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(1)词组与搭配 a human-rights report with a twist一份歪曲事实的*报告 good chemistry志趣相投 economic plan经济方略 be widely reprinted广为转载 turn combustible激怒反目 a far cry from相去甚远;天壤之别;大相径庭;截然不同;迥然不同 (2)例句分析 Achieving those targets will be a breeze. 实现这些目标易如反掌。 We (my wife and I ) have had 23 years investing in each other. 我们婚后23年一直相亲相爱。(*互相之间互相投资)动词+宾语+补语现在分词短语结构。 They overwhelmed the police as much with courtesy as with force. 他们软磨硬闯,冲破了警察的阻拦。(*不仅以礼貌的言词,而且还使出力气) Premier seemed a pleasant but rather dull man in a grey suit, a far cry from Interior Minister. 首相身着一套灰色西装,看上去和蔼可亲,但却相当单调乏味,与内务部长相比,相去甚远。 Their anxiety had reached a clinical condition. 他们焦虑成病。(*焦虑达到了临床状态) All the ones we have seen here have four-star abilities with five-star ambitions. 我们在此看到的所有的人都是些眼高手低之辈。(*四星级的能力,五星级的抱负) In three years as US Secretary of Transportation, Skinner has emerged as the administrations top crisis manager, a loyalist whose tenacity and competence have earned him Bushs respect and admiration. 作为美国的交通部长,斯金纳三年中表现出他是行政当局处理危机事务的高手,且忠心耿耿,坚毅能干。这些使他赢得了布什的尊重和赞赏。tenacity and competence译为“坚毅能干”。 These people will tend to flood the cities,worsening already strained urban resources. 这些人往往大批涌往城市,使市区本已负荷过重不堪重负的各种设施雪上加霜。 Our Good Society is disfigured by huge debts:entrenched poverty,persistent racial tension,the breakdown of the family and staggering budget deficits. 我们这个美好的社会因存在大量的债务而变得丑陋:难以消除的贫困现象,旷日持久的种族对立,分崩离析的家庭细胞,骇人听闻的财政赤字。 The reality of a nurses job is still appalling pay,mounting workloads and dismal living conditions. 护士工作的现实仍然是:工资收入低微,工资负荷增加,生活境况凄苦。 But the firms have gone to greater and greater lengths to hold on to their star employees,the ones who really produce the profits. 但是这些公司一直在不遗余力地留住才干出众的雇员,他们是真正能给公司创造利润的人。 Star(a.)有名的;有才华的;极具有吸引力的;不同凡响的;The premier wants to take another star turn on the world stage,even (if) his troubles are mounting back home. 即便首相在国内面临的困难与麻烦有增无减,他还是想在国际舞台上再做出一个不同凡响的举动。 They assert that scientists lack ethics,morals,and a sense of responsibility,and that they have let the public down on too many occasions;they conclude that gene technology must be banned from Switzerland,signaling the rest of the world to follow suit. 结构分析:句子框架是They assert that.and that.;they conclude that.分号连接两个并列句。前面的并列分句套嵌两个并列的that引导的宾语从句,做assert的宾语;后面的并列分句套嵌一个that引导的宾语从句,做conclude的宾语。两个分句的主语they指前句提到的proponents of the initiative.另外onoccasions意为“在场合或(重大的)时刻”;signal在此处为动词,译为“向示意”;follow suit译为“跟着做,依样行事”。 参考译文:他们(支持该动议的人)声称科学家缺乏伦理、道德、责任感;科学家辜负了公众的时候太多了。由此,他们得出结论,认为基因技术应该在瑞士得到严令禁止,并示意世界其他国家依样行事。 *This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature;actually,aside from abnormally lazy people,there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum,and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. 