chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT.ppt

chapter3morphology形态学 morphologyisthebranchofgrammarthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation morphologyfallsintotwocategories inflectionalmorphology studyofinflections andlexical derivationalmorphology studyofwordformation basicunitsofmeaning morphemes形位wordswordgroupsclausessentences words vocabulary alistofwordsforalanguage lexicology 词典学 subdisciplineofsemanticsthatinvestigatesanddescribesthestructureofthevocabularyofalanguage lexicon 某语言或学科 某人或群体使用的 全部词汇 alistofwordsforalanguage itsmorphological forms andsemantic meanings aspects definitionsofword awordisaunitofexpressionwhichhasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform threemainsensesof word areusuallydistinguished thoughterminologyvaries threemainsensesof word 1 1 aphysicallydefinableunit aseriesofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks 形体可定义的单元 phonological theyarefriends orthographic they refriends threemainsensesof word 2 2 thecommonfactorunderlyingasetofforms 隐含于一组词形中的共同因素 whichareplainlyvariantsofthesameunit suchaswalk walks walking walked theunderlyingunitisoftenreferredtoasalexeme词位 whichisaunitofvocabulary anitemlistedinadictionary alexicalitem threemainsensesof word 2 add lexeme 词位 inordertoreducetheambiguityofthetermword thetermlexemeisusedbysomelinguiststorefertotheminimaldistinctiveunitinthesemanticsystemofalanguage thelexemeisthuspostulatedastheabstractunitunderlyingsuchsetsofgrammaticalvariantsaswalk walks walking walked orbig bigger biggest idiomaticphrases bythisdefinition arealsoconsideredlexemes e g kickthebucket die lexemesaretheunitswhichareconventionallylistedindictionariesasseparateentries threemainsensesof word 3 3 agrammaticalunit 一个语法单位 intermsoflexicogrammar词法学 wordisalevelbetweenmorphemeandwordgroupinthehierarchyofgrammaticalunits whichrisesfrommorphemeatthebottomuptothesentenceatthetop sentence clause wordgroup phrase word morpheme theidentificationofwords besidesthethreesensesof word thereareotherfactorswhichhelpustoidentifywords 1 stability 稳定性 wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits inrespectoftheirinternalstructure theidentificationofwords 2 relativeuninterruptibility 相对的不可隔断性 newelementsarenottobeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsintheword i e outlaws touch me not 3 aminimumfreeform awordisthesmallestunitwhichcanconstitute byitself acompleteutterance themorphemeistheminimaldistinctiveunitofmeaning thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning whetheritislexicalorgrammatical morpheme1形位 词素p 52 morpheme2 asinglewordmaybecomposedofoneormorethanonemorphemes grammaticalitygramma r tical ityungentlemanlinessun gentle man li nessmodernisationsmodern is e ation sbabysittingbaby sit t ingdisinteresteddis interest ed freeandboundmorphemes52 freemorphemes 自由形位 canstandalone freemorphemesaresingle morphemewordsorrootsofwords suchas friend stop 山 水 人 boundmorphemes 依附形位 粘着语素 附加语素 cannotstandalone theyareaffixestobeaddedtothestemsformedbyrootstoconstructwords e g s ed ing er 阿姐 木头 初一 freerootandboundroot1 arootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity itmaybeafreemorphemeaswellasaboundone whentherootofthewordisafreemorpheme wesaythewordhasafreeroot suchase g hopeful interpersonalwhenitisaboundmorpheme wesaythewordhasaboundroot suchase g precede receive submit retain recur freerootandboundroot2 rootsareusuallyfreeinenglish buttherearealsoafewboundones oflatinandgreekorigin pel compel dispel expel propel repel ceive receive perceive conceive tain retain maintain contain vert convert divert invert someverbsandnounsinenglishthathaveirregularformsmayhavebothboundandfreeroots sleep sli p slept slep t sli p and slep beingallomorphs derivationalandinflectionalmorphemes p 55 somederivationalmorphemeschangethegrammaticalcategoryofwords orgrammaticalclassofwords andothersdon t 一些派生词素可以改变词性 e g educatev ioneducationn sufficientadj insufficient physic医术 physiciann inflectionalmorphemescannotchangethegrammaticalcategoryofwords 