十六种时态简识.doc

时态简识英语的时态包含时、体、态，但是具体划分方式学者们争论不一，我们这里采取一种简单易行的方式来认知它。所谓时态可以这样简单做解：由时可有：现在，过去，将来，过去将来；由体可有：一般，进行，完成，完成进行由态可以有：主动，被动注意：一般教学中所提到的时态是一种比较笼统的说法，但毕竟已经被简化称名多年，所以不妨本着“存在或有某种合理”的精神，继续认可沿用，免得学习时新老称谓混作一团而不知所云。两者相互组合，形成如下时态：一般现在时， 一般过去时， 一般将来时， 过去将来时； 现在进行时， 过去进行时， 将来进行时， 过去将来进行时； 现在完成时， 过去完成时， 将来完成时， 过去将来完成时； 现在完成进行时， 过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时。提示：英语是动词语言，时态所指的是动词的时态，学习时态只需要把握住两点：1.时间状语或特定副词 2，动词形式变化。动词形式取决于时间状语（或特定副词），随其变化而相应改变。一、 一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）概念：表示经常性的或习惯性的动作、特征或状态。l 代表状语与常见副词： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，etc适用范围:1)表示现在存在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常与every day，twice a week(每周二次)，often (常，往往)，usually(通常)，always(总是)，seldom(很少)，sometimes(有时)等时间状语连用。e.g. It is sometimes impossible to keep clear of errors.( 误差往往是不可避免的。)e.g. He is seldom at home during the day.( 他白天很少在家。)2）表示主语的一般特征、性格、能力等。e.g. He works hard.他工作很努力。(即：他是一个勤劳的人。)e.g. He likes to be independent.他独立性很强。（表示性格）e.g. You draw beautifully. 你画得很好看.（表示能力）3）表示客观事实或普遍真理、定理。e.g. Two plus two makes four.（二加二等于四。）e.g. There are 3,600 seconds in an hour. （一小时有三千六百秒。）e.g. Many a little makes a mickle.(积少成多，聚沙成塔。) 4）表示安排或计划好的将来的动作(一般只限于某些表示移动的短暂动词，如go，come，leave，start等)。e.g. The train starts at ten oclock in the morning.（ 火车将于上午十点钟开出。）e.g. Bob comes of age next week. （鲍伯下周就达到法定年龄。）5） 引用书籍报刊或者作者原话时，一般须用现在一般时。e.g. The Master said,“He who learns without thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” （子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”）e.g. As the Readers Digest once said:“Many persons call a doctor when all they want is an audience.”（正如读者文摘所说的，“很多人找医生, 但他们所要的，不过是个静听者.。”）6) 某些副词提到句首，句子倒装，语气感叹的场合e.g. Here are few examples to illustrate this principle. （略举数例, 用以说明这一原理。）e.g. There goes the bell！ 铃响了！(注意there必须在句首)Humors: (1) Teacher: Boys, I have a riddle to ask you. Theres something wearing beautiful feather, and it can wake you up every morning. What is it, Tom?Tom: A feather duster, with which father wakes me up every morning.(2) Arent you ashamed of yourself, Victor? Youre the worst pupil in your class. Said the father. Whats that got to do with me? Is it my fault that the worst one was yesterday transferred to another school? was the answer.(3) A patron in Montreal cafe turned on a tap in the washroom and got scalded. This is an outrage, he complained. The faucet marked C gave me boiling water. 蒙特利尔自助餐厅的一位顾客拧开盥洗室的龙头，结果被水烫伤了。“这太可恶了，”他抱怨道，“标着C的龙头流出的是开水。”（顾客以为是cold）But, Monsieur, C stands for chaude - French for hot. You should know that if you live in Montreal. “可是，先生，C代表Chaude法语里代表热。如果您居住在蒙特利尔的话就得知道这一点。”Wait a minute, roared the patron. The other tap is also marked C. “等等，”那位顾客咆哮一声，“另外一个龙头同样标的是C。”Of course, said the manager, It stands for cold. After all, Montreal is a bilingual city. “当然，”经理说道：“它代表冷。毕竟，蒙特利尔是个双语城市。”二）Past Simple Tense一般过去时概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。代表状语与常见副词：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 适用范围:1）表示过去的动作或状态，常带有如yesterday，two days ago，last week，in l980等时间状语以及由when等连词引导的时间状语从句。e.g. Linda gave birth to a baby last week.（琳逹上星期生了個宝宝。）e.g. He was wild with joy when he heard the news. （当他听说那消息时欣喜若狂。）2）叙述过去连续发生的一件件事情或动作。e.g. He got up early in the morning，fetched water，swept the yard and then went out to work.（他早上起得很早，打水，扫院，然后去上班。）3）表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作。e.g. When my brother was a teenager，he played table tennis almost everyday.（我弟弟十几岁时，几乎每天都打乒乓球。）e.g. We used to talk for hours about everything under the sun.( 我们过去一聊便是数小时，天底下的事无所不谈。）4）在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。e.g. They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.(他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息，就通知我们。)e.g. He was going to take it easy when he got back.（他回去以后，要过轻松的日子。）Humors:（1）Mike was late for school. He said to his teacher, Mr. Black, I am afraid that you have to excuse me for my coming late, sir. I watched a football match in my dream. Why did it make you late？ asked the teacher. Because neither team could win the game, so it lasted a long time, replied Mike.