结构分析:句子的框架是This assumption rests on;actually,aside from,there would be very few who would,and who would。分号连接两个并列分句。在第二个分句中,介问短语aside from abnormally(特别地)lazy people作状语,主句是一个there be存在句,包含两个并列的由关系代词who引导的定语从句,修饰few.Rest on在此意为“依据”。aside from相当于“except”,泽为“除了”。 参考译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的天性中就存在遗传惰性。而实际上,除了特别懒惰的人以外,几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱,也没有人愿意饱食终日,无所用心。 “扩充词义”可以指下列方面的操作: (1)译文增字法:即对原文的某个词做“放大”或“延伸”处理。它是需要译者根据原文的特定的上下文在汉译句中适当增加几个字或一句话,以使句义在逻辑上更忠实于原文的内涵。 例如一些抽象名词、形容词可译为: Respect尊敬受人尊敬 Affection喜爱惹人喜爱 Banquet宴会摆宴席、搞宴请 Breakdown of equipment and morale装备逐渐破损、士气不振 Be always quite difficult是很困难的一直困难重重 1.A settlement and peace will remain elusive. *解决与和平仍然是一件毫无把握的事。 解决问题,实现和平,仍然是一件毫无把握的事。 2.In California,hundreds of billions of dollars ride on the success of earthquake prediction. *在加利福尼亚,地震预报的成功关系到千百亿美元。 在加利福尼亚州,地震预测的成功与否关系到千百亿美元的财产和投资。 3.At this difficult stage,ex-president of the USA may have more celebrity than influence. *在这个困难阶段,前任美国总统可能仍会有声望,但已无影响。 在这个困难阶段,前任美国总统可能仍会享有声望,但已无影响力可言。 4.Rushing to the scene to congratulate his troops on a textbook performance,Interior Minister Charles Pasqua told reporters,The nightmare is over. 内政部长查尔斯巴士奎赶到现场,祝贺内务部队官兵干得漂亮而又完全符合规范。他对在场的记者说:“噩梦已经结束”。 5.Britains will have the chance in the next few months to try out an emerging technology that could put mobile telephones within the reach of even modest domestic budgets. *英国人在未来的几个月里可能研制出一种新兴的技术,这种技术能使中等收入的家庭也能用得起移动电话。 英国人在未来的几个月里可能研制出一种新兴的技术,这种技术一投入使用,即使是中等收入的家庭也能用得起移动电话。 *What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. 结构分析:句子的框架是What science strives for isas regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data.这是一个主从复合句。名词性从句What science strives for作主语。介词短语as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory date作状语。介词短语as regards也作regarding,意为“关于”。Sensory data意为“感性材料”。 参考译文:科学为之奋斗的目标,就是要使概念之间的相互关系以及与感性材料的一致性尽最大可能地准确与清楚。 *If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety,the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. 结构分析:句子的框架是if we desire,the welfare and the free development,we shall not be in want of。if引导条件状语从句。desire的宾语被状语sincerely and passionately隔开。In want of相当于“in need of”,在此句中译为“缺乏”。approach在此作动词意为“靠近”。参考译文:如果我们真心实意而又满腔热情地希望整个人类能享有安全与幸福并且自由地发展其才干,我们就不会缺少去达到这一境界的方法。 *While we consider this to be the best form of democracy, it is not without difficulties and possible limitations, some of which may become apparent in this case. 结构分析:句子框架是While,it is not without difficulties and possible limitations.“while引导让步状语从句。相当于though,修饰主句。指示代词this指代前面提到的公众投票来决策问题的做法。主句中又套嵌数量词some of加关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰difficulties and possible limitations.Not without为双重否定的介词短语,做表语,可以译成肯定句。参考译文:虽然我们认为这是民主的最完美的形式,但它还有各种困难和潜在的缺陷;在这种情况下有些问题变得明显了。 *But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life. 结构分析:句子的框架是But such a system would not only beits principal advantage would be the improvement of。叫分号连接两个并列分句。sphere意为“领域”。参考译文:但是,这样一种制度将不只是雇主和雇员之间真正自由签署合同的开始;它的主要优点是在日常生活的每一个领域中使人际关系吏为自由。 (2)译文解释法。这种“扩充词义”的操作策略是:使用添加一定的解释性、说明性的行文。由于中西文化和社会习俗的差异,英语的有些词汇不能直译出来,有必要对汉语的词汇表达进行解释性、说明性的翻译。 1.In the age of information,we are open books. *在信息时代,我们都是公开的书本。 在信息时代,我们每个人的一切情况都没有什么秘密可言了。 2.This countrys economy remains in intensive care. *该国经济仍处于重病特别护理中。 该国经济依然处于岌岌可危的境地。 3.Those young people are heading for an early grave through smoking and lack of exercise. *那些年轻人通过抽烟和缺少运动,正在向一个早期坟墓奔去。 那些年轻人由于抽烟加上缺少运动,实际上是在减短自己的寿命。 4.In that country several million of people have lived near or below the breadline for almost two decades. 在那个国家差不多二十年了,生活在贫困线以下,或温饱问题还没有完全解决的仍有几百万人。 *It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant;the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance,the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots,but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. 结构分析:句子的框架是it is not so bad being ignorant if;the hard thing is knowing.the realitybut no true lightnor even any tunnels分号连接两个并列分句。前面的分句句首it为形式主语,真正的主语为being ignorant;if引导条件状语从句。后一分句的is knowing和no true lightnor even any tunnels由but连接做系表谓语;句尾that引导的定语从句修饰tunnels. 此句的短语light at the end of the tunnel意为“困难(不快)的事情有结束的迹象”。 参考译文:如果有人彻底无知的话,无知也就不那么糟了。困难的是人们详细了解无知的实际情况最差的方面以及这里或那里并不太差的方面,但并不了解困难的事情根本没有结束的迹象,甚至还没有可以信赖的任何解决问题的途径。 He worked his way through the ranks,eventually becoming managing director responsible for the chains operations in southern England. 他从基层干起,逐级向上升,最终当上了负责该连锁大企业在南英格兰事务的常务主任。 注释:responsible for形容词短语作后置定语。多义词operations不是“手术”“运作”,而是“企业”的意思。 新的技术革命和频繁中西文化交流使我们的英语熟词有了新意或偏义。例如,skin一词的意思是“人与人的实际接触或交往”。 People who correspond with each other electronically often feel the need for skin and try to meet in what they call real life. 彼此之间用电子方式通信的人们经常觉得有面对面接触的需要,他们也尽可能在他们称之为现实的生活中交往。 The desire for skin can be seen in downtowns and shopping malls - people want human contact even when they could buy things via television or the telephone. 这种与人直接谋面接触的愿望在闹市区和商场是可以领略到的。即使人们可以通过电视或电话购物,他们还是想有人与人之间的直接交往。再举一例:动词短语plug in意为:“将插头插入电源插座”或“给接通电源”。现在它有了特殊的含义:“接通(进入)电脑网络”。新的形容词plugged-in表示“联通了电脑网络的”一类意思。 Parents who want their kids to be plugged in to the Net but would prefer they not be exposed to pornography, need no longer fear. 那些想让自己的孩子使用电脑网络却又怕他们大量接触到各种色情图文的家长们现在不必再担心。 Will tomorrows students be a generation of plugged-in servants or a race of silicon salves?将来的学生是否会成为一代电脑网络的仆佣或是一群硅片的奴隶呢? More plugged-in bureaucrats have E-mail address and print them on their business cards?有更多的官员已经使用电脑网络,在他们的公务名片上都印有各自的电子信箱地址。 Textbook是旧词新意:“合乎规范的,理想化的”,“符合规定的”,“堪称典范的,典型的(typical)”。 