lsat reading comprehension.docx

文章基本模式：现象解释 问题解决1.首段phen/prob(observation, behavior, fact, task, difficulty, why, what causes, puzzle, question?)后文解释/解决：2、3、4段首句常有explain, explanation, interpret(-ation);way, method, model, mechanism, proposal2.全文结构phen/probTW Kw1, aw-, kw2+ TS=phen + authors kw+ 基本结构observationtheoryevidence3.取舍：取所有理论kw, aw; 舍中间细节但注意未句4.考点：主题、负评价及其证据1+1-首句/however句后；kw+及细节1+1-未段（细 节，往往作者正评价）5.特例：有时只有authors expl. 作者本人的kw1+, kw2+, kw3+新老观点对比1.首段老观点后文有转折a.过去traditionally, long, once, until( recently)= before 大众frequently, usually, widely, many, most, domineering, commonb.后文recently, now, new; however, but; question, challenge注：老观点作背景的除外（如railroad首段出现新老观点，recent book/study/work即老新加评述，多混合评价）2.结构：kwo, however+反驳=aw-, 二段段首或一段末尾 kwn+ 新老互相取非kwo(a, b) vs aw-/ kwn( kw1: x, y, z; kw2: u, v, w)3.取舍：取新老观点kw 舍中间内容，尤其是首段中间（老观点证据）4.考点：主题结构态度1+1+1 新老观点的kw 1+1 新观点的细节 1+1论点说明 评述review1.A首段判断，后文展开： Remain, appear; can, should; convincing, landmark, plausible 系动词，情态动词，情绪（感情） B评述：人名+书名/人物+研究 Recent study/book/essay 无全文TS，混合评价常见2.结构：首段总，2、3段分 2、3段关系-并列或对比主题题：首段TS或综合各段首句 文章末段正负评价是CS3.取舍：各段首句多为该段TS 取首句舍中间 抓对比反义（文科文章讲对比）4.考点：主题结构1+1 2、3段主题1+1首末句中间特殊语言1+1对比（without, originally, late）、让步、大写段落的结构与位置Main idea, supporting details( comparison and contrast)concessionkw a b c( kw展开方式=a b c句子之间的关系)并列：首句描述一个事物A has NPs/is adj./does sth. / in order to首句论点；中间for example或in addition, moreover, also, another, furthermore并列找所属的大主题（首句）2-3个并列，找并列词；3-5个并列，位置内容因果：首句A effects/causes/correlates with/determine B 并列因果A1B1; A2B2 因果找双方，双方在主宾 数量因果正相关或负相关（必考）机制：连续动词AB(AxyzB) 首末句：机制找末句 结构定位 文字对应对比：首句differ, more than, conflict (A vs B: a1 vs b1; a2 vs b2/ a1 a2 vs b1 b2) On the contrary, however, on the other hand, different, in contrast, alternative, other, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, more than, without, not否定暗示对比。 有无对比或程度对比；对比找反义，反义在宾语 A vs B相互取非，反义词比较：like, similar 数字比较连续数字出现； 时间比较过去与现在(出现过去或现在的任一提示词即暗示对比) Early, before= prior to, until, initial, previously, originally, first(起初)vs later, recent, now, new; in 具体年份(first), by 具体年份典型时间对比结构 出现极端词only, first暗示对比让步转折：答案出现对比词让步：kw(a, b) Truekw, but kw; Granted, However,让步依然是事实 While, though, despite, does, there might be, may seem, there is some evidence, no problem, no doubt; alternativelybut功能是限制和支持观点即qualify and support kw转折：one may argue thatbut, without, unlike, not the same 功能是anticipate objections关联词：nevertheless, nonetheless表纯转折 However, but, yet:1. 当且仅当在别人的观点之后，表示否定，如however+ fail to2. 态度对比：某一并列内容；but另一并列内容突出主题：背景+yet新主题(让步之后的转折；否定之后的肯定；句内插入语)3. 递进：a, b, c/ many factors, but X注：thus, hence, therefore, as a result, in summary非因果关系，引出CS/末句题型与解法核心题 问主题或态度或结构。定位到TW/TS/CS/KW/AW解题各段首句(however)1. 主题题The author of the passage is primarily concerned with discussingIn the last paragraph, the author of the passage is primarily concerned with discussing有TS定位TS，特别注意TS中的NP。