（2）We were gathered together, all ten of us, for our widowed mothers 80th birthday. The conversation was of early struggles, walking to work and saving up in clothing clubs, when my elder sister said, Of course, we were bound to be poor because we were such a big family. Mom, why did you have so many children? Mother looked around at us all and said, Well, where did you want to me to stop?（3）A school teacher friend of mine injured his back and had to wear a plaster cast around the upper part of his body.我有一位作教师的朋友弄伤了他的背，因此上身不得不穿石膏罩。On his first day of the term, still with the cast under his shirt, he was assigned to teach the most undisciplined class.开学的第一天，他的身上还穿着石膏罩。他被分派教最不守纪律的班级。Stepping confidently into the rowdy classroom, he opened the window as wide as possible.他很自信的步入乱哄哄的教室，把窗子尽可能大的打开。Just then, a strong breeze made his tie flap.就在这时，一阵强风把他的领带吹得飘起来。Trying to fix the tie , he took a blackboard eraser and hammered a large tack through his tie into his chest.为了固定领带，他拿起黑板擦把一个大头钉透过领带砸入他的胸膛。那学期在他的课上，没有不守纪律的。三）Future Simple Tense一般将来时l 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 代表状语与常见副词：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 1) 一般形式：主语+will/ shall+动词原形+其它e.g. You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me.（你决不会知道你的鼓励对我多么有意义。）e.g. I will call at six oclock, if that is all right to you. （如果对你方便的话，我将在六点前来拜访。）e.g. We shall make the plan with an eye to the future.（我们作计划时应该考虑到将来。）2)几种替代形式： a) be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。e.g. She is going to sit tight till she hears what they are going to do next. （在未听到他们下一步行动计划之前，她打算按兵不动。）b) be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。e.g. A workman must sharpen his tools if he is to do his work well. （工欲善其事，必先利其器。）c) be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。e.g. You are about to be informed. （你马上就会知道了。）d) be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。e.g. The talk is due to last for three days.（这次会谈将进行三天。）e) be on the point/verge of +v ing强调即将发生的某种事态。e.g. Let me leave off writing, for I am on the point of shedding tears. How I miss you all!（还是就此停笔吧，要落泪了，真想念你们大家啊！）e.g. The child is on the verge of laughing . （那孩子差点笑出来。）Humors:（1）At the age of 16, Eddie decided to leave home and join a theater company. His father was appalled（大为震惊）, A son of mine on the stage? Its a disgrace! he wailed. What if the neighbors find out?Ill change my name, the comic-to-be（未来的喜剧演员） volunteered（主动说）. Change your name! His father screamed. What if youre a success? How will the neighbors know its my son?（2）A lawyer named Strange was shopping for a tombstone. After he had made his selection, the stonecutter（石匠） asked him what inscription（碑铭，铭文） he would like on it. Here lies an honest man and a lawyer, responded the lawyer. Sorry, but I cant do that, replied the stonecutter. In this state, its against the law to bury two people in the same grave. However, I could put here lies an honest lawyer But that wont let people know who it is protested the lawyer. Certainly will, retorted（回嘴，反驳） the stonecutter. People will read it and exclaim（惊叫，惊叹）, Thats Strange!3）Mr. Jones had a few days holiday, so he said, “Im going to go to the mountains by train.” He put on his best clothes, took a small bag, went to the station and got on the train. He had a beautiful hat, and he often put his head out of the window during the trip and looked at the mountains. But the wind pulled his hat off. Mr. Jones quickly took his old bag and threw that out of the window too. The other people in the carriage laughed. “Is your bag going to bring your beautiful hat back” they asked. “No,” Mr. Jones answered, “but theres no name and no address in my hat, and theres a name and address on the bag. Someones going to find both of them near each other, and hes going to send me the bag and the hat.”四）Present Continuous Tense现在进行时概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 l 时间状语：now, at this time, at this moment, these days, etc. l 基本结构：主语+am/is/are+doing l 否定形式：主语+am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。适用范围：1）表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。e.g. Who is calling at this time of night? (晚上这个时候打来电话的会是谁呢？）e.g. I am talking of possibilities.（我在谈谈可能办到的事情。）2）表示计划或安排好了的将来动作，常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。