英美文学名词解释整理版 (1).doc

v American Transcendentalism A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超验主义：一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生和玛格丽特富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握v English Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe.v ode in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.v conceit 奇喻A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 。A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，最为奇特的应属玄学诗里面的。v heroic couplet 英雄双韵体，英雄对偶句 It refers to two lines of iambic pentameter rhyming with each other(由两行互相押韵的含有五个抑扬音步的诗句组成的韵文单位）a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style.v Naturalism Naturalismis a theory in art and literature which states that people and things should be shown in a realistic way. 自然主义; 写实主义An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.自然主义:自然是现实主义的一种极端形式，自然主义作家往往反映社会生活的阴暗面，人物通常都受到环境遗传的严重限制。v Modernism Modernismwas a movement in the arts in the first half of the twentieth century that rejected traditional values and techniques, and emphasized the importance of individual experience. 现代主义; 20世纪上半叶的艺术运动，特点为摒弃传统的价值观和表现手法，强调个人体验的重要性v Symbol In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.v Allusion .A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。v Pun Apunis a clever and amusing use of a word or phrase to suggest tow or more meaning at the same time. Puns are generally humorous.双关：使用一个词来同时指代两个或以上意义的一种幽默的方法，v Sonnet A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. -A Glossary of Literary Termsv blank verse Blank verse is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect. （Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。）v free verse A kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre: the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhymeif any. （Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexible cadences (节奏) or rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported by anaphora (首语/句重复法 ) and other devices of repetition. ）Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.自由诗：按照语言的抑扬顿挫和意象模式，而不是按照固定韵律写出的诗。它的韵律建立在音素、语词、短语、句子和段落等形式的基础上，而不是建立在音步传统格律单位上。vvv 英国: 乔叟，莎士比亚，多恩，弥尔顿，拜伦，雪莱，狄更斯，哈代v 1/Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟v heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)v 公爵夫人之书（Book of the Duchess）、v 声誉之宫（The House of Fame）、百鸟议会（The Parliament of Fowles）v 特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达（Troilus and Criseyde）。v 坎特伯雷故事集（The Canterbury Tales）: 五步抑扬格、两两对仗v 2/ John Donne 约翰.多恩v Metaphysical school of poetry 玄学派诗歌的先驱，常用奇喻（conceits）v Songs and Sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗 （多恩最有名的诗集）v The Flea 跳蚤 Death, be not proud （Holy Sonnets 圣十四行诗）v The Good-Morrow 早安 Break of Day 破晓 Elegies 挽歌v 3/Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代v Critical realism(19世纪末批判现实主义代表)v Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔丝v Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德 The Return of the Native 还乡（确立了地位，向悲剧转变）v The Dynasts 列王（以拿破仑战争为题材）v 4/ Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯v Critical realism 19世纪英国现实主义文学杰出代表 Victorian 维多利亚时期v 社会的贫困和社会分级提出了尖锐的批判，对大众的同情和对社会上层人物的不信任v Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿v The Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传 The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店v The Old Curiosity Shop董贝父子David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔v Bleak House荒凉山庄 A Tale of Two Cities双城记v Great Expectations远大前程v 5/ George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦v Romantic poets 浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。