英美概况-希腊罗马神话教案.doc

英美概况教案The Greek and Roman MythologyTeaching Objectives:The students should get to know the stories in the Greek and Roman mythologyTeaching Methods:Presentation, Question-answeringDifficult/Focal Points:The Main Gods and Goddess in the mythologyThe heroes and their storiesTeaching Procedure:Part I Greece& RomeGreece is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania阿尔巴尼亚, the Republic of Macedonia 马其顿and Bulgaria保加利亚 to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea爱琴海 lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea 爱奥尼亚海to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea 地中海to the south.Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilisation of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of western civilization. As such, it is the birthplace of democracy,7 Western philosophy,8 the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama,9 including both tragedy and comedy.Ancient Greece is the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilizationPart II Survey of the mythic historyThe mythological history of the world may be divided into three or four broader periods:A. The myths of origin or age of gods (births of gods): myths about the origins of the world, the gods, and the human race. B. The age when gods and mortals mingled freely: stories of the early interactions between gods, demigods, and mortals. C. The age of heroes (heroic age), where divine activity was more limited. The last and greatest of the heroic legends is the story of the Trojan War and after. A. The myths of origin or age of gods (births of gods): myths about the origins of the world, the gods, and the human race. Myths of origin or creation myths represent an attempt to render the universe comprehensible in human terms and explain the origin of the world.( First Dynasty ) He begins with Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged Gaia Gaea(the Earth). (Second Dynasty) Without male assistance, Gaia gave birth to Oranos Uranus (the Sky) who then fertilized her. From that union were born first the Titanssix males: Coeusk, Crius, Cronus, Hyperion, iapetus, and Oceanus; and six females: Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Rhea, Theia, Themis, and Tethys. After Cronus was born, Gaia and Oranos decreed no more Titans were to be born. Cronus castrated his father and became the ruler of the gods with his sister-wife Rhea as his consort, and the other Titans became his court.(Third Dynasty) A motif of father-against-son conflict was repeated when Kronos was confronted by his son, Zeus. Because Kronos had betrayed his father, he feared that his offspring would do the same, and so each time Rhea gave birth, he snatched up the child and ate it. Rhea hated this and tricked him by hiding Zeus and wrapping a stone in a babys blanket, which Kronus ate. When Zeus was grown, he fed his father a drugged drink which caused Kronos to vomit, throwing up Rheas other children and the stone, which had been sitting in Kronos stomach all along. Zeus then challenged Kronos to war for the kingship of the gods. At last, with the help of the Cyclopes (whom Zeus freed from Tartarus), Zeus and his siblings were victorious, while Kronos and the Titans were hurled down to imprisonment in Tartarus.Zeus was plagued by the same concern and, after a prophecy that the offspring of his first wife, Metis, would give birth to a god greater than heZeus swallowed her. She was already pregnant with Athena, however, and they made him miserable until Athena burst forth from his headfully-grown and dressed for war.The Olympian GodsGreek NameRoman NameImageGod or Goddess of.GenerationZeusJupiterKing of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky and thunder. Youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Symbols include the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, scepter and scales. Brother and husband of Hera, although he had many lovers.FirstHeraJunoQueen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and motherhood. Symbols include the peacock, pomegranate, crown, cuckoo, lion and cow. Youngest daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus lovers and their children.FirstPoseidonNeptuneLord of the seas, earthquakes and horses. Symbols include the horse, bull, dolphin and trident. Middle son of Cronus and Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Hades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite, although, like his brother Zeus, he had many lovers.FirstHestiaVestaGoddess of the hearth and of the right ordering of domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation and was one of the original twelve Olympians, but stories suggest that when Dionysus had arrived at Mount Olympus she gave him her spot in the twelve to prevent discordFirstApolloApolloGod of light, music, poetry, prophecy and archery. Symbols include the sun, lyre, bow and arrow, raven, dolphin, wolf, swan and mouse. Twin brother of Artemis. Youngest child of Zeus and Leto.SecondArtemisDianaVirgin goddess of the hunt, virginity, archery and all animals. Symbols include the moon, deer, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress tree and bow and arrow. Twin sister of Apollo. Eldest child of Zeus and Leto.SecondHermesMercuryMessenger of the Gods; god of commerce and thieves. Symbols include the caduceus (staff entwined with two snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork and tortoise (whose shell he used to invent the lyre). Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian, older only than Dionysus. He married Dryope, the daughter of Dryops, and their son Pan became the god of nature, lord of the satyrs, inventor of the panpipes and comrade of Dionysus.SecondAthenaMinervaVirgin goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, defence and strategic warfare. Symbols include the aegis, owl, olive tree, snake and spider. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she rose from her fathers head fully grown and in full battle armor after he swallowed her mother.SecondAresMarsGod of war, violence and bloodshed. Symbols include the boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear and shield. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods (excluding Aphrodite) despised him. His Latin name, Mars, gave us the word Martial.SecondAphroditeVenusGoddess of love, beauty, and desire . Symbols include the dove, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, rose and seashell. