研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写.ppt

Howtowriteasummary Inthearticle thewriterarguesthattherearesynergiesbetweengenderequity povertyalleviationandenvironmentalsustainability Thewriterfindsthatwomenareunequaltomenineveryway Theyareunderprivilegedandputundersocialandmoralrestrictions Hebelievesthatanexplorationintobiomassenergycanshedlightonthesynergybetweengender povertyandenvironmentissues Tobeginwith environmentaldeteriorationlikedeforestationreducesbiomassenergydramatically sendingpoorwomentocollectwoodfuelforlonghoursinsteadofstudyingorworking perpetuatingtheirpoverty Atthesametime womenbecomemorevulnerableasvictimsofindoorair pollution Theycanaccessfewerresourcesofbiomassenergyduetoprivatizationofcommunallands Evenindevelopedcountries theyhavetolivewithinequalityinsuchrealmsasenergy educationandlabordivision Theworseningenvironmentandchangingclimateaffectwomennegativelybyincreasingwaterscarcity increasingthediseaseburden etc Butwomencanhelpreversethedownwardtrendbytakingpublictransportationmoreandpromotingrenewableenergy Discriminatoryinheritance propertyownershipandlimitedaccesstoagriculturalsupportsystemsrenderwomenunabletoensurefoodsafety soilconservationandlandsustainability Lackofcleanwaterfurtheraddstowomen sburdens manyofthemhavetospendasmuchasthreeormorehoursjusttofetchwater puttingthematgreatriskofdevelopingvariousdiseases furtherdeprivingthemofthetimeavalabletobettertheirlifefinanciallyandemotionally Uncleanwater pollutantsintheenvironment climatechangesandpoornutritionworktogethertoposeathreattowomen shealth espeacillypregnantwomen IgnoranceofAIDSafflictmanywomeninAfrica affectingagricultureinthisland Intheprocessofurbanization manywomenareleftbehindtotakecareofeverythingsingle handedly Thosewhomigratetocitiesfacenewchallengesaswell likeeconomicexploitationandmeanlylivingconditions Disastersaremorelikelytostrikepoorwomenharderwholiveinpoor qualityhousesanddisaster proneareas Tomakethingsworse theyareill informedanddonotreactasquicklyastheyshouldinanemergencyduetothesocialrestrictionsonwomenabout propriety Thewritercallsforforward lookingstrategiestointegrategenderintoenvironmentalanalysis Tobemorespecific Allowmoreparticipationinenvironmentalpoliciesandactionsonwomen spart putthegovernmentpriorityonfosteringgenderequityandsubsidizeit resorttoascientificparadigmaswellasasocialapproachintheenvironmentalanalysis Inthearticle thewriterarguesthatattentiontogenderissuessharpensenvironmentalstudiesandhelpsrelievepoverty Toconclude agenderperspectivewillgoalongwaytowardmakingsmarterenvironmentalpoliciesandprograms alleviatingpovertyatthesametime Theyareinterlockedandinteractive StepsinWritingaSummary 1 Readthearticle 2 RereadtheArticle Dividethearticleintosegmentsorsectionsofideas Eachsegmentdealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme Asegmentcancompriseoneormoreparagraphs Labeleachsegment Useageneralphrasethatcapturesthesubjectmatterofthesegment Writethelabelinthemarginnexttothesegment Highlightorunderlinethemainpointsandkeyphrases 3 WriteOne Sentencesummaries Writeaone sentencesummaryforeachsegmentofthoughtonaseparatesheetofpaper 4 writesupportingideas Coveralloftheauthor smajorsupportingideas Showtherelationshipsamongtheseideas Omitspecifics suchasillustrations descriptions anddetailedexplanations Indicatetheauthor spurposeinwriting toinform topersuade ortoentertain Ifthepassageisapersuasivepiece reporttheauthor sbiasorpositionontheissue Omitallpersonalopinions ideas andinferences Letthereaderknowthatyouarereportingtheauthor sideas 5 FormulatetheThesisStatement Formulateacentralthemethatweavestheone sentencesegment summariestogether Thisisyourthesisstatement Inmanyarticles theauthorwillstatethisdirectly