论点说明与评述文章TS在首段首句或末句。无TS，则1)找CS;无CS, 2)综合各段TS，即综合各段首句（和首句的however句）注意：选项的错误-AW态度错误；NP错；片面KW错；行文顺序错（后文and 前文）2. 结构题Which one of the following best describe the organization of the passage?In the passage, the author primarily seeks to(写作方式); the primary purpose of the passage is to常见词A：Thesis evidence总Hypothesis 分illustration Generation development Assertion常见词B：Evaluate/assess/review/summarize & assess a recent study/book/essay3. 态度题选项为态度词或题干中有态度词，如attitude, tone; value, drawback, success, object; problematic.定位到AW：文章、段落、意群的首末句特例：混合评价选项1) But, though, without, while, despite, 不能用and连接2) Qualified agreement, tempered by, guarded, restrained, partially, critically, mild, limited混合评价的定位方向：各段首句不同态度的综合、含有态度的让步转折、中间态度词（少见）注意：态度相反、主要态度相反、态度正确但内容不符# 每道核心题必定位，切忌凭印象做题。 选项设计存在陷阱( a+b+c vs a+b+x); 必须对照TS各个成分，特别是NP（一一对应vs部分对应）信息题 发问对象涉及多句或全文内容，无法精确定位单独某个句子。解法：a) 核心排除TS/CS排除首末句排除（23个与主题无关、与结论相反、与态度相反） b) NP再定位KW?比较各段首句KW，确定段落。4. 信息题The author would most likely agree that the political offense exception此处political offense exception为全文主题词TW，故全文定位The passage provides information to answer all of the following questions except: 全文定位定点题题干中往往出现according to(直接事实), infer, imply, suggest(常常取非)等词，考查某句内容，不牵涉上下文。定位后直接将原句改写即为正确答案。答案为原句的语言变换+逻辑变换做题步骤：题干分析回文定位预想答案对照选项/在选项中找答案的中心词优先定位段落常考语言，定位后想出答案的中心词，以中心词排除3个选项；剩余2个选项如有相似成分，比较差异，再以差异定位。5. 细节题=直接事实题针对某一细节内容发问。提炼题干名词，比较各段首句KW，确定定位段落后再到段中寻找。答案为定位句的句法改写、或逐字逐句改写，最常见为同义词改写。6. 列举题原文连续并列34个内容，问哪个有或没有提到：mention/cite/refer to/state(except)注：such/these在末尾出现NP/adj.KW7. in order to/作用题针对原文任何内容，问其在语境中(context)的作用。题干问文中提到某个句子成分、句子、观点为了干什么。题干常用词：in order to, serve to, intend.解法：所问对象指向的逻辑上一层主题。答案多往前找，偶尔也在后文。此类题常见。特例：1）例子/证据=for example/experiment论点=首末句TS/CS 2）对比结构A By contrast B A的作用与B不同=not B= contrast with B 3）让步转折KWGranted/True A, but B.问让步A的作用1. Qualify KW; 2. Contrast with B; 3. Anticipate objections, strengthen KW indirectly8. 取非题8.1对比取非 可归入细节题，定位某句得到答案。原文中有对比内容：different, distinction, compare, distinguish, not found, absent, first, the most, more/less, minor.或者时间对比：earlylater, traditionallynow, until recentlyrecent.题干中常有differ from, distinguish, compare, relative to, characteristic, feature等词。AB相反，相互取非。或者，原文说AB, 答案说Bb; xba=/=b vs a=b; ab vs a-/-b（相关）1.1 一个现象，作者解释2. 段内结构a.因果：双方在主宾A has to do with B; A is related to B例：StabilitydiversityIsolationdiversityLong lifereplacement#数量相关关系必考ABAB; ABAB相关性动词/名词Correlate with, parallel, coincide with(同时发生), vary with, involve, relate to, relationship, link, connection, the higher, the more, the lower, is proportional to(成比例)数量表达增加increase, elevation, higher, enhance, improve, facilitate, inject, consumption; elicit, induce, cause减少 decrease, fall, reduce, interrupt, suppress, block, inhibit, prevent, remove, lower, less, slowly, absence of the high level, lackb.机制mechanism找首末句AB(AXYZB)c.论据对