莎士比亚 论文.doc

Essence and Specialty of Shakespeares Four Great Tragedies莎士比亚四大悲剧的本质和特征 姓 名：xxx 班 级：2011级03班 学 号： 日 期：2014年06月07日 Contents Abstract-1摘要-11. Introduction-21.1. Shakespeares Living Experience and His Achievements-21.2. The Social Background-32. Synopses of the Four Tragedies and Character Analyses -32.1. Hamlet-32.2. Othello-42.3. King Lear-42.4. Macbeth-53. The Relation of the Four Great Tragedies-54. Essence and Specialty of the Tragedies -65. Conclusion-6Bibliography-7AbstractWilliam Shakespeare (1564 1616) the Great Renaissance dramatist, poet, European Renaissance humanism literature synthesizer. He worked in various other occupations in youth, making him grow a lot of social experience. His works are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realism portrayal of human characters and relations. Shakespeare in about 1590 1612 of the total 20 years wrote thirty-seven plays, he also wrote two long poem Venus and Adonis, The rape of Lucrece and one hundred and fifty-four sonnets. This article will analyze the four great tragedies essence and specialty. Key Words: Shakespeare; relation; tragic characters; specialty摘要威廉莎士比亚（15641616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。少年时代干过其他各种职业，这使他增长了许多社会阅历。他的作品为世界文学筑起了一座高耸的丰碑。他是现实主义文学的奠基人，是运用现实主义手法对人物性格进行刻画，对人与人之间关系进行描述的一代宗师。莎士比亚在约15901612的20余年内共写了三十七部戏剧，还写有二首长诗维纳斯与阿多尼斯、鲁克丽丝受辱记和一百五十四首十四行诗。本文主要分析四大悲剧的本质和特征。关键字：莎士比亚，关系，悲剧主人公，特点Essence and Specialty of Shakespeares Four Great Tragedies1. Introduction1.1. Shakespeares Living Experience and His AchievementsShakespeare was born in Britain in April 23, 1564central Warwick County along the Evan River in Stratford, a wealthy family. He went to school to master the writing skills and rich knowledge in childhood, but because his father went bankrupt, failing to graduate go alone on the road to earn a living. After 20 years of age to London, he first is adapted for the previous script, soon began to independent creation. At the time of the opera Oxford, Cambridge background, the University wits who control, a famous dramatist ever with contemptuous tone to write articles mocking Shakespeare such a vulgar , civilian upstart crow to the noble genius contest! However, Shakespeare later won the college student groups, including the majority of the audience support and love and esteem.The success of writing, so that Shakespeare won the show mulberry management for Lord, Lord became his protector. With the help of Lord, Shakespeare into the aristocratic culture salon, causing him to society with observation and understanding, expanded his vision of life, for he created to provide a rich source of. In April 23，1616 Shakespeare in his thirty-two birthday and died.In the first period (1590 1600), 9 historical dramas, 10 comedies and 2 tragedies were written. The historical dramas summary of British history more than 100 years of unrest, created a series of positive, negative image of monarchy, reflecting Shakespeare against the feudal rule, support the centralization of power, condemned the tyrant and tyranny, enlightened monarchs were top-down reform requirements, the establishment of a harmonious society between humanistic political and moral ideal. The 10 comedies use love, friendship, mostly marriage as the theme, the protagonist is a few humane wisdom and virtue of young men and women, through their freedom, happiness struggle, progress, sing good new fresh air, but also gently to expose and ridicule the old things decay and ugly, such as asceticism virtual correction, puritanical hypocrisy and usurers avaricious and mean wait for.In the second period (1601 1607), he wrote 3 Department of the Rome operas, 5 tragedies and 3 dark comedy or problem plays. The tragic character wakes up from a medieval prison and ignorance, in modern dawn shines, aspiring to develop or improve themselves, but can not overcome the limitations of their own age and, finally in the same environment and inner strength disparity between the hostile forces in the struggle, the inevitable failure and sacrifice.In the third period (1608 1613), Shakespeare inclined to compromise and the illusion of tragedy and comedy or drama. The works of this period are often through the mythical fantasy, with the help of supernatural power to solve the contradiction between the ideal and reality; works through forgiveness, reconciliation, not the joy, nor the metaphase and gloomy, but full of beautiful life fantasy, romantic exotic.1.2. The Social BackgroundAt the beginning of the 16th century absolute monarchy was formed in England. The consolidation of secular and ecclesiastical power under one King greatly strength the English monarchy. The absolute monarchy reached its summit. The bourgeois economy growing rapidly.As we all known, under a certain condition, that political and economic decide the culture. On the contrary, culture makes an effect on political and economic. With the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.2. Synopses oftheFourTragedies and Character Analyses Toward 1600, storm-clouds gathered, so to speak, over the creative activities of Shakespeare. The co-operation between the Crown and the rising bourgeoisie, which was the basis of the Elizabeths regime, was over. The economic and social crises which began at the end of Elizabeth Is reign continued right up to the English Revolution (1640). In this atmosphere Shakespeare created the four great tragedies, which including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbethand the four stories are legends from the history of Europe.2.1. HamletHamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeares art.Hamlet hurries back the home in a hurry from Germany, is attends his fathers