造的，可以在一夹具加工工件夹具蔚，数量。这些属性使产品设计师1夹具的成本和效果的估计的夹具在产品交货时间。总体而言，这一信息模型提供了难易程度反馈夹具概念设计。该fixturability据分析映射以该产品的模型功能允许直观地了解产品设计师其特点将构成装夹加工过程中的问题。产品设计人员可以使用这些信息来作出评估的概念设计或改变之间关于fixturability关注的几个概念设计。4.2中间部分模型fixturability反馈 该模型的中间部分的XML文件的DTD fixturability反馈需要的 结构如图4所示。 图4.中间部分模型fixturability反馈DTD的XML文件。在这个信息模型中，模型的中间部分评价是基于三个属性，定位，克制和支持。如前面提到的，这些属性是一个固定的职能的代表。不过，相对的概念产品设计评价，中间部分模型的详细信息可在这个阶段。因此，在履行职能的能力上更彻底的代表性在此提供的信息模型。对位置属性的孔来定位和信息的一部分建立一个基准误差估计。每个定位孔上有定位元素限制。基准误差估计属性从工件位置的理想位置提供的信息可能偏差。这一信息是提供6个自由度，翻译从X -，y轴和z轴和旋转攻方的X，Y型和Z -轴。属性的限制和支持也包含的信息用于工件夹紧和支持。属性的限制有进一步的约束分析属性。此属性描述的能力夹具以制止在加工过程中工件的议案。这可能需要一两个值，限制或无限制。类似属性的约束分析，支持属性具有变形分析子属性。此属性介绍了夹具在机械加工能力，以支持和工件防止变形。此属性将一个整数的值从1至5，1对应非常差和5对应非常好。基准误差估计，约束分析和变形分析属性提供反馈的进程以及如何规划每个可以是固定的中间部分模型。附录2：英文原文Fixture design information support for integrated designand manufacturingF. MERVYN, A. SENTHIL KUMAR* and A. Y. C NEEAlthough a vast amount of research has been conducted on developingcomputer-aided fixture design systems, the need for information exchangebetween the fixture design domain and other manufacturing domains hasnot been thoroughly dealt with. This paper addresses this gap in fixture designresearch through the development of appropriate information models forcomputer-aided fixture design systems to support integrated design andmanufacturing. A fixture design activity model is presented that relatesfixture design to other design and manufacturing activities. The implementationof the information models in XML and the exchange of the informationmodels based on an XML messaging approach are also discussed.Keywords: Fixture design; Integrated design and manufacturing; Informationmodelling; XML1. IntroductionIn an aim to reduce product lead-time and cost as well as improve product quality,enterprises seek the integration of the various engineering processes involved in thedesign and manufacture of a product. Proper integration will allow the differentdomains involved in the realization of a product to make decisions taking intoaccount the requirements of other domains, resulting in overall optimal solutions forthe design and manufacture of a product. Computer-aided systems play a key roletoday in aiding the different domains carry out their tasks. A crucial factor in thesuccess of developing integrated design and manufacturing systems lies in the abilityto exchange information among the various computer-aided systems.The fixture design domain has seen a vast amount of research in developingcomputer-aided systems. Fixtures are devices that serve the purpose of holding aworkpiece securely and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the toolsduring a manufacturing process (Nee et al. 1995). Various approaches have beenadopted in developing interactive, semi-automated and automated fixture designsystems. Bi and Zhang (2001) present a recent review of these efforts. Despite thevast amount of research, the need for information exchange between the fixture*Corresponding author. Email: .sgInternational Journal of Production ResearchISSN 00207543 print/ISSN 1366588X online 2006 Taylor & Francishttp:/www.tandf.co.uk/journalsDOI: 10.1080/00207540500465303design domain and other manufacturing domains has not been thoroughly dealt with(Mervyn et al. 2003a). Appropriate information models describing fixture designknowledge and specifications could help to significantly improve product quality andreduce product lead-time. The aim of this paper is to take a step towards addressingthis need through the development of appropriate information models for computeraidedfixture design systems to support integrated design and manufacturing. Thescope of this work is limited to machining fixtures.This paper is organized as follows: section 2 discusses the related research carriedout in developing manufacturing information models; section 3 presents an activitymodel for fixture design; section 4 presents the different fixture design informationmodels to support integrated design and manufacturing, while section 5 presents anexample of the information models implemented using XML. Section 6 describes theexchange of the fixture design information models based on a messaging approachand section 7 concludes the paper.2. Related researchThe importance of information exchange in manufacturing has seen the developmentof various information models for representing the machining process. ISO 10303Part 213 (ISO, 1997) is a STEP application protocol (AP) for storing and exchangingprocess plan information for numerically controlled machined parts betweendissimilar computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems. The scope of AP 213includes planning information of NC process plans, task instructions to manufacturea part using NC machines, NC programming and in-process inspection information.Wysk et al. (1995) developed a formal representation schema for process plans andan associated factory resource model. The scope of their work was on how processplans can be used in a shop floor control environment, thus providing integrationbetween process planning and production execution. Xing et al. (1998) developed aninformation model for CAPP by using object-oriented modelling and the PDES/STEP data techniques. The model consists of the part information model, theprocess plan information model and the production resource information model.The process plan model contains information on manufacturing activities such asprocesses, setups and manufacturing operations. The manufacturing engineeringtoolkit (METK) project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) in the USA developed an information model for a process plan (Lee 1999) asa means of integrating process planning and NC validation applications. The processplan provides instructions on the sequence of processes for each product. Ryou andJerard (2001) recently developed a representation based on XML called numericalcontrol markup language (NCML) as an enabling technology to permit buyers andsellers of custom machined parts to conduct e-commerce via the Internet. In therepresentation, information regarding workpiece, setups, tool information andtolerance is provided to allow users to judge the manufacturability of a part.From the literature review, it was evident that the machining process informationmodels developed either do not provide information on fixtures or only provideinformation on fixtures as a resource for shop floor execution systems. The reasonfor this is that the role of fixtures in integrated design and manufacturing has beenoverlooked and not thoroughly explored. In the development of standard2 F. Mervyn et rmation models, an activity model is normally developed first. Activity