高中英语 Unit4 Earthquakes语法突破重点提炼 新人教版必修1.doc

人教新课标版高一必修1重点提炼：unit 4 earthquakes语法突破the attributive clause (1)定语从句（attributive clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）the package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语） 关系代词引导的定语从句一、定语从句的基本概念 在复合句中，修饰某一个名词或代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，the man who/that lives next to us is a policeman.住在我隔壁的那个人是一名警察。you must do everything that i do.你必须做我所做的一切事情。在上面两句中的 man 和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词后面。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that , which ,who (宾格whom ,所有格whose )和关系副词where, when .关系词（关系代词或关系副词）放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。也就是说关系词有两个作用：1.引导定语从句。2.代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词在人称和数上一致。二、由关系代词引导的定语从句： 关系代词例句that在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时that 可省略)指物a plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语) the noodles （that） i cooked were delicious. (作宾语)指人who is the man that is reading the book over there? (作主语)the girl (that) we say yesterday was jims sister. (作宾语)which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)指物the silk which is produced in hangzhou sells well. (作主语)the songs （which） liu dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语（如果介词放在从句后面，则whom可以省略）指人the foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from canada. (作主语)the boy who break the window is called roy. (作主语)the person to whom you just talked is mr. li. (作宾语)mrs. white is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)whose 在从句中作定语指人或物的所有格i like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)三、关系代词that和 which用法上的区别1、that和which都可以用作关系代词，引起定语从句但它们有所不同。在下列情况宜用that;而不宜用 which;that指人或指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，还可以作表语。作宾语或表语时，可以省略。例如：the noodles that i cooked were delicious.我做的那面条好极了。who is the man that is reading the book over there.在那边读书的那个人是谁？im not the fool you thought me.我不是你想象的那种傻瓜。（作宾语）she is no longer the girls she was before she went to university.她已不是上大学的她了。（作表语）在定语从句中，作介词的宾语时，介词不能前置。试比较：the village that she lives in is twenty kilometres away.the village in which she lives is twenty kilometres away.她住的那村庄离这有二十公里远。四、that指物时，一般都可以和which互换使用。但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。1)先行词为all，something，anything，everything等不定代词时，一般用that。例如：you should tell me all （that） you have know about.你应该把你所知道的情况都告诉我。here is something that my father needs.这正是我父亲需要的东西。2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any， little, much修饰时，用that而不用which。例如：it only remains for me to pass all the money that she had to the right person.我所要做的是只是把她所有的钱交给合法的继承人。they go to the newspapers own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。there isnt much water (that is) left in the cup.茶杯里剩下太多的水。tom tried every means that he could to finish the job on time, but he failed.为了按时完成工作，汤姆想尽了一切办法，但他还是失败了。3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，一般用that，而不用which。例如：this is the second letter that i received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的第二封信。gone with the wind is one of the best films that i have ever seen.乱世佳人是我所看过的最好的影片之一。4)先行词被修饰only, very, same, last时用that，而不用which。例如：this is the only note that i can find in my pocket.这是我口袋里所能找到的唯一一张票子了。that is the very magazine that he is looking for.那正是他要找的那本杂志。5)如果先行词是人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who(m)或that都可以。例如：the first person whom(=that) i visited there was mr.smith.我拜访的第一个人是史密斯先生。anyone who(=that) breaks the law will be punished违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。6)当有两或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that，而不用引导whom,who,which。例如：he talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.他谈论他所拜访的老师和参观的学校。7)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that，而不用who,whom或which。例如：who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？which of us that know something about physics not know this?我们当中了解物理知识的人谁不知道这件事情。2、在下列情况下只宜用which，而不用that。1）在非限定性定语从句中。例如：the earth, which goes round the sun, is called a planet.地球围绕着太阳运转，被称为行星。2）当关系代词前面有介词时。例如：this is the room in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住过的房间。which指物，在定语从句中可作宾语或主语。作宾语时可以被省略。例如：this is the book which i bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那本书。注：关系代词which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，也有时放在定语从句后面。例如：nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.(=which(that) they had come to the island in.)附近有两只独木舟，靠着独木舟他们来到这个岛。但which如果在定语从句中，作含有介词的短语的宾语时，介词不能前置，须放在动词之后，尽量靠近动词本身。例如：this is the key which you are looking for.这就是你在找的那钥匙。在定语从句中，作介词宾语的关系代词which， 在被省略的情况下，介词不能前置。例如：i have the book you are talking about我有你们正在谈论的那本书。四、关系代词指人时宜用who，不用that的情况1、先行词为those，one，ones，anyone，people， all 时 。例如：those who are for the plan, raise your hands.赞成我们计划的人请举手。2、当先行词后有较长的后置定语时或在被分隔的定语从句中时。例如：a new teacher will come soon who will teach us german in the next two years.在以后两年里将教我们德语的新老师不久就到。3、在先行词是用 -body或 -one构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词多用who。例如：is there anybody else who should be invited? 还要请了什么人吗？4、先行词既有人又有物时，宜用that, 不用who或which 例如：the minister spoke highly of the actor and his performance that he saw at the theatre.部长高度赞扬了他在剧院里看见的演员和节目。5、当先行词是一个指人的集合名词时，如果着眼于整体用that/ which；如果着眼于各个成员时则用who。例如：the football team, which is playing very well, will most probably place first in the league matches.踢得好的足球队将有可能位居联队的第一名。the football team, who are having baths, will be back here for tea正在洗澡的足球队员们将回来喝茶。五、关系代词as和which用法区别1）两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，用来修饰或限制整个主句的内容，有时可以互换使用。例如：then, as with young birds, the time comes for the young to leave.然后，正像小鸟儿常有的情况那样，年轻人离家的时候到来了。he was a foreigner, as/which i knew from his accent.我从他的口音就知道，他是个外国人。2）关系代词引导的定语从句放在主句之前时，只能用as。as anybody can see, it is like a tree.任何人都可以看见，它像一棵树。3）当从句和主句语义一致时，用as；反之用 which。例如：she has married again, as was expected.她又结婚了，这在意料之中。（语义一致）she has married again, which was unexpected.她又结婚了，这在意料之外。（语义不一致）4）当as在从句中作主语，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如 be known ,be said, be reported 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般多用which作主语。例如：she has been late again, as was expected.她又迟到了，这在意料之中。tom has made great progress, which delighted us.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。5）as 常用在as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happened, as (it) was pointed