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Dione, or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus blood dripped onto the earth and into the sea after being defeated by his youngest son Cronus. Married to Hephaestus, although she cheated on him frequently, most notably with his brother Ares. Her name gave us the word Aphrodisiac.either Secondor from the TitangenerationHephaestusVulcanMaster blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of fire and the forge. Symbols include the fire, anvil, ax, donkey, hammer, tongs and quail. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. After he was born, his parents threw him off Mount Olympus, and he landed on the island of Lemnos. Married to Aphrodite. Unlike most mythical husbands, it is never stated that he cheated on her. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word Volcano.SecondDemeterCeresGoddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons. Symbols include the poppy, wheat, torch, pig and serpent. Middle daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Her Latin name, Ceres, gave us the word cereal. One of her surnames is Sitos as the giver of food, (corn).First|-B. Age of gods and mortals Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together. These were the early days of the world when the groups mingled more freely than they did later. Most of these tales were later told by Ovids Metamorphoses 变形记 they are often divided into two thematic groups: tales of love, and tales of punishment.Tales of love often involve incest, or the seduction or rape of a mortal woman by a male god, resulting in heroic offspring. The stories generally suggest that relationships between gods and mortals are something to avoid; even consenting relationships rarely have happy endings.The second type (tales of punishment) involves the appropriation or invention of some important cultural artifact, as when Prometheus steals fire from the gods, when Tantalus steals nectar from Zeus table and gives it to his own subjectsrevealing to them the secrets of the gods, when Prometheus invents sacrifice, when Demeter teaches agriculture and the Mysteries to Triptolemus.Zeus consorts and children 配偶及子女By divine mothers Mortal/nymph/other motherMotherChildrenAegaAegipan32Ananke*1. Moirae (Fates)* 1. Atropos 2. Clotho 3. Lachesis Demeter1. Persephone 2. Zagreus Dione or ThalassaAphroditeEos1. Ersa 2. Carae Eris1. Limos (aka Limus) Gaia1. Orion 2. Manes father of Atys Hera1. Ares 2. Eileithyia 3. Eris 4. Hebe Leto1. Apollo 2. Artemis Maia1. Hermes Metis1. Athena Mnemosyne1. Muses (Original three) 1. Aoide 2. Melete 3. Mneme 2. Muses (Later nine) 1. Calliope 2. Clio 3. Erato 4. Euterpe 5. Melpomene 6. Polyhymnia 7. Terpsichore 8. Thalia 9. Urania Persephone1. Zagreus 2. Melinoe Selene1. Ersa 2. Nemean Lion 3. Pandia Themis1. Astraea 2. Nymphs of Eridanos 3. Nemesis 4. Horae 1. First Generation 1. Auxo 2. Carpo 3. Thallo 2. Second Generation 1. Dike 2. Eirene 3. Eunomia 3. Third generation 1. Pherusa 2. Euporie 3. Orthosie 5. Moirae (Fates)* 1. Atropos 2. Clotho 3. Lachesis MotherChildrenAeginaAeacusAlcmeneHeracles (Hercules)Antiope1. Amphion 2. Zethus CallistoArcasCarmeBritomartisDanaPerseusElara1. Tityos Electra1. Dardanus 2. Iasion 3. Harmonia Europa1. Minos 2. Rhadamanthys 3. Sarpedon EurynomeCharites (Graces) 1. Aglaea 2. Euphrosyne 3. Thalia Himalia1. Kronios 2. Spartaios 3. Kytos IodameThebeIo1. Epaphus 2. Keroessa LamiaLaodamiaSarpedonLeda1. Pollux 2. Castor 3. Helen of Sparta (of Troy) MaeraLocrusNiobe1. Argus 2. Pelasgus OlympiasAlexander III of MacedonOthreisMeliteusPloutoTantalusPodarge1. Balius 2. Xanthus PyrrhaHellenSemeleDionysusTaygeteLacedaemonThaliaPaliciUnknown motherLitaeUnknown motherTycheUnknown motherAteC. Heroic ageThe age in which the heroes lived is known as the heroic age.45 The epic and genealogical poetry created cycles of stories clustered around particular heroes or events and established the family relationships between the heroes of different stories; they thus arranged the stories in sequence.The Trojan War The Trojan War cycle, a collection of epic poems, starts with the events leading up to the war: Eris and the golden apple of Kallisti, the Judgement of Paris, the abduction of Helen, the sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis. To recover Helen, the Greeks launched a great expedition under the overall command of Menelaus brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos or Mycenae, but the Trojans refused to return Helen. The Iliad, which is set in the tenth year of the war, tells of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, who was the finest Greek warrior, and the consequent deaths in battle of Achilles cousin Patroclus and Priams eldest son, Hector. After Hectors death the Trojans were joined by two exotic allies, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, and Memnon, king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess Eos.63 Achilles killed both of these, but Paris then managed to kill Achilles with an arrow in the heel. Achilles heel was the only part of his body which was not invulnerable to damage by human weaponry. Before they could take Troy, the Greeks had to steal from the citadel the wooden image of Pallas Athena (the Palladium). Finally, with Athenas help, they built the Trojan Horse. Despite the warnings of Priams daughter Cassandra, the Trojans were persuaded by Sinon, a Greek who feigned desertion, to take the horse inside the walls of Troy as an offering to Athena; the priest Laocoon, who tried to have the horse destroyed, was killed by sea-serpents. At night the Greek fleet returned, and the Greeks from the horse opened the gates of Troy. In the total sack that followed, Priam and his remaining sons were slaughtered; the Trojan women passed into slavery in various cities of Greece. The adventurous homeward voyages of the Greek leaders (including the wanderings of Odysseus and Aeneas (the Aeneid), and the murder of Agamemnon) were told in two epics, the Returns (the lost Nostoi) and Homers Odyssey.64 The Trojan cycle also includes the adventures of the children of the Trojan generation (e.g. Orestes and Telemachus). Part III Influence to western art and literatureThe widespread adoption of Christianity did not curb the popularity of the myths. With the rediscovery of classical antiquity in the Renaissance, the poetry of Ovid became a major influence on the imagination of poets, dramatists, musicians and artists.104 From the early years of Renaissance, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, portrayed the Pagan subjects of Greek mythology alongside more conventional Christian themes.104 Through the medium of Latin and the works of Ovid, Greek myth influenced medieval and Renaissance poets such as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Dante in Italy.2