Its a textbook marriage of supply and demand.供求双方各得其所,合作十分理想。 Indeed,British Airways provides a textbook case of how new management methods and attitudes can transform a service company.如何运用新的管理方式和观念来改造一个服务性企业,英国航空公司在这方面的确提供了一个范例。 (3)译文合理加工法。“扩充词义”的操作也包括对英语原句某些表达做“转译加工”处理。这是指,英语的某些表达在汉译时不能原封不动地照译,而要在“取其要义”的基础上,大胆将其换上汉语的句式和搭配惯例,使之读起来更符合汉语行文的规范或搭配。如: Writers are often regarded as the conscience of society,but in Hongkong many writers are only concerned with grabbing money and publicity;they have no principles or shames and are a disgrace to the profession, fumed the editor of one Chinese language magazine. *“作家通常被看作是社会的良知。但在香港许多作家只关心捞钱和挣名,他们没有原则,甚至没有廉耻,是这个行业的耻辱。” “人们通常认为作家是社会的良知。但是在香港许多作家只关注如何去追名逐利。他们毫无原则,甚至根本不知廉耻,令文坛名誉扫地。”一家中文杂志的编辑怒不可遏地这么说道。 *The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere,it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. 结构分析:句子的框架是The scientific method itself would not haveit would not even have been born without。这是一个含双重否定的并列句。even表示递进。在第二个并列分句中not.。without为双重否定。翻译时译成一个肯定的意思更贴切。 参考译文:科学方法本身不能导致任何结果。而且,只有充满激情地去努力寻找确切的理解,科学方法才会产生。 *Scientists must play their part in dispelling the shaky image of both themselves and of science in general,and in explaining the new approaches and how they may be applied to benefit all of society.结构分析:句子的框架是Scientists must play their part inin dispelling。和and explaining并列做状语,转译为“一面,一面”。句尾how引导的宾语从句和the new approaches并列做explaining的宾语,其中代词they指前面提到的the new approaches.dispel意为“驱散,消除”。 参考译文:科学家必须在这些方面发挥作用:一面驱散他们自己和整个科学在公众心目中摇摇欲坠的形象,一面解释一些新方法和如何应用这些方法来造福于全社会。 英译汉时,对个别词、词组、习惯用语的位置进行语序微调和移动,译文会顺畅得多,并不影响原句宏观意义的表达。个词微调一般都不外乎副词、形容词、动名词或介词短语等。有时多个定语的排序也要前后换位。 Divorce is less culturally acceptable in a society that is family-oriented. *在一个注重家庭的社会中,离婚并不普遍为人们在文化上所接受。 在一个注重家庭的社会中,离婚在文化上总让人觉得不大好接受。 Many consumer goods in the USA become obsolete in a few years as styles change,such as with automobiles and clothes. *由于样式的变化,美国的许多消费品过不了几年就会陈旧过时,例如小汽车和服装。 由于样式的变化,美国的许多消费品,例如小汽车和服装,过不了几年就会陈旧过时。 注释:with+名词可以表示:“就而言”、“在方面”、“由负责”。 This is an age of knowledge and distributed intelligence,in which knowledge is available to anyone,located anywhere,at any time;and in which power,information,and control are moving from centralized systems to individuals. 结构分析:句子框架是This is an age of knowledge and distributed intelligence,in which;and in whichin which;and in which介词in加关系代词which引导的两个并列的定语从句修饰an age.distributed intelligence译为“分布式智能”;available to anyone,located anywhere,at any time为排比短语,译为“随时、随地、随便什么人都利用”。 参考译文:这是一个“知识和分布式智能”的时代:一个随时、随地、随便什么人都利用知识的时代;一个能把能量、信息和控制从中心系统传向每个人的时代。 This gene protection initiative not only threatens biomedical research but also puts Swiss democracy to the test. 结构分析:句子框架是initiativenot only threatensbut also puts是带有not onlybut also句型的简单句,此句型译成“不但而且,既又”;putto the test意为“使受考验”。 