考研英语阅读理解终极指导2.docx

点这里，看更多英语资料 考研英语怎么复习？在考研复习中，复习资料的选择至关重要。中公考研辅导老师为考生整理了【考研英语-阅读理解知识点讲解和习题】，同时可以为大家提供名师考研英语视频、考研英语复习资料、考研英语真题和考研英语辅导等，助您冲击名校！阅读理解终极指导：试题“破解”的技巧 通过分析历年考试真题，本书发现考研英语传统阅读部分的题型主要有五类。细节题、推断题、主旨题、含义题和态度题。也就是说，攻克了这五大类题目，考生就攻克了考研英语阅读。下面本书将详细为考生介绍每一类题目的解题技巧。一、如何“破解”细节题考纲明确要求考查考生对文中细节信息和概念性含义，很多考生被这个相对学术的表达迷惑了，实际上“文中细节信息和概念性含义”指的是考查考生对文章中长难句的理解能力，所以细节题是最“单纯的”题型-直接考查考生的词汇量和长难句的理解能力。 细节题的提问方式有：according题型、because题型、example题型和except题型等。解答此类题目的关键在于确定某细节题具体考查文章中的那个细节，换句话说，细节题的解题关键在于定位。 例1 Come onEverybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. 2012年 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as A a supplement to the social cure. B a stimulus to group dynamics. C an obstacle to social progress. D a cause of undesirable behaviors. 根据题干中的几个关键信息：“first paragraph”、 “peer pressure”、和“often”定位到第一段第一句和第二句:That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.和”it usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.” 第二句中的It指代peer pressure，同时usually 对应often，经过一系列精确定位，第一段第二句为答案位置。D中undesirable behaviors对应no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. lead与cause是同义替换，为正确答案。注意：考查文章细节的题目的唯一解题关键就是根据题干或是选项中的定位信息，在定位位置找答案，切勿前后左右徘徊。 例2 Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. 2012年 22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should A recruit professional advertisers. B learn from advertisers experience. C stay away from commercial advertisers. D recognize the limitations of advertisements. 根据题干中的关键词Rosenberg ，public advocates 和should 定位到第三段最后一句：Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.分别对应句中的public-health advocates和ought to， 从四个选项中课看出来正确选项可能和advertiser或者advertisement有关，从而把目光锁定但是多数考生在理解take a page from时有困难。此时我们需要从其他角度判断答案，后面的so skilled at applying（能熟练的运用），进而判断advertisers有这一特点，那么最符合语境的答案就是B，public-health advocates从advertisers身上学习经验。A属于第二段信息“HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.”不在定位的第三段，排除。CD 选项和B内容相反，情感态度相反，属于对排除。因此，考生面对细节题要充分利用题干中的信息在原文进行定位。定位的信息不可以仅仅局限于人名地名等专有名词，定位所依据的信息不拘泥于形式，可以是名词，动词，形容词甚至是副词，总之只要该信息有唯一性即可。二、如何“破解”推断题推断题即判断、推理和引申题型，考查考生在现实生活中的阅读技能即快速、准确推导出所需信息的能力，要求考生能够看懂题目提供的四个选项并在文中检索相关信息。这种题比较耗费时间，在紧张的考试中，容易给考生带来心理压力，因此面对此类题型考生首先要调整心理状态，细致冷静地返回到文章中，结合语境，运用逻辑思维去推导答案。这里请考生一定要记住：西方人习惯用从个别到一般的归纳思维模式；不同于中国人的从一般到个别的演绎思维方式。面对判断原则的题目，考生必须先读懂题目所给的四个选项，记住它们的意思，返回原文去扫描，搜寻信息点，与题目不相关的句子、语段很快掠过，相关信息语言区域则要求考生必须细致地对照原文中的信息，来推倒出相关结论。按照历年真题的考查，推理引申题通常题干中包含infer, imply, suggest, indicate, learn等提示性词汇。具体解题步骤如下： 推理引申题的答案通常是所定位段落的段落中心，而按照历年真题的考查经验，段落主旨通常是在段首，段末，段落转折，所以推理引申题的解题需要准确把握段落主旨。 例 Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection lineCline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A Vanity has more often been found in idealists. B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. C People are more interested in unaffordable garments. D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.本题是典型的推理引申题，考生需要重点关注本段的段落中心。本段没有转折句，段落中心要么是段落首句或段落末句。B选项命自段首句，但是表达的内容和原文相反，不是答案。而D选项是对段末句的同意替换，所以该选项为答案。Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use todays data and feel fairly confident. （2008年）34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future_.A the garment industry will reconsider the uniform sizeB the design of military uniforms will remain unchangedC genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmenD the existing data of human height will still be applicable本题是推断题目中的细节推断题，做题方法就是根据题干中的细节信息会文章定位，本题是根据in the near future，定位至And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.