主题围绕自然、爱情、政治抱负。v 作品创造了“拜伦式英雄”Byronic heroes v Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德游记v Don Juan 唐璜 The Siege of Corinth柯林斯的围攻v The Giaour异教徒 The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘v Cain 该隐 Manfred 曼弗雷德v She Walks in Beauty 她在美中行v When a Man hath no freedom to fight for at home 当男人没有在家战斗的自由时v 6/ PercyByssheShelley珀西比希雪莱 v 著名浪漫主义诗人,对自然的热爱和对专制制度的憎恨v 长诗：麦布女王（Queen Mab） 伊斯兰的反叛（The Revolt of Islam）v 诗剧：解放了的普罗米修斯（Prometheus Unbound） 钦契The Cenciv 阿多尼 Adonais（悼念济慈） 1891年的英国 England in1819（政治诗歌）v 诗辩 A defence of poetry（文论著作）v 西风颂（Ode to the West Wind）vv 7/ John Milton约翰弥尔顿v 作品体现了欧洲做重要的文学传统：以荷马、维吉尔史诗为代表的古希腊罗马文学和文艺复兴文学v Lycidas 利西达斯 Areopagitica 论出版的自由v 长篇诗作（以圣经故事为题材）：Paradise 失乐园（ 取材旧约全书）Paradise Regained 复乐园 Samson Agonistes 力士参孙（取材旧约圣经中的士师记） vv 附v 1、济慈Keatsv 夜莺颂 ode to a nightingale 希腊古瓮颂 ode on a Grecian urnv 2/丹尼尔.笛福 鲁滨逊漂流记v 3/乔纳森.斯威夫特 格列弗游记v 4、威廉.布莱克 Blake 浪漫主义v 天真之歌 song of innocence ：the lamb 羔羊；扫烟囱的孩子v 经验之歌 song of experience：the tiger 老虎；伦敦v 5、罗伯特.彭斯 Burns 浪漫主义，苏格兰特色v 一朵红红的玫瑰；友谊地久天长（ auld lang syne）v 6/威廉.华兹华斯 Wordsworth 湖畔派诗人，桂冠诗人（1843）v 抒情歌谣集 lyrical ballads 我好似一朵流云独自漫游v 7、柯勒律治 Coleridge 湖畔派v 古舟子咏 The rime of the ancient mariner 忽必烈汗 Kubla Khanv 8/简.奥斯丁 傲慢与偏见 爱玛v 夏洛蒂.勃朗特 简爱v 9、丁尼生 Tennyson 公主 鹰（The Eagle）溅吧，溅吧，溅吧（break，break，break，）v 10/罗伯特.布朗宁 Browning 我已故的公爵夫人v 11、约瑟夫.康拉德 Conrad 黑暗之心v 12、T.S 艾略特 1948获诺贝尔文学奖 v 荒原用“蒙太奇”手法v 13、萧伯纳 皮格马利翁圣女贞德v 14、叶芝Yeats 当你老了苇风 the wind among the reedsv 15、詹姆斯.乔伊斯 Joyce 爱尔兰作家 尤利西斯（ulysses）多柏林人v 16、弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫 Woolf 意识流达洛维夫人自己的房间v 美国: 艾伦坡，爱默生，霍桑，惠特曼，迪金森, 庞德v 1/Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡v Father of psychoanalytic criticism and detective story 精神分析批判和西方侦探小说的鼻祖 v （1）诗集： Tamerlane 帖木儿 Al Aaraaf阿尔阿拉夫 Poems 诗集 The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗篇v （2）哥特式小说和侦探小说，主要收入述异集（Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque）与故事集（Tales）v 其中著名的有：厄舍府的倒塌 The Fall of the House of Usher ；红死病的假面具 The Masque of the Red Death；黑猫 The Black Cat；丽姬娅 Ligeia；莫格街谋杀案 The Murders in the Rue Morgue；v 被窃之信 The Purloined Letter；金甲虫 The Gold-Bug; 阿芒提拉多的酒桶 The Cask of Amontilladov （3）文学理论方面，鼓吹“纯艺术”的文学价值观：创作哲学 The Philosophy of Composition；v 诗歌原理 The Poetic Principlev 2/ Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生v Leader of the Transcendentalism Movement 超验主义运动的领袖v 论自然（Nature) 论美国学者 The American Scholar 神学院致辞 The Divinity School Addressv 论文集 Essays 人生的行为 The Conduct of Lfiev Self-Reliance 论自助v 3/Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔霍桑v 围绕人性的原罪 Fanshawe 范肖v 短篇小说集古宅青苔 Mosses from an Old Manse，1846v 长篇小说：带有七个尖角阁的房子（The House of the Seven Gables）；福谷传奇（The Blithedale Romance；玉石人像(The Marble Faunv The Scarlet Letter 红字v 4/ Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼v Free verse 创造了“自由体”的诗歌形式 草叶集Leaves of Grassv Ones Self I Sing 我歌唱自我 O Captain! My Captain!v 5/ Emily Dickinson艾米莉狄金森（又称狄更生）v 跟惠特曼一样，诗歌远远超出了她所在的海带。她的诗歌预示着20世纪诗歌的诞生v To make a prairie 要描绘一片草原 success in counted sweetest 最美妙的胜利的感觉v Im nobody! 我是无名之辈v 6/Ezra Pound埃兹拉庞德