e.g. He is coming home on Thursday. （他星期四回来。）e.g. Theyre having a party next week. （下星期他们将开一个晚会。）注：表示安排将要做的事，人作主语宜用现在进行时，事物作主语，宜用一般现在时。试比较：e.g. Im not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。(不宜说I dont) e.g. The concert starts at 7: 30. 音乐会七点半开始。3）现在进行时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。e.g. Why are you forever asking such questions? (你怎么老是问这样的问题? ） e.g. He is always blowing hot and cold.( 他这人总是喜怒无常。)4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel， notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse， forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess， own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember (表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。e.g. Somebody is looking for you.（有人找你呢。）Humors:（1）Boy, why have you got cotton-wool in your ear? Is it infected?No, sir, but you said yesterday that everything you told me went in one ear and out the other , so I am trying to stop it.（2）A burglar breaks into a house. He sees a CD player that he wants， so he takes it. Then he hears a voice Justice is watching you. He looks around with his flashlight wondering What The HELL Was That?. He spots some $ on a table and takes it.Once again he hears a voice Justice is watching you. He hides in a corner trying to find where the voice came from. He spots a birdcage with a parrot in it! He goes over and asks Was that your voice?. It says YES. He then asks Whats your name?. It says Conscience. The burglar says What kind of person names his bird Conscience? The parrot replies THE SAME PERSON THAT NAMES HIS Rottweiler JUSTICE.注：Rottweiler：即洛特维勒牧犬，是一种凶猛的德国猎犬。五）Past Continuous Tense过去进行时概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语： this time yesterday, at that time等适用范围：1）表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。e.g. What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你在做什么？e.g. During the summer of 1999 she was traveling in Europe. 1999年夏天她在欧洲旅行。2）表示过去将来，多用于go, come, leave, start, take off等动词。 e.g. He said he was leaving for home in a day or two. 他说他一两天之内就动身回家了。3）表示过去的经常动作，常与always，forever等连用，略带感情色彩。e.g. She was always thinking of others. 她总是想到别人。(赞扬) e.g. She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厌烦) 4）表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。一个动作已经发生，另一个动作正在进行 e.g. I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. （我正在看报，突然门铃响了。） e.g. Why didnt you come to my rescue when they were making fun of me? （他们拿我开玩笑，你怎么也不来为我解围? ） e.g. While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his place. Children, he said, this is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. （我正感到纳闷，只见老师登上了讲台，对我们说：“孩子们，这是我最后一次给你们上课了。”）5）表示过去某时刻两个同时持续在发生的动作。e.g. I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. (我在做作业而他在听音乐。)6）过去进行时可以表示客气的语气。如：e.g. I was wondering if you were doing anything on Saturday afternoon?（不知道你周六下午有空吗?）Humors:(1) Harry and Lloyd were speeding down the road. A police car pulled them over.哈里与劳埃德超速行驶，一辆警车拦住了他们。Why on earth were you driving so fast? the policeman yelled.“你们为什么开那么快？”警官喊道。Our brakes are no good, so we wanted to get there before we had an accident!“我们的刹车不好，因此我们想在发生事故前赶紧到达目的地。”(2) Brown was very proud of his young son. Once he was talking to a visitor, telling the man how clever his son was. The boy is only two years old, he said, and knows all animals. Hes going to be a great naturalist. Here, let me show you. He took a book of natural history from the bookshelf, placed Bobby on his knee, opened the book and showed him a picture of a giraffe.Whats that, Bobby? “Horsey, said Bobby. Then a tiger was shown, and Bobby said, Kitty. Then Brown showed Bobby a picture of lion, and Bobby said, Doggy. And when a picture of a chimpanzee（黑猩猩） was shown, Bobby said, Daddy!注：horsey，kitty，doggy，daddy等属于婴儿语发音，相当于汉语教婴儿说话时用的“马马，猫猫，狗狗.”之类的讲法。六）Present Perfect Tense现在完成时l 概念：动作在过去，对现在造成持续性影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 l 代表状语与常见副词：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. l 基本结构：主语+have/has + V-ed +其它适用范围：1)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚完成，汉语常用了或过来表示。如： e.g. Im sorry I have already given you our rock bottom price. (很抱歉，我已经向你方报了最低价。)e.g. We have set up many new factories in this area.