福建省南安一中高一英语 语法梳理之非谓语动词.doc

福建省南安一中高一英语语法梳理之非谓语动词在英语语法里，动词有谓语形式和非谓语形式之分。谓语形式，即在句子中充当谓语的动词形式，可以参考时态语态梳理的谓语形式的表格，谓语形式根据时态、语态而变化。非谓语形式，即在句中充当谓语以外的其他成分的动词形式。非谓语形式也根据时态和语态而变化。以下主要以例子形式来说明动词非谓语形式的使用。i. to do 主动态被动态一般式to writeto be written进行时to be writing完成式to have writtento have been writeen说明：在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时可以带宾语或状语。例：at the 2004 athens olympic games, liu xiang excited people all over asia when he became the first asian to win the gold medal in the mens 110-metre hurdles.(不定式起形容词作用，即作后置定语，同时带有宾语和状语) 不定式的功能和用法：可以充当主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语。1. 作主语 （指一件事）to see is to believe. 眼见为实。to climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.上山很艰难，而下山却很好玩。its no easy to find your way around the town. 在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。(it 作形式主语，真正的主语是to find your way around the town.)2. 作表语 （指一件事）his ambition is to become an architect.他的理想是成为一名建筑师。the aim of the program is to help the homeless. its aim is for people to be happy, so that there are no more wars or violence.政府的目的是造福人民，这样世界就不会有更多的战争和暴力。3. 作宾语（指一件事）（常接to do作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, aim, ask, bear, begin, bother,care, choose, continue, dare, demand, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, try, wait, want, wish等。）he was very happy to meet two foreigners and wanted to learn all about europe.他很高兴遇到两个外国人，于是想全面了解欧洲。would you love to go to a party and talk confidently to every guest?你是否愿意参加聚会并自信地和每位来宾交谈？he felt it necessary to learn spanish.他觉得而有必要学习西班牙语。（it作形式宾语，不定式to learn spanish为真正的宾语）4. 作宾语补足语he asked me to do the work with him.（有些动词后面常常跟to do 作宾补: force, encourage, expect, wish, drive, lead, cause, allow, advise, requir等）（有些动词后常跟to be作宾补： believe, consider, find, guess, judge, prove, realize, suppose, think等)在look at, watch, notice, observe, see, have, let, make, hear, listen to, feel,“五看三使两听一感觉”后面接的宾补，不定式不带to. i noticed someone enter the room.5. 作定语(要后置)the farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.the football team has little chance to win the game.she usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.there is nothing to worry about. (如果所修饰名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后的动词须有相应的介词)he is looking for a room to live in.6. 作状语 (表目的，结果或原因)i came here to see you.we turned the lights off in order not to waste electricity. （可以用in order to 或so as to）check your paper so as to avoid mistakes.we were very excited to hear the news. (原因) he hurried to the school to find nobody there. (结果状语，还可以用so. as to., such. as to., enough to., only to., too.to.等结构) he arrived at the station too late to catch the early train. 他太晚到火车站，没有赶上早班火车。 she is always too willing to help others. （此句中不是否定意义，她总是很乐意帮助他人。）注意不定式有不同的时态和语态 i plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. (被动语态) he pretended to be sleeeping when i came in.（进行时态） he seems to have bought the new book.（完成时态）ii. doing(动名词) 主动态被动态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written we are interested in playing chess. im sorry for not having kept my promise. he narrowly escaped being hit by the brick. the house showed no sign of having been damaged.动名词的功能和用法：可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语。1. 作主语（指一件事） seeing is believing. collecting stamps is my hobby. it is no use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语，动名词是真正的主语)2. 作表语 （指一件事）动名词：his job is teaching. （说明“一件事”）现在分词：the job is interesting. (说明主语的特性)3. 作宾语 (介词或动词、动词词组后) （指一件事）he is fond of playing football.we dont allow smoking here.he finished reading the book yesterday.有些动词或词组常接动名词作宾语：admit, appreciate, avoid, confess(承认)，consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, ensure, escape (being done), excuse, fancy(喜欢),feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, put off, quit, risk, suggest, cant help（禁不住）, cant resist(忍不住), cant stand(无法忍受)注：动词need, require, want作“需要”解，deserve作“应得”解，后面接doing 或to be donethe windows need cleaning/ to be cleaned.4. 作定语动名词：the reading room is upstairs. (说明功能、用途)现在分词：the crying baby is her little brother.(表主动、进行)5. 动名词复合结构toms /his coming is what we have expected.she didnt mind jack/him coming late.they insist on toms/ his staying longer.iii. 分词主动形式被动形式现在分词一般式 (动作和谓语动作几乎同时)writingbeing written现在分词完成式（动作先于谓语动作）having writtenhaving been written过去分词writtenbeing a student, he was interested in books.having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place very well.the question being discussed is important.having been criticized by the teacher, li ming gave up smoking.分词的功能和用法：可以充当定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1. 作定语if you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are united nations peacekeepers.i travel to unusual places and meet interesting people from all over the world.english is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people.this is a technique used by djs in jamaica.youd better drink boiled water instead of the soft drink.do you see the burning bus on the bridge?2. 作状语（表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况）(1)wang ming sat in his empty restaurant feeling very frustrated.(伴随状况)(2)hearing the news, they all danced for joy.(时间)(=when they heard the news, they all.)(3)heated/when heated, water changes into steam. (时间或条件)(=when/if heated, it changes.)(4)he wrote to me telling us about the good news.(5)born into a poor farmers family in 1931, dr yuan graduated from southwest agriculture college in 1953. (=dr yuan was born into.in 1931 and he graduated from.)(6)embarrassed, i jump and go into the house for another cup of tea. （伴随状况）(7)seen from above, the old town is amazing. (=when/if (it is) seen from above, the old town.)(8)known as good singers and dancers, the bai(白族) have an opera, which combines both music and dance.(=the bai are known as . and they have an opera,which .)(9)their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.(结果)(10)president xi stood there surrounded by the children.(方式)(11) when talking to the aged, we should show our respect.3. 作表语 （现在分词表示主语的性质或特征，过去分词表示主语所处的状态）the news is inspiring.the little boy looks frightened.we felt inspired at his words.4. 作宾语补足语we saw the teacher making the experiment.never leave the water running all day again.tom is a lazy boy. i often catch him sleeping in class.the joke set us all laughing.i have my bike stolen. (表遭受) what makes the little girl so frightened? can you make yourself understood in english?练习：(灵活观察需要谓语或非谓，再看时态和语态)1. at the beginning of class, the noise of desks_ could be heard outside the classroom.a. opened and closed b. to be opened and closed c. being opened and closed d. to open and clo