funeral, enables him to accept, he not catches up with fathers funeral, actually witnessed the mother and the Uncle Claudius wedding ceremony, this had caused Hamlet suspicion at the heart, added night above meets in the royal palace castle with fathers ghost, the ghost sorrow sued, this pile atrocity was Uncle Hamlet the behavior, and wanted him to revenge for the father. To this, he started the difficult revenge course, launched the life and death contest with Claudius. Finally, sent out sword the revenge to Claudius.Hamlet is a man with contradictory, he had many chances to kill Claudius, but he hesitated, which reflects the religious thought poisons. Hamlet is extremely melancholy and discontented with the state of affairs in Denmark and in his own familyindeed, in the world at large. At a number of points in the play, he contemplates his own death and even the option of suicide. Besides,ourprinceisverybrave.In a word, his suffering changes his characteristic from a gentle prince to a smart, doubtful, cruel and rude man.2.2. OthelloOthello is one of Shakespeares greatest tragedies; the play tells the hero Othello and Desdemona were framed by Iago, eventually leading to a tragic fate. His wife Desdemona has been falsely accused of adultery with others and was killed by her husband, after understanding the truth Othello killed himself with full of guilty. From the whole play, Othello can be said to be a tragic character play, the two tragic characters lead to the resulting tragedy as a result of their own character traits. Othello is a great warrior, and too noble-minded to suspect those whom he loves. Othellowastoorelyonothers, if he not listen to rumors of Iago that his wife was having a love affair with other people, the tragedy would not take place.2.3. King Lear Lear, king of Britain and a self-willed old man, intended to give up government of state affairs, and divided his realm among his three daughters: Goneril, Regan and Cordelia, first asking them which love him most. Because he made a very foolish decision, the tragedy begun.King Lear is undoubtedly this tragedys protagonist. He is a perverse violent cruel and obstinate. His deadly mistake is the vanity. For a king who has a high status, he is used to hearing compliments. So he can not bear the clumsy speech of his little daughter, Cordelia. Thepersonwho lives in vanity for a long time must not be used to this kind of honesty, and dislike it. So he is so angry that he drives Cordelia out of country. Lear is double-faced. As a king, Lear is imperious, fatuous, honorable and heartsick, but after overcoming the miserable experience finally he becomes amiable, untrammeled and optimistic. It is a qualitative change, a returning of noble manhood that Shakespeare advocated at that time. The play depicts a great social upheaval. The miseries of Lear disclose the essence of a corrupt society, in which each is ready to destroy the other.2.4. Macbeth Macbeth met 3 witches, they told him some crazy words, and his wife Mrs. Macbeth roused him against King Dunken, and became a king himself. Macbeth obeyed, and did it. Then, son of Dunken wanted to revenge, he led the army from England and destroyed his enemys country, and put Macbeths head chop off .The play is a tragedy of ambition, which drives a brave soldier and national hero to degenerate into a bloody murderer and despot right to his doom.Not only is Macbeth overtaken by his ambition, Lady Macbeth is also overtaken. Unlike Macbeth, however, Lady Macbeth is overtaken by her ambition immediately. Ambition lies in each persons heart but some one asks for it over the limitation that will end with tragedy.3. The Relation of the Four Great Tragedies They have some characteristics in common. Each tragedy portrays a noble hero, who face the justice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature; Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weakness is use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity. In king Lear, Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism; and Macbeths lust for power stirs ups his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes. In these tragedies Shakespeare portrays the weakness of each hero and shows the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society.4. Essences and Specialty of the TragediesShakespeare shows his talent writing skill absolutely in the host disposition portray. But we can not neglect that Shakespeare puts all sorts of disposition weakness in a dangerous environment. Because he knew disposition weakness in peaceful years is only in the life slight defect; but in the evil environment, disposition weakness then becomes the fatal weapon. The most profound theory in the classicalism is about that of human nature, and it presents barely in Shakespeares four great tragediesvarious tragedies occurred in the lives caused by some character flows without being treating, constantly accumulated oneself and finally lead to the horrible end . Although in Shakespeares each tragedy finally all evil will be requited with evil, but all heroes weakness is totally unable to resist evil. The effect of each tragedy is inevitable. Its not the truth. When one has to consider the problem of life or death, its time for him to wake. When ones idealized knowledge to life is crushed before reality, he begins to know the suffering of living, the nonsense of life and the tragedy. Then he starts to face his future. This is a severe question for everyone and an unavoidable question for everyone during growing. I think maybe this is the true meaning of Shakespeares tragedy world based on the four great tragedies.5. ConclusionsShakespeares genius on handling the technique of irony is