虚拟语气(1).doc

虚拟语气导言英语中虚拟语气是通过动词时态的变化来体现。本课在讲解虚拟语气时，所用的方法与传统讲法不同。我们试图从句子时态的改变来推论出虚拟的构成。只要同学理解了这一点，就可以举一反三。掌握虚拟语气。虚拟语气是用来表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的情况。主要是通过动词的变化来体现的。 虚拟语气动词时态变化的规则对于一个已经学过从句，又能正确使用时态的学生来说，掌握虚拟语气并不难。英语的虚拟语气是将句子动词原本应该使用的时态向后退一步，以表示该句与事实相反。后退的方法如下： 现在时退过去时现在完成时退过去完成时过去时退过去完成时一般将来时退过去将来时过去将来时退过去将来完成时注：在虚拟语气中不用was，所有人称都用were。1、 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用。 If I have money I will lend it to you. If I had money I would lend it to you.第一句话没有使用虚拟，表示我很可能会借你钱。第二句话使用了虚拟，表示我不可能借你钱。用虚拟只是一种委婉的说法。对比两句的时态，正像我们上面所讲的，现在时退到过去时，一般将来时退到过去将来时。 If I have time, I will go to see you. If I had time, I would go to see you.请注意比较上面两句话不同的含义与时态的变化。 If Im you, I will buy that car.（假设句） If I were you, I would buy that car.由于我不可能是你，所以第一句话必须虚拟，因而第一句是错误的句子，但我们可以从中看出时态的变化。为了方便理解在下面的例句中都会给出一个假设句，但必须指出，例句中的假设句只是为了逻辑说明。在实际应用中是不存在的，也就是说是错的。假设句If it snows in summer, it will be great fun.虚拟句If it snowed in summer, it would be great fun. 如果夏天能下雪，那该多有意思。 现在时退过去时 （从句） snowssnowed 一般将来时退过去将来时（主句） will be would be1Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly 1A 对将来时的虚拟退过去将来时。假设句If I brought my checkbook yesterday, I would pay by check.虚拟句If I had brought my checkbook yesterday, I would have paid by check. 如果昨天我带支票来了，我就会付支票。 过去时退过去完成时（从句） broughthad brought 过去将来时退过去将来完成时（主句） would pay would have paid假设句If I had your address in New York, I would call on you before I came back to China.虚拟句If I had had your address in New York, I would have called on you before I came. 如果我有你在纽约的地址，我回中国以前，就去看你了。 过去时退过去完成时 （从句） hadhad had 过去将来时退过去将来完成时（主句） would call on would have called on2I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 表示对过去时间的虚拟，过去时退过去完成时，过去将来时，退过去将来完成时。假设句If you havent finished the homework by now, you will not be allowed to see the film this evening.虚拟句If you hadnt finished the homework by now, you would not be allowed to see the film this evening, 如果你到现在还没做完作业的话晚上就不让你去看电影了。 现在完成时退过去完成时 （从句） havent finished hadnt finished 一般将来时退过去将来时 （主句） will be allowed would be allowed假设句If he took my advice, he will be a scientist.虚拟句If he had taken my advice, he would be a scientist. 如果他以前听我的建议，他将会成为一个科学家。 过去时退过去完成时 （从句） took had taken 一般将来时退过去将来时 （主句） will be would be假设句If you were there, the meeting might go smoothly.虚拟句If you had been there, the meeting might have gone smoothly. 如果你要是在，会就会开得更顺利。 过去时退过去完成时 （从句） werehad been 过去将来时退过去将来完成时（主句） might might have gone注：情态动词的时态倒退的方法与一般动词一样，如can, may等情态动词可以把它们看作将来时，could, might看作过去将来时，could have done, might have done看作过去将来完成时。假设句If there was more snow last year, we will have a good harvest this fall.虚拟句If there had been more snow last year, we would have a good harvest. 如果去年多下一点雪，今年秋天就会有个好收成。 过去时退过去完成时 （从句） was had been 一般将来时退过去将来时 （主句） will have would have注：上面的一些例句在传统教学中称为错综句，理解上比较困难。用时态后退的方法，做起来就容易了。2、 虚拟条件句中if的省略。如果虚拟条件句中有were或had done通常可将were或had放在句首，if可省略。 If I had studied more, I would have passed the test. Had I studied more, I would have passed the test. 如果我多学习点，我就会通过考试。 If I were in your place I wouldnt say so. Were I in your place, I wouldnt say so. 如果我处在你的位置，我就不会这样说。1_ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not 虚拟条件句省略if 条件句必须倒装，因条件句是过去时，所以应退过去完成时。3、 用介词短语表示虚拟条件。假设句Without your help, we will not be able to finish the work in time.虚拟句Without your help, we would not be able to finish the work in time. 没有你的帮助我就不能按时完成这项工作。 一般将来时退过去将来时 will not be would not be假设句But for his good education, he would not get the job.虚拟句But for his good education, he would not have got the job. 幸亏他受过很好的教育，否则不会找到那份工作的。 过去将来时退过去将来完成时 would get would have got4、 在if only, wish, as if(as though)后的句子用虚拟。 假设句If only this rain will stop! 虚拟句If only this rain would stop! 如果雨会停就好了。 一般将来时退过去将来时 will would假设句If only our team scored one more point!虚拟句If only our team had scored one more point! 如果我们的队多得1分就好了。 过去时退过去完成时 scored had scored1If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lieif only后用虚拟，从句是对过去的虚拟，应用过去完成时。主句是对将来的虚拟，应退到过去将来时，该句是错综虚拟语句，既主句和从句跳跃两个时间。假设句I wish the semester is over now.虚拟句I wish the semester were over now. 我希望这个学期现在就结束。 现在时退过去时 is were注：wish后的从句可以用were也可以用was假设句I wish I didnt get rid of those old letter.虚拟句I wish I hadnt gotten rid of those old letters. 我希望我没有把那些旧信扔了。 过去时退过去完成时 didnt get rid of hadnt gotten rid of假设句He treats me as if Im a child.虚拟句He treats me as if I were a child. 他对我就像我是个孩子似的。 现在时退过去时 am were假设句He talks as if he saw it himself.虚拟句He talks as if he had seen it himself.* 他讲话的样子好像是他亲眼看见似的。 过去时退过去完成时 saw had seen1When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been brokenas if 后用虚拟，现在时退过去时。注：as though在很多情况下不用使用虚拟形式，请看例句： It may look as though Im ready for this trip, but I havent even packed my suitcase. It seems as though weve known each another for a long time instead of just two weeks.5、 独立虚拟句是指在一定的上下文中，不需要条件句、介词短语、if only等，虚拟句也可以独立使用。 假设句It will be wrong to say so. 虚拟句It would be wrong to say so. 要是那样讲就错了。（不会那样讲） 一般将来时退过去将来时 will be would be 假设句Only a fool will trust him. 虚拟句Only a fool would trust him. 只有傻子才会信任他。（不会有人相信他） 一般将来时退过去将来时 will trust would trust6、 It is（high）time that句子中that从句动词用虚拟假设句It is time we are off.虚