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关键词：: 拉线操纵式离合器电子线控系统设计汽车 cad图纸

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拉线操纵式离合器电子线控系统设计

43页 18000字数+说明书+任务书+开题报告+外文翻译+2张CAD图纸【详情如下】

任务书.doc

外文翻译--线控技术在汽车上的运用.doc

拉线操纵式离合器电子线控系统设计开题报告.doc

拉线操纵式离合器电子线控系统设计说明书.doc

指导记录.doc

电路图.dwg

程序.doc

答辩相关材料.doc

装配图.dwg

说明书封皮.doc

过程管理封皮.doc

QQ截图20150203111055.gif

电路图.gif

拉线操纵式离合器电子线控系统设计.gif

全部文件.gif

摘要

随着汽车电子技术、自动控制技术的逐步成熟和汽车网络通信技术的广泛应用，汽车线控技术也逐步得到青睐和深入研究是汽车未来的发展趋势。

汽车线控技术就是将驾驶员的操纵动作经过传感器变成电信号，通过电缆直接传输到执行机构的一种系统。目前包括线控换档系统、线控制动系统、线控悬架系统、线控增压系统、线控油门系统及线控转向系统。其中线控转向系统在高级轿车、跑车及概念车上有广泛的应用，它为自动驾驶提供了良好的平台。

汽车离合器操纵形式有液压和拉线式两种。其中拉线式布置方便，摩擦损失大机械式受车架、车身变形影响大，两种机械式操纵机构的比较杆系传动优点：结构简单；成本低；寿命长；可靠性高；缺点：关节点多，摩擦损失大，不适合远距离操纵，受车身或车架的变形影响。拉线传动优点：结构简单；成本低；克服了杆系传动的不适合远距离操纵，受车身或车架的变形影响缺点；可采用吊挂式的踏板；缺点：寿命短，拉伸刚度小；拉伸变形导致增加踏板行程。

本设计针对拉线操纵式离合器设计线控操纵系统，可与原系统的功能进行切换工作。

关键词：线控离合器；H桥；PWM控制；控制策略；传感器

ABSTRACT

As automobile electronic technology ， Automatic control technology gradually mature and car network communications technology is widely used ， Automotive wire control technology is also gradually gain favour is car further research and the future trend of development.

Automotive wire control technology is the driver through sensor into electrical signal manipulation of action, Through the cable directly transmission to the actuator a system. Currently include wire control shift system, line control servo system, line control suspension system, Wire control the pressurization system, line oil-control door system and wire control steering system. Including wire control steering system in limousines, sports car And concept car, it is widely used for automated driving to provide a good platform.

Clutch manipulations hydraulic and farrowed type two kinds. Including farrowed type decorates convenient, Friction loss is big, By frame, body spurt type deformation great influence, Two kinds of mechanical control mechanisms of comparative bar transmission advantages: simple structure; Cost is low; Long life. High reliability; Faults: jointing, friction loss more big, do not suitable for long-distance manipulation, The body or frame by deformation. Farrowed transmission advantages: simple structure; Cost is low; Overcome the rod is not suitable for long-distance manipulation of transmission of, The body or frame by deformation faults. Can use hanging pedal; Faults: short life, stretching stiffness is small; Tensile deformation to lead to a rise in pedal stroke.

This design for farrowed manipulate type clutch design control systems, can wire with the original system function shifts.

