英语网考语法总复习.doc

英语网考语法总复习动词的时态英语共有16种时态，根据考卷分析， 时态测试重点主要有：完成时态-现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态-现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。 一、一般时态1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词 usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week 等连用。例如： 1）The moon moves round the earth. 2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. （2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment 以及 if，unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. （3）某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave 等。例如： 1）The plane leaves at three sharp. 2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow. （4）在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2）Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow. 2一般过去时 （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如： 1）He always went to class last. 2）I used to do my homework in the library. （注意与be used to doing短语的区别） 3一般将来时 1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2）几种替代形式： 1）be going to v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money. 2）be to v表示计划安排要做的事，具有必要的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3）be about to v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4）be due to v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）be on the point/verge of v - ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、进行时态1现在进行时 （1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如： Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. （2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. （3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. （4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示感觉，感情，存在，从属等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感觉的词）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的动词）；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1）Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? （look 在此为联系动词，意为显得，看上去） 2）Tom is looking for his books. （look 在此为实义动词，意为寻找） 2 过去进行时过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如： 1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3 将来进行时将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如： 1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4 完成进行时（现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。三、完成时态完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为： 1 现在完成时 （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如： 1）I have just finished my homework. 2）Mary has been ill for three days. （2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1）I havent been there for five years. 2）So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation. 3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978. （3）完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second.) time 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) n 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) 形容词最高级 n 定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如： （1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.2 过去完成时（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 另外两种表示过去想做而未做的事的表达方式是： 1）was / were to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) to have done sth, 例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. （3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1）hardly, scarcely, barely 过去完成时 when 过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2）no sooner 过去完成时 than 过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) 过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon. 3将来完成时将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如： 1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock. 3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.4 完成进行时完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。 （1）现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it. （2）过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. （3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.英语网考语法总复习英语倒装句的几种情况1. 某些副词 不及物动词 主语的句式，需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有：here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等，表示强调。主语是代词时，不必倒装。Out rushed the boy . Down came the brown wave . 2. 表示方位的短语放在句首，后面一般使用倒装语序。West of the lake lies the famous city . 3. There be 主语 地点。其中动词be也可以是其他词，如lie，stand等。There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table . There in Greece lived a famous thinker , named Aristotle . 4. 如果直接引语后注明是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，需要完全倒装；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。Lets go ! said the captain . Take off your boots ! ordered the guard . 5. 为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时。They arrived at an old church , in front of which stood a big crowd of people . 6. 用于so开头的句子，表示重复前面相同的内容，意为也怎么样。另外，在结果状语从句句型so that 中，如果强调so放在句首，主句需要部分倒装。I often go out for a walk after supper . So does she . 我经常在晚饭后出去散步，她也这样。So excited was she at the news that she couldnt say a word .听到这个消息，她是如此激动，以致于一句话也说不出来。7. 用于nor , neither 开头的句子，表示重复前面相同的内容，也不怎么样。Li Lei cant answer the question . Neither can I . If you dont wait for him , nor shall I . 8. only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。Only in this way can we get in touch with them . Only because he was ill was he absent from school . 注意：only放在句首，强调主语时，语序不必倒装。Only Mr Wang knows about it . 9. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly when , no sooner than 等。Little did I think he is a spy . 我一点也没想到他是一个间谍。Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain . No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang . 10. 在虚拟语气中，倒装代替条件。 Should he be here next week , he would help us with the problem . Were there no light , we could see nothing . 11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed ! 祝你成功！ Long live France ! 法兰西万岁！电大英语网考语法总复习非谓语动词非谓语动词指不定式，动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。他们具有名词和形容词的某些特征，因而可以做主语，表语，宾语，定语和状语。I 动词不定式作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：afford, agree, ask, attempt, bet, bother, begin, cease, claim, decline, demand, desire, dislike, expect, hasten, hate, hope, learn, decide, seem, intend, try, hesitate, permit, refuse, manage, order, compel, persuade, tend, fail, consent, choose, forget, mean, pledge, pretend, promise, seek, refuse, struggle, threaten, venture, volunteer, wait, wish 等。例如：He managed to pass the exam.He persuaded me to accept the invitation.He promised to be here at nine.I didnt expect to see you here.