曲折词素不改变词性 theyshowaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofaword e g happyhappier wordclasses partsofspeech openclasses membershipindefiniteorunlimited noun adjective fullverb adverbclosedclasses membershipfixedorlimited preposition pronoun determiner conjunction modalverb primaryverb do have be additionalclassesnumeral interjection root stemandbase add arootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalysed base issometimesusedintheplaceof root toindicatethesamething astemisamorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded rootsandstems add de centr e al iz e ed affixrootaffixaffixaffix stem stem stem stem stem girlfriend s rootrootaffix decentralized girlfriends root affixandstem arootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity itmaybeafreemorphemeoraboundone affixcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme therootorstem affixesbelongtothetypeofboundmorphemes root affixandstem affixesaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes prefix suffixandinfix accordingtotheirpositionwithreferencetotherootorstemoftheword affixesmayalsobedividedintoinflectionalandderivationaltypes astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded 1 morphemescanberepresentedintermsofmorphemicshapes forexample wecansaythewordmapscontainstwomorphemes themorphememapandthemorpheme s expressingpluriality transcriptionofmorphemes transcriptionofmorphemes morphemescanalsobetalkedaboutintermsofphoneticforms forexample wecansaytheword m ps containstwomorphemes themorpheme m p andthemorpheme s expressingpluriality morpheme morphandallomorphp 56 morphemes 形位 areabstractunits whicharerealisedinparticularcontextsbyspecificforms knownasmorphs 语素 thevariantformsofamorphemethatappearindifferentcontextsarecalledtheallomorphs 变素 词素 词形变体 ofthemorpheme ormorphemeal ternants somemorphemeshavemorethanoneallomorph butsomehaveonlyoneforminallcontexts 形位 语素 变素 在不同的音位 语音和文字组合中 形位morpheme可以兑现成相应的语素morph 或者可以有一个以上的变素 如果一个形位在不同的局部语境中可以兑现成一个以上的语素 这些语素就是变素allomorph allomorphs anallomorphisphonologicallyconditionedwhenitsformisdependentontheneighbouringphonemes itislexicallyconditionedwhenitsformisanarbitrarypartofanothervocabularyitem allomorphsinenglish themorpheme plural inenglishisrealisedbyatleast7differentallomorphs plural s z iz a n i theallomorphs s z and iz arephonologicallyconditioned theothersarelexicallyconditioned allomorphsinenglishp 56 plurality s z iz ai i n past t d id negativeprefix il in im ir freevariationandcomplementarydistribution thepluralofthewordformula isformedeitherbychangingthefinalvowelto i asinformulaeoradding z asinformulas thetwomorphs i and z areinfreevariation freevariationandcomplementarydistribution z s and iz areincomplementarydistributionbecause z onlyoccursaftervoicedphonemesexceptsibilants s onlyoccursaftervoicelessphonemesexceptsibilants iz onlyoccursaftersibilants咝音 questions1 definethetermsandillustratewithappropriateexamples freemorpheme boundmorphememorph allomorph root stemderivationalmorphemes inflectionalmorpheme questions2 basedonyourunderstandingofmorphology pleasemakesomecommentonbloomfield sdefinitionofaword aword then isafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof2ormorelesserforms inbrief awordisaminimumfreeform wordformationp 57 1 compounding合成法lookers on2 derivation派生法sadsadness3 conversion转化法guess aguess4 backformation逆生法donation donate5 clipping shortening abbreviation缩略法 demonstration demo6 blending拼缀法brunch breakfast lunch7 acronym 首字母拼音词apec8 intialism首字母缩略词gps9 borrowing借词法kungfu compounding whentwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory thecompoundwilloftenbeinthiscategory e g ice creamwhentheyarenot theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwilldecidethegrammaticalcategory e g greenhousecompoundsoftenhavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon compoundedwordsequence e g redcoat breakupwordsintoseparatemorphemesandexplainthemintermsoffree boundmorpheme stem free boundroot