参考译文:这项保护基因的动议既威胁着生物医学研究,又考验着瑞士的民主制度。 汉语行文,句子不如英语长,表层结构松散,句与句、小句与小句之间也没有那么多的关联词(connectors)衔接。这种“变短语为句子”的操作特指:在英译汉时,将原文的某些短语成分(phrases短语、片语或词组),但却含有动宾关系或主谓关系的表达不妨译成汉语的小句。 (1)非谓语动词形式不定式短语、分词短语和动名词短语所展现的动宾关系或主谓关系是显性的,翻译时将它们译成汉语的句子形式,在绝大多数情况下是顺理成章的事。 *It will take new insights from studies of human cognition,linguistics,neurobiology,computing,and more to develop systems that truly augment our capacity to learn and create. 结构分析:句子框架是it will take new insights from.。to develop systems.。;不定代词It为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式结构to develop systems,句尾的关系代词that引导定语从句修饰systems.take意为“从摘选,获取”;insight此处不要译为“视角”,而应译为“洞察力,见识”。参考译文:(人们)要开发真正增强人类学习和创造能力的系统,就要从人类认知、语言学、神经生物学、计算机科学以及更多的学科研究中获得新的洞察力。 *In this connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to know. 结构分析:句子的框架是In this connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is.and if we cease to.we may be in danger of.And连接并列句,前句中to remember the Greek saying是真正主语,that引导的是saying的同位语从句;后句是一个条件句加一个主句;marvel在此作动词“对惊讶,惊奇,好奇”。 参考译文:在这方面,回忆一下希腊格言“好奇是知识的开端”是有教益的。如果我们不再好奇,那么我们就有可能陷入停止认识的危险之中。 The toll from heavy rain and strong winds / lashing the southcoast and Wales yesterday / includes a school girl swept to her death,two men missing in heavy seas. 昨天暴雨狂风肆虐英格兰南部沿海和威尔士,造成很大的人员财产损失。这当中包括,一名女学生被风刮倒致死,两位男子在波涛汹涌的大海里失踪。 *I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,disguised or otherwise,for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today,although I am,in fact,rather critical of certain theories of nonrepresentational art. 结构分析:句子的框架是I must emphasize that I am not making a pleafor the although I amrather critical of certain theories of。主句动词接宾语从句,从句是although引导的让步状语从句。Disguised or otherwise作为插入成分修饰plea,可使用外移方法翻译成一对反义词组。exercise of illusionist ticks在此译为“运用错觉手法”,of表示“动宾关系”;be critical of.可译为“批判”。 参考译文:我必须强调指出,我不是在这里为今日绘画中运用错觉手法做辩护,无论是隐蔽的,还是公开的;尽管如此,我实际上还是对非再现的某些美术理论持批判态度的。 (2)“短语成句”体现在名词短语的汉译上,这是一个重点策略。 例1:stormy sessions with Charles parents 与查尔斯的父母有过几次激烈的辩论 例2:the futility of public protest 举行公众抗议活动是徒劳的 They(a black woman and a white man)have survived their families shock and disapproval / and the stares and unwelcome comments of strangers. 双方的家庭都曾十分震惊,而且都不赞成这桩婚事。不相识的人总以惊异的眼光打量他俩,还说些很不悦耳的话。所有这一切他俩都挺过来了。 Patients wait hours while the undermanned and sometimes short-tempered staff struggle to meet the demand. 病人就诊要等很长时间,医务人员配备不足,只能穷于应付,有时还向病人发脾气。 *It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. 结构分析:句子的框架是由it is.that.引导的强调结构,强调主语。confrontation with意为“与迎面相遇或正面相对”,此处转译为“认识到”;contributionto译成“对的贡献”。 参考译文:正是这种突然地认识到人类无知的深度和广度,才代表了20世纪科学对人类智能的最大贡献。 *To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up,ever,and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect,but that is another matter. 结构分析:句子的框架是there may well be questionsand therefore limits.,but that is another matter.but连接两个并列分句。