在某些复合宾语中，常先用it代表不定式，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：He considered it better to leave now.I found it impossible to finish the work on time.作定语（常置于名词之后）。由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词或代词的的宾语 (ability, ambition, anything, attempt, capability, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something, tendency, time, way, wish) 例如:She is always the first student to arrive at school.He is always the last one to leave the office.I dont think he is the best man to do the job.I have no desire to travel.Youll find something to interest you here.There is no need to bother him with such trifles.注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。例如：I havent decided which hotel to stay at.I found no one to play with.不定式常用于修饰下列形容词: able, afraid, angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.Water is unfit to drink.French is difficult to learn. He is reluctant to agree with me.Im sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：When to start has not been decided.The problem is how to get there on time.How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.The difficulty was which way to choose.在有些动词后常用疑问词 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder, consider, understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。例如：He didnt know what to do next.I havent decided whether to go to Japan.3.不定式的复合结构(1)由for 名词或代词 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。例如：It is important for the accounts to be ready by Friday.His idea is for us to travel in different cars.(2)还有一种由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：bold, brave, careless, civil, clever, courageous, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wrong, wise等。例如：Its kind of you to say so.Its brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby! 4.不带to 的动词不定式(1)在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。例如：The teacher makes me rewrite the composition.I heard her say that she was fed up.(2)在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well, can not but, cannot help, do nothing but等。例如：Id better go now, or Ill miss the train.I would just as soon as go with him.They can not but accept his terms.(3)在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to 的动词不定式。例如：Theres nothing to do except wait.We have no choice but to wait.I have no alternative but to leave.There is no choice but to go there.There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.(4) rather than, sooner than置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to.例如：Rather than leave the child behind, he brought the child with him.出现在句中其他位置时，通常也不带to，但有时为了保持前后一致也有带to的情况。例如：He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5)在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to，例如：Why argue with him?Why not send those books back?II 动名词动名词是由动词原形 ing构成，在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语等。作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语：admit, acknowledge, anticipate, appreciate, avoid cant help, consider, defer, delay, deny, dislike, ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, favor, finish, give up, keep on, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, resent, risk, stop, suggest, look forward to, object to, be accustomed to, be used to doing, succeed in, look like, feel like, insist on, stick to, persist in, etc. 例如：Some people do not enjoy smoking.Because of the bad weather, we postpone holding the meeting.某些固定结构（动名词特殊用法）(1)There is no v-ing 是不可能的。例如：There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)There is no telling where shes gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where shes gone.)(2)make a point of doing 认为是必要的。例如：Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)(3)be on the point / verge/ brink of doing 濒临，将要。例如：He was on the point of leaving.(4)on (upon) doing 一就。例如：On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)(5)it is no use / good doing 是没有用的，there is no point in doing sth 是没必要的。例如：It is no use trying to persuade him. (= It is of no use to try to persuade him.)There is no point in telling her this news. (= It is not necessary to tell her the news.)(6)go doing (大部分指运动和游戏)。例如：He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.(7)动名词短语常用在以下结构中：have difficulty (in) doing sthhave trouble (in) doing sthhave fun (in) doing sthhave a good time (in) doing sthhave a hard time (in) doing sth例1：We have great difficulty (in) solving the problem.例2：They had problem getting there.英语网考语法总复习状语从句1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。2 方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。1） as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。3 原因状语从句比较：because, since, as和for1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. 我没有去，因为我害怕。 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 自从天气这么糟糕，我们不得不推迟我们的旅行。 因为天气大家都是显而易见的，所以可以用AS或SINCE代替。2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，因为今天他缺席。 由BECAUSE引导的从句放在句末，且前面有逗号，可用FOR代替。4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that所以, in order that, lest唯恐，以免, for fear that唯恐，害怕, in case万一等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须说话大声点，因此我们大家都可听得见。 He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 他由于恐惧而写下名字以免忘记。 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. BETTER带多一点衣服以防天气变冷。5 结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolish那样愚蠢such a fool 这么个蠢货so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progress 这样快速进步so many peoplesuch a lot of people象这么多的人 （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. 这个男孩年龄太小而不能上学。 He is such a young boy that he cant go to school. 他这么个小男孩还不能够上学。6 条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless如果不，除非, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果你不累的话让我们出去走走。 If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 如果你不太累让我们出去去去。典型例题You will be late _ you leave immediately.A. unless B. until C. ifD. or答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.7 让步状语从句though, although注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although its raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）典型例题1） _she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2)as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3)ever if, even though即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也将准备旅行。4) whetheror. 不管都 Whether you believe it