Youmaywishtotakehisdirectstatementofthethesisandrestateitinyourownwords Inotherarticles youmayhavetowriteyourownone sentencethesisstatementthatsummarizesthiscentraltheme severalaspectstoaneffectivethesisstatement Itcomprisestwoparts a thetopicorgeneralsubjectmatterofthetextb theauthor smajorassertion comment orpositiononthetopic Thiscentralthemeissummarizedclearlyandaccuratelyinaone sentencethesisstatement Thethesisstatementdoesnotcontainspecificdetailsdiscussedinthetext Thethesisstatementisstatedatthebeginningofthesummary 6 WriteYourFirstDraft Beginwithapropercitationofthetitle author source anddateofpublicationofthearticlesummarized Combinethethesisstatement yourone sentencesegmentsummariesandsupportingideasintoaone to two paragraphsummary Eliminateallunnecessarywordsandrepetitions Eliminateallpersonalideasandinferences Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas Concludewitha summingup sentencebystatingwhatcanbelearnedfromreadingthearticle Writeinthepresenttense 7 EditYourDraft Checkyoursummarybyaskingthefollowingquestions HaveIansweredthewho what when why andhowquestions Ismygrammar punctuation andspellingcorrect HaveIleftoutmypersonalviewsandideas Doesmysummary hangtogether DoesitflowwhenIreaditaloud TheHawaiianMuu muuasaWritingAidMaryDeal OneofthejoysoflivinginHawaiiiswearingaMuu muu WhenIgooutonanerrand ifI mwearingshortsandatee IchangeintoaMuu muuwhenI mhomeandreadytowriteagain Well IevengoshoppinginaMuu muuiftheideastrikesme I maKama ainatotheseIslands atransplant andhaveyettofullyadoptsomeofthemorerelaxedlocalcustoms Itriedsittingatmycomputerwearingstreetclotheslikeshorts jeans orevenadress DoingsoremindedmeofthediscomfortIfeltwhenwearingsleeksuitstoanofficewhereone sgroomingandappearancewassoimportant Mostwaistbandsaretoobindingwhensittingtowrite actuallymakingmefeellikeI mstranglingmycreativity Anydiscomfortisadistraction Afriendwhoalsowritescanturnoutanarticleinaroomfullofnoisypeople Maybethat sbecauseshe sajournalist andcatchesnewsasit shappening Writingisapersonalthingforme somethingIdoverymuchalone becauseIcanbecomequiteanimated WhenIwrite IfeeleverythingIcreateandoftenactoutthegestaltofthecharacters Thatis Ispeakthepartsorplay acttomakesurethewordsflowlikeordinaryconversation Ireadthewholestoryoutloudandmovearoundalotandgesture Themorewewritersfeelwhatwewrite themorelikelywearetoconveytheemotionandmeaningofthestorytothereader Sofeelingconstrictedisoutofthequestion Mywritingwardrobeistodressmymusecomfortably IntheseIslands colorful loosefittingMuu muusareperfect IcanevenanswerthedoorwearingaMuu muuinsteadofabathrobe 1 2 3 4 Inthearticle MaryDealargueshowtheHawaiianMuu muuisawritingaid Maryfeelsthatwhensittingtowrite wearingaMuu muuismorecomfortableandrelaxingthanwearingbindingstreetclothes becausetightclothingisadistractionandstiflesherMuse hercreativity Whilewriting shemovesaroundalotandgestures actingouthercharacter spartsinordertomakethestoryrealistic Consequently feelingconstrictedisoutofthequestion TheHawaiianMuu muuisloosefittingandsuitsMary sMusejustfineanddoesnotdivertherattentionfromtheflowofcreativity Tips Writeinthepresenttense Makesuretoincludetheauthorandtitleofthework Beconcise asummaryshouldnotbeequalinlengthtotheoriginaltext Restatetheideasinyourownwordsasmuchaspossible Avoiddirectquotations Ifyoumustusethewordsoftheauthor citethem Don tputyourownopinions ideas orinterpretationsintothesummary Thepurposeofwritingasummaryistoaccuratelyrepresentwhattheauthorwantedtosay nottoprovideacritique Inthearticle theauthorarguesthatcredibilitycreatesandprojectsagoodimagetothepublic establishingtrustbetweenpeople Itmattersamongindividuals forenterprisesaswellasgovernments Theauthorfirsttellsthestoryofagirlwhoreturnedthechangetoindicatethatthecredibilityofindividualsisthefabricofthesoc