第十章 宾语从句 状语从句.doc

一、 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。中考英语对宾语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 引导宾语从句的连词和代词选择；2. 宾语从句的语序；3. 宾语从句的时态。基本形式：（主句）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+. 关于宾语从句连词的选择：若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用_that_，在口语中_that_可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或_weather_;若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)e.g. They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beingsI wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. He asked me where he could get such medicine. 扩充焦点一：宾语从句的引导词 1. 宾语从句具有陈述意义时用that引导。that无具体意思，不作任何成分，因此在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略。如： She said (that) she would leave the book on his desk. 她说她会把那本书放在他的桌子上。 从句的主语是that时，that不能省略；主从句之间有插入语时，that不能省略；若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句，且由并列连词连 接时，只有第一个连词that可以省去，其余保留。如： It says here, on this card, that it was used in plays.卡片上写着，它过去是演戏用的。 He thought that that was a washing machine. 他认为那是一台洗衣机。 My aunt said (that) she would come and that she would also bring her daughter. 我姑姑说她要来，还要带她的女儿来。 2. 当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，用if或whether来引导从句，意为“是否”。如： Alice wanted to know if / whether her grandmother liked the bag. 艾丽斯想知道她祖母是否喜欢这个包。 一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.在下列几种情况下，只能用whether, 不能用if: 当or not 紧随连词之后时。如： I dont know whether or not he will come on time. 我不知道他能否按时来。 从句用作介词宾语时。如： I am interested in whether he joined the army. 我对他是否入伍很感兴趣。 在带to的动词不定式前。如： She doesnt know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home. 她不知道是去看电影还是在家看电视。 当宾语从句移至句首表强调时。如： Whether this is true or not, Im not sure. 这是否真实，我不敢肯定。3. 宾语从句具有特殊疑问含义时用连接代（副）词引导，它们在宾语从句中充当一定成分，因此不能省略。如： Did you hear what he said? 你听见他说的话了吗？（作宾语） I dont know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的。（作表语） Could you tell me how I get to the post office? 你能告诉我到邮局怎么走吗？（作状语） 焦点二：宾语从句的语序 无论宾语从句的主句是陈述句还是疑问句，也无论主从句间是什么引导词，宾语从句一律用陈述语序，即“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”。如： Could you tell me? / Where does Wei Fang live? Could you tell me where Wei Fang lives? 当疑问代词who, what等在从句中作主语时，语序本来就是陈述语序，故语序不再变化。如： Who will give us a talk? Please tell us. Please tell us who will give us a talk. 焦点三：宾语从句的时态 如果主句是祈使句或主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时，则宾语从句可根据句意的需要而选用任何一种时态；若主句是一般过去时 ，宾语从句用表示过去的某种时态。 He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。 My father said that he was mending his bike. 我父亲说他正在修理自行车。 如果宾语从句表示客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、现阶段存在的客观事实、现在经常性或习惯性的动作、谚语、格言等，不论主句用何 种时态，从句一律用一般现在时如： The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播快。 He said time is money. 他说时间就是金钱。焦点四：宾语从句的简化 1. 当主句谓语动词是hope, agree, choose, wish, decide 等，其后用that引导的宾语从句，若主从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： He agreed that he could help me with my English. He agreed to help me with my English. 2 当主句谓语动词为see, hear, watch, find等词时，其后that宾语从句常简化为“宾语+宾语补定语”结构，宾补多为不带to的不定式或动词的现在分词。如： I heard that she sang some songs in the next room. I heard her sing some songs in the next room. 3 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，若从句的主语与主句的主语或间接宾语相一致时，可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如： I dont know what I should do. I dont know what to do. Can you tell me how I get to the hospital? Can you tell me how to get to the hospital? 焦点五：宾语从句的否定转移 当主句谓语动词为think, suppose, guess, believe等词时，并且主语为第一人称时，从句的否定词应转移到主句谓语动词上来。如： I dont believe that he will come tomorrow. 我相信他明天不会来。注意：if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：If it rains tomorrow，I wont come.（时间状语从句）I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）真题回放1. (2004年北京市中考试题) Miss Green didnt tell us _ in 2002. A. where does she live B. Where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived2. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题) Would you please tell me _? A. when did he come home B. where he would play football C. if he had seen the film D. why he didnt watch the game3. (2004年哈尔滨市中考试题) I dont know when _. A. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave4. (2004年常州市中考试题) -We dont know _. -It is said that he was born in Sweden. A. what he is B. if he lives here C. where he comes from D. which country is he from二、状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。1. 时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。(主将从现)例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”, “在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops. We wont start until Bob comes. Dont get off until the bus stops.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。（主将从现）例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.3. 原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car, he cant get there easily.Since we have no money, we cant buy it.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4. 结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldnt see it.(2)sothat语such.that可以互换。例如：在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term. 有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.5. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.6. 目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)7. 让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能和but用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.8. 地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如： Go where you like. Where there is a will, there is a way.( ) 1.（2009湖北武汉）What should I do here？Just put all the things they were.A. where B. when C. whose D. which( ) 2.（2009山东烟台）_ well you drive, you must drive carefully.A. No matter where B. In order thatC. No matter how D. As soon as( ) 3.（2009山东烟台）Dont laugh at her. She is _ any of the students in your class.A. as clever a student as B. as a clever student asC. so clever a student as D. so a clever student like ( ) 4.（2009湖北孝感） Tommy, do you know if Frank _ to the zoo this Sunday if it _? Sorry, I have no idea. A. will go; is fine B. goes; is fine C. will go; is going to be fine D. goes; will be fine ( ) 5.（2009河南）Its quite common in Britain to say “Thank you” to the drivers people get off the bus.A. after B. since C. until D. when( ) 6.（2009湖北孝感）_ Switzerland is very small, _ it is the land of watch and it is very rich.A. Though; but B. Because; so C. Because; / D. Though; / ( ) 7.（2009陕西绥德）I will call you as soon as I _ the ticket to the football match.A. will get B. get C. got D. am getting( ) 8.（2009.北京）If I find his phone number, I _ you.A. tell B. told C. will tell D. have told ( ) 9.（2009吉林通化）I bet M