前面的分句为there be句型,questions和limits并列做其宾语。we cant think up是省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句,修饰questions.To be sure此处译成“诚然,固然”,而不应译为“毫无疑问,当然”。 参考译文:诚然,很可能有些问题是我们永远也想不到的,因此对人类智慧的探索是有极限的,但那是另外一回事了。 名词短语译成了小句:“对是有限的。”(3)“短语成句”体现在介词短语的汉译上。 这种操作可避免“翻译腔”(translationese),适用于带介词短语结构的句子翻译。 She had almost certainly been coached in what to say and how to say it. 几乎可以肯定,要说些什么,该怎么说,她事先是经人指点过的。 Amid mounting social discontent over inflation,the government leaders have used police action to drive home the futility of public protest. 由于通货膨胀,社会的不满情绪不断加剧。在这种情况下,政府领导人迅速动用了警力,让人们意识到举行公众抗议活动是徒劳的。 注意:介词amid的语义放在了第二句中,灵活地表达为“在这种情况下”。这说明必须根据具体的意境或上下文来演示特定介词的涵义。 drive home意思是“讲明白;使某人彻底理解;让人们意识到”。比如:You must drive home to John where the difficulty lies.你得让约翰明白困难何在。 With electricity lacking or even nonexistent, much of the city at night sinks intermittently into a darkness. “介词with +名词+分词或形容词”短语作为原因状语 由于电力供应不足,有的地方甚至根本没有电,这个城市的大部分地区夜里间歇性地陷入漆黑一片。 注意:with机构有时做状语,有时做定语是翻译的重点句型。 “从句前后换位”特指一个英语句子在翻译时将从句(clauses)和其他语法成分的位置互换,目的是使译文可读性更强,更通顺、地道、简洁。 (1)从句换位的操作可用于翻译表语从句。 例如:One sign of how badly the seas have been overfished is that population of sharks have declined 94% since 1970. *有一个迹象说明,对海洋渔场的狂捞滥捕已到了什么程度,这就是自从1970年以来,鲨鱼的总存活量递减了94%. 自从1970年以来,鲨鱼的总存活量递减了94%,从中可以看出,对海洋渔场的狂捞滥捕已到了什么程度。 下一句的可读性优于上一句译文。 被动句译成“对(动词)”。表语从句换位,先译出来。 (2)前后换位的操作还可用于翻译同位语从句。一般将从句的主要成分或者整个从句前移,特别是在从句明显长于主句的情况下更需如此。 例如:Concern is mounting that the estimated 1.5 million people left homeless will fall victim to epidemics of cholera and other illnesses. *人们的担心日甚一日,因为估计有150万人无家可归,霍乱及其他流行病的爆发会危及到他们。 估计有150万人无家可归,霍乱及其他流行病的爆发会危及到他们。人们对此的担心日甚一日。此句对原文忠实程度及行文的可接受性优于上句。 For far too long Asia has suffered from a delusion of specialists devoted to the idea that development is only a billion dollars or a billion birth-control devices away. 只要能得到十亿美元的援助,或者只要让十亿人实行计划生育,亚洲的经济就可以发展,这是众多的专家潜心研究出的一个思路。这个思路对亚洲一直起误导作用,时间已经太长了。 这里,译文对原句中主句和同位语从句在位置上进行了置换,否则汉译不会通顺。(3)从句换位的操作还可用于翻译一些定语从句或作定语的分词短语。只要将这样的定语成分提前,就可译出通顺的汉译文。 The United Nations is attempting to settle conflicts around the world that have taken a terrible toll and misused the earths resources. *联合国正试图要消除世界各地发生的各种冲突。这些冲突有的造成可怕的后果,有的滥用地球的资源 世界上各种冲突时有发生,有的造成可怕的后果,有的滥用地球的资源。联合国正试图要消除这些冲突。 This province intends to cash in on the ambitious economic renaissance being planned for the neighboring city. =that is being planned 邻近的城市正在酝酿振兴经济的宏图大计,这个省份打算乘此机会也有一番作为。 动词词组cash in on意为“利用时机获利;乘机利用”。 *The very reason why the representation of nature can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to art historians. 结构分析:句子的框架是The very reason why the representationshould be of the greatest interest to art historians.本句是个简单句,主语reason后跟why引导的定语从句。The re

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