modelsset the context in which information is exchanged between the different domains indesign and manufacturing, and thus determine the type of information capturedin information models. A review of some of these activity models can be found inFeng (1996). In the activity models developed thus far, fixtures have only beenconsidered as a resource for manufacturing systems. The effect of fixtures on thedesign of a product has not been dealt with. Fixtures play a key role in determiningthe accuracy of a product and also, the flexibility of a manufacturing system.The ability to effectively fixture a product should therefore be a concern in the designof a product. This paper addresses this gap in current manufacturing informationmodels by presenting a fixture design activity model that takes into account therole of fixtures in product design and manufacturing. Appropriate fixture designinformation models are then developed to support integrated design andmanufacturing. The information models are developed using XML as a file formatand exchanged based on a messaging approach.3. Fixture design activity modelThe proposed fixture design activity model is as shown in figure 1.The activities have been described using IDEF0 and are only described at anabstract level so that the information models are independent of the implementationof these activities. As seen in figure 1, a fixture design system for integrated designand manufacturing performs two main activities, A1Conceptual Fixture Designand A2Detailed Fixture Design.The conceptual fixture design activity is part of a conceptual process planningactivity, described in Feng and Zhang (1999), where they discuss the need for aconceptual process planning activity that supports conceptual product design bydetermining the manufacturing processes, selecting resources and equipment, andestimating manufacturing costs roughly. The output from the conceptual processFigure 1. Fixture design activity model.planning activity is sent as feedback to the conceptual product design activity.As part of the conceptual process planning activity, the conceptual fixture designactivity supports conceptual product design through an analysis of the difficulties infixturing the product during the machining of the product features, estimation of thecost of the fixtures and the time taken to manufacture the fixture. The inputs to theactivity are the conceptual product design, the estimated quantity of the product tobe manufactured and the current fixture inventory. The tasks of the conceptualfixture design activity are:. Determine the type of fixture to be used based on the estimated quantity ofthe product to be manufactured. Determine difficulties in restraining a part during machining based on theconceptual product geometry. Estimate the time and cost of designing and manufacturing new fixturesif the current inventory of fixtures cannot be used.The output of the conceptual fixture design activity is the information model,conceptual design fixturability feedback. This information model will provide productdesigners with feedback on fixturability problems and also provides a metric forproduct designers to compare different initial designs in terms of fixturing concerns.The inputs to the detailed fixture design activity are the type of fixtureinformation from the conceptual fixture design activity, the intermediate part model,the faces of the intermediate part model that will be machined and the fixtureinventory information. The intermediate part model is the geometry of the partin between setups. As an example, figure 2 shows a part that requires three setupsto machine the features. The intermediate part models to be fixtured at each setupare shown in the figure. The intermediate part model can be derived once themanufacturing sequences are determined. It should be noted that the conceptualfixture design activity receives the entire part model as an input. The fixtureFigure 2. Example part and intermediate part models.inventory provides the necessary information on the available fixture elements to beused in fixture design.The tasks of the detailed fixture design activity are:. Design the fixture for each setup. This includes carrying out fixture layoutdesign and fixture configuration design. Evaluate how well the designed fixture fulfils its functions of accuratelylocating, restraining and supporting a workpiece. Generate the necessary instructions for shop floor handling of fixtures. Thisincludes arriving at a proper sequence for clamping the workpiece and theforce that each clamp should be actuated with.The outputs of the detailed fixture design activity are the information models,intermediate part model fixturability feedback, fixture assembly configuration andworkpiece loading instructions.The intermediate part model fixturability feedback information model providesfeedback to the process planner on how well each intermediate part model betweensetups can be fixtured. The feedback will allow the process planner to arrive at theoptimal process plan taking into account fixturing considerations.The fixture assembly configuration information model serves two purposes.Firstly, it provides tool path planners with information on the fixture assemblyconfiguration. This information can then be used to generate the fixture assembly forchecking of interference between the tool path and fixture elements. Secondly, itallows shop floor personnel to construct the fixture assemblies based on the providedinformation.The workpiece loading instructions information model provides shop floorpersonnel instructions on how the workpiece should be located and restrained onthe fixture.4. Fixture design information modelsThis section describes the details of the various fixture design information modelsto be generated by the fixture design activities. The information models have beenimplemented using XML. Two approaches can be used when representing data usingXML; the first is to use a document type definition (DTD) and the second is to usean XML schema. In this work, we represent the data using a DTD. A DTD definesthe elements that can appear in an XML document and the way in which they canappear. The structure of the DTD of each information model is explained in thissection. These files are to be generated by a developed computer-aided fixture designsystem (Mervyn et al. 2003b).4.1 Conceptual design fixturability feedbackThe DTD of the conceptual design fixturability feedback XML file is shown infigure 3 and is made up of four groups of information:(i) the identity of the product design that the evaluation is carried out for,(ii) the type of fixture to be used,(iii) the geometric e