很容易得出题目答案：D the existing data of human height will still be applicable。考生在面对推理引申题通常会出现过度推理的现象，考生切记：推理引申题的答案也必须是对原文的同意替换，但是是对所定位段落中心的同意替换，而不是文章中的某个细节的同意替换。三、如何“破解”主旨题考研英语阅读客观题的第一考查目标就是要求考生理解文章的主旨要义。顾名思义，就是要求考生清楚一篇文章是围绕什么中心展开的，或者文章的写作目的是什么；另外，除了文章中心，还包括段落中心。 命题人对考生上述能力的考查最直接体现在主旨大意题上，平均每年考查数量是23道，其难度不高，属于必得分点；并且主旨大意题的提问方式相对固定，基本上有三类：what is the best title for the text?（ 文章最恰当的标题是什么）；whats the passage 文章主要讨论了（关于）什么；The text intends to express the idea that文章打算表达什么想法。但是考生千万不要因此而放松这种能力的锻炼，因为，理解主旨要义更重要的意义在于，把握了文章的主旨大意，考生才能进行有效阅读，才能准确地区分论点论据，不致于被淹没到大量的细枝末节中；而每篇阅读理解文章题目的命制都是围绕文章的主旨要义，近90%的题目都间接考查到了理解主旨要义。因此我们说90%以上的阅读题目在答题时要以中心为导向，同时兼顾原文的忠实性。具体操作步骤如下：第一步：判断文章中心句，主旨大意或是文章的中心词。第二步：寻找同意替换。正确答案是对文章中心句的同义替换。第三步：代回原文，检测答案。主旨大意题的答案如同一个“帽子”，尺寸正好符合文章，反之，如果所选标题范围太大或太小，会出现文章支撑不起“帽子”或是“帽子”太小，不能把整篇文章涵盖进去。 例 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England.（2010年）25. What would be the best title for the text? A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory本题是典型的主旨大意题，考查考生对文章中心论点的把握能力。本文的第一句话是文章中心，本句的主干是：the most far-reaching has been decline in of their arts coverage.完整的体现了文章的中心 A Newspapers of the Good Old Days。而其他的选项都是文章中出现的细节信息，不足以把全文涵盖进去。其他选项都是在文章某一位置出现的细节信息，属于细节干扰。四、如何“破解”含义题大纲明确要求试题中可以出现不超过3%的超纲词，一篇文章400多个单词，也就是说，每篇文章中大约会出现12个超纲词。由此我们可以得出结论：即无论我们单词背得如何的熟练、练习题做得如何的多，在考场中我们仍然会遇到不认识的单词或陌生的句子。每年必考的含义题就是考查考生根据语境猜测生词难句的能力。含义题的解题难点不在于题目的识别，因为含义题的题目特征十分明显，常见的有：1. The word “ ” (Para. 2) probably means . 2. By “ ” ,the author probably means . 3. The pronoun “it”(Para. 3) refers to . 含义题的难度在于能否通过上下文猜测生词难句的意思。历年真题考查过的文章中出现的生词难句通常以各种形式提示读者。 第一类：针对性解释。作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。例如： anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。第二类：根据复述猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。 例1 Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms - he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 2005年 40.According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as _.A “temporary” is to “permanent”B “radical” is to “conservative”C “functional” is to “artistic”（C）D “humble” is to “noble”由上下文he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.”可知， paper plates 和 china对应useful和beautiful。Useful 和functional 同意替换，beautiful和artistic 同意替换，因此C是答案。在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。 例2 The townsfolk dont see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.（2006年）28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that _.A Stratford cannot afford the expansion projectsB Stratford has long been in financial difficultiesC the town is not really short of money（C）D the townsfolk used to be poorly paid题干中这句话的字面含义是“斯特福特有哭穷的传统”。下文指出，小镇上的每一家旅馆都在扩建和修缮，希尔顿饭店也在此大兴土木，意借莎士比亚的名声来赚钱。由此看出，小镇并非真正贫穷，否则也没有钱来做上述这一切，“哭穷”只不过是一种传统罢了。因此C为正确项。 A对举例的写作目的反向干扰，“用镇上旅馆的扩建否定小镇很穷”改为“证明小镇很穷”。B偷梁换柱，将句中cries poor偷换成poor，cries poor与中文的“哭穷”含义相似。D无中生有。综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。二、如何“破解”态度题该题型常问作者对某事是什么态度，题干中的标志词有attitude, opinion, tone等。常见的选项有：主观（subjective）还是客观（objective) ；肯定（positive）还是否定（negative)；赞成（approval）还是反对（opposition）等等。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。若用褒义词，显然是赞成。若用贬义词，那就是反对。若客观陈述，则是中性的立场，不偏不倚。注意：作者态度常常在转折词后表明出来。所以，but一词至关重要（类似的还有yet, however, although, nevertheless等）。这种题目对考生而言难度较大，迷惑