Keywords: wire control clutch; H bridge; PWM control; Control strategies; sensor

摘要I

AbstractⅡ

第1章绪论1

1.1 选题的目的和意义1

1.2 线控技术现状分析7

1.3 线控技术发展前景2

1.4 研究内容和需解决的主要问题3

第2章线控离合器系统4

2.1线控离合器控制系统4

2.2线控离合器控制系统结构4

2.2.1 机械式离合器结构、原理4

2.2.2 线控离合器结构、原理5

2.3 线控离合器系统存在主要问题7

2.3.1 线控离合器的优点7

2.3.2 系统存在的主要问题8

2.4 本章小结8

第3章线控离合器数学模型和控制策略10

3.1 系统建模10

3.1.1 线控离合器机构10

3.1.2 工作过程分析10

3.1.3 齿轮传动及齿隙影响10

3.2 控制策略分析11

3.3 本章小结12

第4章控制系统硬件设计13

4.1 控制系统结构13

4.2 控制系统电路设计14

4.2.1 单片机的选择14

4.2.2 飞思卡尔单片机的简介及优点15

4.2.3 信号处理电路设计17

4.3 驱动电路设计18

4.3.1 H桥驱动电路18

4.3.2 PWM模块及工作原理20

4.3.3 使能控制和方向逻辑22

4.4 直流电机控制原理23

4.4.1直流电机控制原理23

4.4.2 直流电机的可逆 PWM控制电路24

4.4.3 PID控制原理25

4.5 本章小结27

第5章控制系统软件设计29

5.1 软件系统总体分析29

5.2 控制功能软件设计30

5.2.1 功能子程序设计30

5.2.2 控制功能程序编写31

5.3 本章小结35

结论36

参考文献37

致谢38

第1章绪论

1.1 选题的目的和意义

目的：随着汽车电子技术、自动控制技术的逐步成熟和汽车网络通信技术的广泛应用，汽车线控技术也逐步得到青睐和深入研究是汽车未来的发展趋势。

汽车离合器操纵形式有液压和拉线式两种。其中拉线式：布置方便，摩擦损失大机械式受车架、车身变形影响大两种机械式操纵机构的比较杆系传动：优点：结构简单；成本低；寿命长；可靠性高；缺点：关节点多，摩擦损失大，不适合远距离操纵，受车身或车架的变形影响。拉线传动：优点：结构简单；成本低；克服了杆系传动的不适合远距离操纵，受车身或车架的变形影响缺点；可采用吊挂式的踏板；缺点：绳索的寿命短，拉伸刚度小；拉伸变形导致增加踏板行程。本设计针对拉线操纵式离合器设计线控操纵系统，可与原系统的功能进行切换工作。

1.4 研究内容和解决的主要问题

本设计需对离合器的分离过程和分离力进行研究、计算，对分离和接合的过程进行分析，建立相应的力学模型，从而确定PWM脉冲输出的频率和电机输出的转矩。还有需要有正确的程序，来控制电机的转动。还需设计传动机构、传动比、齿轮支架和传感器支架等。同时，需保证此机构动作的响应性要足够快，而且动作不能有缓冲，最后就是把各机械部件可靠连接保证工作的可靠性，最重要的是需要写出正确的程序来驱动整个装置，并可以实际应用。

线控技术研究的难点在于高性能控制器的研制，要求在整个系统中有精确高速的通讯协议网络，使控制中心和执行器之间能完全协调、匹配工作；而且需要高效的容错技术，使得系统出现故障时能够保障一定的安全，即系统有好的可靠性。

目前线控技术在汽车中的应用还不成熟。但随着汽车各系统的电子化、集成化的发展需要，线控技术发展迅速，作为一种汽车高新电子技术，线控技术必将得到广泛的应用。但电子化不可能完全取代机械化，机械系统的损坏通常都是有过程的，而线控制系统的失效是瞬间的。如果线控制系统失效那一刻汽车的速度行驶过高，造成的后果就可能非常严重。电子控制要完全取代机械操作还需要时间。

结论

本文对线控离合器控制系统的模型和控制实现进行了分析和研究。内容主要包括线控离合器的技术、产品发展及现状调研；离合器运动系统建模及控制器设计；直流电机驱动芯片的选择；在经过理论分析和实验研究以后，对离合器运动系统和控制系统有了一定的理解和掌握。

归纳起来主要研究工作内容和结果叙述如下：

1.线控离合器的组成部分及其特性的研究，为控制系统的设计提供依据。从硬件方面讲，必须设计直流电机的驱动电路，完成闭环反馈控制；从软件角度讲，要获得精确控制，必须考虑复位弹簧引起的非线性。

2.以飞思卡尔9S12XS128为主芯片开发的硬件控制系统可以完成线控离合器的闭环控制。

3.离合器动态特性的研究发现，由于复位弹簧在静态位置前后扭矩方向的改变，离合器分离度范围及开度的变化趋势不同时，所需的控制量不同，使得离合器控制系统存在非线性，要获得精确的控制，必须采用非线性控制方法。

