噪音污染方面的外文文献原文及译文.doc

Noise pollutionWith the rapid economic development, urban environmental noise pollution is getting worse. The noise pollution and air pollution, water pollution and solid waste pollution has called the four urban environment pollutions .The noise pollution in cities almost everywhere, and extended to village day by day. Therefore, the noise problem has drawn increasing attention, thus the control of noise pollution is a key part of the monitoring of noise sources.Foreign environmental noise monitoring is accompanied by the deterioration of environmental quality process started, because the degree of industrialization and urbanization abroad earlier than China, environmental problems are also back in our country, to carry out environmental noise monitoring will naturally earlier. Since 1979, Chinas environmental noise monitoring into regular projects, more than 40 cities nationwide road traffic noise or environmental noise surveys.Noise pollution is come from the human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. The word noise comes from the Latin word nausea meaning seasickness.The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area. Indoor and outdoor noise pollution sources include car alarms, emergency service sirens, mechanical equipment, fireworks, compressed air horns, groundskeeping equipment, barking dogs, appliances, lighting hum, audio entertainment systems, electric megaphones, and loud people.Noise health effects are both health and behavioral in nature. The unwanted sound is called noise. This unwanted sound can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks. Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. A comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease.Noise pollution is also a cause of annoyance. A 2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately four Euros per decibel per year for noise reduction. Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals by causing stress, increasing risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator/prey detection and avoidance, and by interfering with their use of sounds in communication especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing. An impact of noise on animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar. Noise also makes species communicate louder, which is called Lombard vocal response. Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on. If creatures dont speak loud enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species begins speaking louder, it will mask other species voice, causing the whole ecosystem to eventually speak louder. European Robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. Interestingly, the same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time Light pollution, to which the phenomenon is often attributed. Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. The sound tube in Melbourne, Australia, designed to reduce roadway noise without detracting from the areas aesthetics. Technology to mitigate or remove noise can be applied as follows:There are a variety of strategies for mitigating roadway noise including: use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise, that is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project.Aircraft noise can be reduced to some extent by design of quieter jet engines, which was pursued vigorously in the 1970s and 1980s. This strategy has brought limited but noticeable reduction of urban sound levels. Reconsideration of operations, such as altering flight paths and time of day runway use, has demonstrated benefits for residential populations near airports. FAA sponsored residential retrofit programs initiated in the 1970s has also enjoyed success in reducing interior residential noise in thousands of residences across the United States.Exposure of workers to Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s. Changes include redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Noise Free America, a national anti-noise pollution organization, regularly lobbies for the enforcement of noise ordinances at all levels of government. Governments up until the 1970s viewed noise as a nuisance rather than an environmental problem. In the United States there are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise;,states and local governments typically have very specific statutes on building codes, urban planning and roadway development. In Canada and the EU there are few national, provincial, or state laws that protect against noise. Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities.Dr. Paul Herman wrote the first comprehensive noise codes in 1975 for Portland, Oregon with funding from the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and HUD (Housing and Urban Development). The Portland Noise Code became the basis for most other ordinances for major U.S. and Canadian metropolitan regions. Most city ordinances prohibit sound above a threshold intensity from trespassing over property line at night, typically between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., and during the day restricts it to a higher sound level; however, enforcement is uneven. Many municipalities do not follow up on complaints. Even where a municipality has an enforcement office, it may only be willing to issue warnings, since taking offenders to court is expensive. The notable exception to this rule is the City of Portland Oregon which has instituted an aggressive protection for its citizens with fines reaching as high at $5000 per infraction, with the ability to cite a responsible noise violator multiple times in a single day.Many conflicts over noise pollution are handled by negotiation between the emitter and the receiver. Escalation procedures vary by country, and may include action in conjunction with local authorities, in particular the police. Noise pollution often persists because only five to ten percent of people affected by noise will lodge a formal complaint. Many people are not aware of their legal right to quiet and do not know how to register a complaint. Because some stressful effects depend on qualities of the sound other than its absolute decibel value, the annoyance associated with sound may need to be considered in regard to health effects. For example, noise from airports is typically perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume. Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the annoyance of a noise. Even sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) can generate noise complaints and the lower threshold for noise producing sleep disturbance is 45 dB(A) or lower. Other factors that affect the annoyance level of sound include beliefs about noise prevention and the importance of the noise source, and annoyance at the cause of the noise. For instance, in an office setting, audible telephone conversations and discussions between co-workers were considered to be irritating, depending upon the contents of the conversations. Many of the interpretations of the level of annoyance and the relationship between noise levels and resulting health symptoms could be influenced by the quality of interpersonal relationships at the workplace, as well as the stress level generated by the work itself. In summary, control the production of noise pollution is very important about human life and health.外 文 文 献 译 文噪声污染随着国民经济的迅速发展，城市环境噪声污染问题日益严重，它已和大气污染，水污染及固体废物污染一起被称作城市环境方面的四大公害，噪声污染在城市中几乎无处不在，并且正向乡村扩展。所以噪声问题越来越引起人们的重视，因此控制噪声污染中关键的一环就是对噪声源的监测。国外环境噪声监测工作是伴随着环境质量恶化的过程而展开的，由于国外工业化和城市化程度早于我国，环境问题的产生也早于我国，开展环境噪声监测也自然较早。从1979年起，我国把环境噪声监测纳入常规项目，全国已有40多个城市开展了道路交通噪声或区域环境噪声的普查。噪声是指能够打乱人或动物的生命活动及其已有平衡的声音，其来源于人和动物的日常活动或者工作着的机器。噪声一词来自拉丁语nausea，其意思为晕船。全世界多数室外噪声的来源是运输系统，包括机动车噪声、航空噪声和铁路噪声。一个糟糕的城市规划可能使得工业区和住宅区安排过于紧密，这也促使噪声污染的恶劣程度有所提高。室内和室外噪音污染来源包括汽车警报，紧急情况服务警报器，机械设备，烟花，压缩空气垫铁，场地管理的设备，狗的咆哮声，机械、音频娱乐系统、电扩音机甚至说话很大声的人。噪声对身体的本质影响表现在健康和相关的行为上。不需要的声音称为噪声。这种不需要的声音可能会损坏生理和心理健康。噪音污染可能导致心烦和狂躁、高血压、压力大、耳鸣、听力丧失、睡眠干扰和其他恶性影响。 此外，压力大和高血压是导致健康问题的首要因素，而耳鸣可能导致丢三落四、严重消沉和时常性惊恐的发生。虽然听觉敏感性的降低与时间有关，并且观察中二个小组在79岁之前是难区分的，但是长时间暴露在噪声中会导致对噪音感应听觉的损耗。被暴露在重大职业性噪声中的年龄比较大的人比那些不暴露在噪声中的同龄人在听觉敏感性方面表现出显著的降低。这是在对暴露在运输和工业噪声中的Maaban部落成员进行比较得出的结论。很多美国人都认为，长时间的暴露在高水平的环境噪声中会造成听力的丧失。严重的噪声可能对心血管造成不良影响，并且在严重的噪声环境下连续暴露八个小时将导致血压升高百分之五到百分之十，不断增加的压力和血管的收缩也会导致血压的升高。最终将提高罹患冠状动脉疾病的几率。噪声污染也是引起烦躁的主要原因。2005年由西班牙研究员发表的一项研究结果表明那些地处市区的家庭每年愿意支付大约每分贝四欧元的治理噪声污染费用。噪声可以通制造压力对动物产生不良影响，噪声通过破坏完美的平衡结构来增加死亡的风险而且干扰通过声音起作用的通信方式例如再生产和航海活动。暴露于严重的噪声中可能导致临时或永久听力损伤。在噪声污染的区域，对动物的影响是减少了可用的栖息地。这也可能是某些濒危物种灭绝的原因之一。在靠近岸边使用军用声波探侧器，其产生的严重噪声污染造成了某些暴露在其中的鲸鱼死亡。噪声也使物种间沟通变的更大声，这称为Lombard声音反应。科学家和研究员做的试验显示当潜水艇探测器打开时，鲸鱼的叫声会变长。如果生物“讲话”不是足够大声，他们的声音将被人类制造的声音所掩没。这些未被听到的声音也许是发现猎物或者防备渔网的警告。当一个物种开始大声交流时，它将掩没其他物种的声音，这最终会造成整体生态系统的交流声音慢慢增大。生活在城市环境里的欧洲知更鸟可能不在高噪声的白天唱歌而改到了安静的晚上，而且它们之间的信息传递会更容易。有趣地，同一项研究表示，白天高噪声这一因素比原先认为的光污染更能使鸟类改变其生活习惯而将歌唱时间改在夜间。当暴露在交通噪声中，斑胸草雀对他们的伙伴变得更不忠实。在澳大利亚墨尔本，出现了没有破坏该地区环境而能降低地铁噪声的装置。用技术手段来减轻或消除噪声可以应用在许多领域。现在有许多方法能减轻道路噪音，包括：隔音屏障，限制车辆速度，道路表面纹理，限制重型车辆的改装使用，交通管制使车辆顺利行驶以减少刹车和加速，和轮胎的合理设计。应用这些战略的一个重要因素是对道路噪音建立计算机模型，这是能解决当地地形，气象，交通运营