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内容简介：: 附录附录 A1 Wire control technology in car use 1.Line Control Move (Volkswagen wire) By Line control servo system powered by realize electronic device, control device, gearing, brake four parts. ECU (electronic control units) for brake system for overall control by new electronic brake, each brakes have their own control unit. Mechanical connection reduce gradually, the brake pedal and brake the power transfer between separated, to be replaced by wire, wire transfer energy, cable relay signals. Line control move in cars since ABS since widely used on the braking system of once again skip-type development. Current line control servo system is divided into two types: one is the electro-hydraulic braking system hydraulic EHB (Electronic - Volkswagen), another kind is Electronic Mechanical braking system Mechanical EMB (Electronic - Volkswagen). Electric hydraulic brake system of electronic and hydraulic system is to combine electronic control system, by hydraulic system provide motivation; Electronic and mechanical braking system will replace traditional brake system with wire the air or brake fluid force transmission medium, such as electric brakes to replace traditional brake, electronic and mechanical braking system is the development direction of future braking system. Line control servo system is the common features is Angle with the pedal force can step by step; the proportion of electronic control Has control of braking torque and pedal Angle corresponding program control unit; Program control unit can be based on other sensors or controller input signal active braking and other function realization. 2. Wire Control Steering System Wire control Steering System referred By Steering SBW (By Wire System), it has the function of the network connection fault-tolerant control unit, actuators and sensors and redundancy of electronic control units, cancel the Steering dish and Steering wheel mechanical connection between entirely By electricity, realize Steering, from the traditional Steering System of various restrictions. Not only can free design of steering force transfer characteristics, but also can design the horns of the vehicle steering transmission characteristics, the design of steering characteristics to bring infinite space. The driver turned to the disk operating, turning to dish sensor test drivers steering data (yaw angles sensors, camera, etc), to turn auxiliary system detection data, providing environmental ECU to data and environmental testing data through the network bus real-time transmission to the electronic control unit ECU, ECU to data and in accordance with the driver detection data, environment controlling steering actuators action achieve turning and will wheel corner, torque and road such as feeling of feedback to drivers, to ensure that the steering system reliable safety and system has set up redundancy electronic control units, in emergency situations, the system will ignore error messages, make the vehicle safety running smoothly. 3. Line Oil-control Door Line oil-control door, also called electronic throttle, namely engine accelerator is through electronic control. The traditional throttle control mode is the accelerator pedal, drivers through by throttle levers of direct control engine accelerator open degree, thus decided to speeds up or slows down, the driver action and throttle action is through bars between the role of the mechanical connection. And with electronic connection line oil-control door instead of mechanical connection, the pilots on the accelerator pedal control by still pull rod, rod is not straight , but one received throttle attached to an accelerator pedal position sensor, the position of rod sensor that will change into electrical signals transmitted to the electronic control unit, automotive electronic control unit will to collect relevant sensor signal processed sends commands to throttle actuators control module, throttle actuators control module to send signals to the throttle actuators, thus control throttle opening-closing degree. That is the driver with throttle action of action between the electrical signals by electronic components is connected. Line than traditional throttle control oil door way according to precise, engine running of the various auto finely tuned into the cylinder of information, the fuel air mixture, improve engine combustion status, which greatly improve the performance and fuel economy of car. Toyota models adopted in Lexus all electronic thread oil-control door systems, have 2 accelerator pedal position sensor, all send data to the engine control unit ECM, if one of the accelerator pedal position sensor no signal, car can still driving, and engine warning light; If two accelerator pedal position sensor are no signal, the engine working in idle state. Line of oil door system according to the driver intention of action, analysis the driver, accurate control of the throttle and increase the driving stability and dynamic economy. In the new generation of accord sedan V6 engine 2.4 L and 3.0 L had adopted line on new technology of oil door. Through the sensor to monitor the accelerator pedal position of power control, ECU. Its advantage is improved started smooth, improved fuel efficiency engine response, defect is a slight lag. In addition the wire control technology brings another advantage is that fixed speed cruise function, its control key is integrated in on steering wheel, simple operation is convenient. Honda motor company Civic series to the eighth and evolution of 2005. The vehicle adopted 1 four cylinder engine, 1.8 L newly developed 1.8 cixin Li - VTEC control variable valve timing (intelligent and lift) inline 4 cylinder engine can burst 103kW for maximum power peak torque can reach more than 174Nm, almost all the natural inlet type with displacement of domestic models. This engine applied the Hondas latest I - VTEC technology, match with use wire the throttle control technology, can very effectively improve fuel economy, reducing harmful emissions. And intake efficiency and compression ratio are further improved, and made strong output power. Making yuan ECM, if one of the accelerator pedal position sensor no signal, car can still driving, and engine warning light; If two accelerator pedal position sensor are no signal, the engine working in idle state. Line of oil door system according to the driver intention of action, analysis the driver, accurate control of the throttle and increase the driving stability and dynamic economy.Example: wire control technology in fuel-cell car can drive applications - general HY HY wire control car change traditional mechanical transmission mode of connecting rod, using electronic signals to manipulate throttle, braking and steering mechanism. Canceled the traditional steering dish, throttle, brake pedal all operations are concentrated in a handles with one hand, the pilot can finish all of the operation. When pilots to speeds up or slows down, can promote the handle to the right or to the left; Braking buttons also installed in the handle, braking click braking button; When cornering, drivers simply up or down push lever. Electronic wire control device constitute a set of convenient operation control unit that a set of control unit is called X - drive. It replaced the traditional steering plate etc, with just one hand make drivers can be completed in all haste and slow (brake), turn operation. Traditional car is through a set of mechanical device, like steering bar etc, the rotation through manipulation steering dish to wheel rotation. Wire control technology is the driver to turn into an electronic pulse instructions, the sensor captures an electronic pulse, the electronic pulse signal is driven by the electronic control motor to make wheel bogie rotation. Line control system is transformed into the instructions driver with the electrical signals, electrical signals to drive motor. Because the software determines the automobile driving characteristics, such as accelerated, deceleration (brake), turn, etc., all work just reproduced, implement the corresponding software programs. 附录 A2 线控技术在汽车上的运用1.线控制动（brake by-wire）线控制动系统由实现电子化的供能装置、控制装置、传动装置、制动器4个部分组成。ECU（电控单元）对制动系统进行整体控制，采用全新的电子制动器，每个制动器有各自的控制单元。机械连接逐渐减少，制动踏板和制动器之间的动力传递分离开，取而代之的是电线连接，电线传递能量，数据线传递信号。线控制动是自ABS在汽车上得到广泛应用以来制动系统的又一次飞跃式发展。目前线控制动系统分为2种类型：一种是电液制动系统EHB（Electronic-hydraulic Brake），另一种是电子机械制动系统EMB（Electronic-Mechanical Brake）。电液制动系统是将电子与液压系统相结合，由电子系统控制，液压系统提供动力；电子机械制动系统则用电线取代传统制动系统中的空气或制动液等传力介质，电制动器取代传统制动器，电子机械制动系统是未来制动系统的发展方向。线控制动系统的共同特点是都具有踏板转角与踏板力可按比例调控的电子踏板；具有控制制动力矩与踏板转角相对应的程序控制单元；程序控制单元可基于其他传感器或控制器的输入信号实现主动制动及其它功能。2.线控转向系统线控转向系统简称SBW（Steering By Wire System），它由具有容错功能的网络相连接的控制单元、执行器、传感器和冗余电控单元组成，取消了转向盘与转向轮之间的机械连接，完全由电实现转向，摆脱了传统转向系统的各种限制。不但可以自由设计汽车转向的力传递特性，而且可以设计汽车转向的角传递特性，给汽车转向特性的设计带来无限的空间。驾驶员操作转向盘时，转向盘传感器检测驾驶员的转向数据（横摆角传感器、摄像机等），向转向辅助系统ECU提供环境检测数据，转向数据和环境检测数据通过网络总线实时传送给电子控制单元ECU，ECU按照驾驶员的转向数据和环境检测数据，控制转向执行器动作实现转向，并将车轮的转角、转矩和路感等反馈给驾驶员，为确保转向系统安全可靠，系统设置了冗余电控单元，在紧急情况下，系统会忽略错误信息，使车辆安全平稳地运行。3.线控油门线控油门，也称为电控油门，即发动机的油门是通过电子控制的。传统的油门控制方式是驾驶员通过踩油门踏板，由油门拉杆直接控制发动机油门的开合程度，从而决定加速或减速，驾驶员的动作与油门动作之间是通过拉杆的机械作用连接的。而线控油门用电子连接代替机械连接，驾驶员仍然通过踩油门踏板控制拉杆，拉杆不是直接连接到油门，而是连着一个油门踏板位置传感器，传感器将拉杆的位置变化转变为电信号传送至汽车的电子控制单元，电子控制单元将采集到的相关传感器信号经过处理后发送指令至油门执行器控制模块，油门执行器控制模块再发送信号给油门执行器，从而控制油门的开合程度。也就是说驾驶员的动作与油门的动作之间是通过电子元件的电信号连接的。线控油门比传统油门控制方式精确，发动机能够根据汽车的各种行驶信息，精确调节进入气缸的燃油空气混合气，改善发动机的燃烧状况，从而大大提高了汽车的动力性和经济性。丰田公司在Lexus车型上采用了全电子的线控油门系统，系统有2个加速踏板位置传感器，都发送数据给发动机控制单元ECM，如果其中一个加速踏板位

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