(我们在这个地区建立了许多新工厂。) e.g. He has shown a creative genius. (他显示出创造的天才。)2)动作在过去完成，表示已有的经历或结果。汉语常用过来表示。如： e.g. Have you ever read the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens?(你看过查尔斯.狄更斯的 小说远大前程吗?) e.g. Yes，I have read it twice.我看过两遍了。注 注意be在下面句子中的意义。如：e.g. Where have you been? -Ive been to the laboratory.你上哪儿去了?-到实验室去了。e.g. Have you ever been to Hangzhou? No，Ive never been there.你到过杭州吗?-没到过。 e.g. How have you been?你近来身体好吗?- -Ive been well， thank you.-谢谢你，我近来很好。3）还可表示动作发生在过去，并且一直延续到现在，甚至还可能继续延续下去。这时常和since所引导的短语或从句或for引导的短语连用(for有时可以省去)。e.g. How long have you been in Beijing ? -I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?-我在北京呆了四年。e.g. Three years have passed since we left school.我们毕业已经三年了。被动句：The president in that country has been seen and not heard. （总统在该国有名无权。）Humors:(1)Mother: I sent my little boy for two pounds of plums（李子）but you gave him only a pound and a half.Shopkeeper（店主）: My scales（称）are all right, madam. Have you weighed your little boy?(2) Einstein was a great admirer of Charlie Chaplins films. Once, in a letter to Chaplin（卓别林） he said: “Your film, “The Modern times（摩登时代）”, everybody in the world can understand. You will certainly become a great man. -Einstein.”In his answer to this letter Charlie Chaplin wrote: “I admire you even more. Your Theory of Relativity(相对论) nobody in the world understands, but you have already become a great man. -Chaplin.”七) 现在完成进行时（Present Perfect Continuous tense）.表示动作发生在过去某一时间，对现在有持续性影响，并有可能继续延续。 形式：“主语+have(has) been +现在分词+其他”其中，主语是第三人称单数时用has；其余情况一律用have。e.g. I have been thinking about this for two days.e.g. I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it.e.g. I have been hunting through all sorts of books to verify this.（我查了好多书来核实这一点。）相关用法：（1）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。e.g. I have been waiting for you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时等的动作刚结束)e.g. She has been working all night long.她工作了一夜。（2）表示从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时还在继续进行,并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。e.g. They have been living here for ten years. 他们住在这里十年了。e.g. It has been raining for three days.雨下了三天了。（3）表示一个过去的动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）e.g. She has been doing too much work.他做的工作太多了。（Now he is tired out.） Whos been insulting you?谁欺负你了？（对方可能在哭）（4）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停） e.g. Weve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。 e.g. I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。注意：现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成进行时则往往表示动作仍将持续下去。Humors:(1 )Heather and Marcy met for lunch. After a while, they started talking about their love lives. Marcy said that there wasnt anyone special in her life. Heather, on the other hand, was smiling happily about the new man in hers.“Hes perfect（好极了）,” she said. “Last night, just as we were about to leave the restaurant, he said the four little words Ive been waiting to hear a man say.”“Let me guess（猜）,” said Marcy. “He said, Will you marry me?”“No,” replied Heather. “He said, Put your money away.”（把你的钱收起来）(2 ) “Any complaints?” asked the manager during a business lunch. “Yes，sir，”replied one gentleman. “These peas are very hard.” The manager picked up some of the peas in a spoon and tried them. “They seem soft enough to me.” he said. “They should be，”replied the gentleman. “Ive been chewing them for half an hour.”(3) One afternoon while a lady was talking to a professor, her two-year-old daughter, Lily wandered into a nearby classroom. There was a math class in progress and，to her dismay，Lily sat down in the front row.一天下午，当一位女士和一位教授谈话时，她两岁的女儿莉莉走进了旁边的一间教室。教室正在上数学课，使这位女士惊愕的是，莉莉进去在第一排坐下了。When the lady went in to get her daughter, the instructor stopped her. Young lady，”he said，“I have been teaching calculus at this college for over 20 years. In that time，not once has anyone come to my class just he or she wanted to. The child may stay.”当她进去想把孩子弄出来时，讲课的教师拦住了她。“女士，”他说，“我在这所大学里教微积分已经二十几年了。在这段时间里从没有人自愿来听我的课。让孩子待在这儿吧。”八）Past Perfect Tense过去完成时l 概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 l 时间状语：two days before, by + 过去的时间点（如by . oclock last night); by the end of + 过去的时间点（如by the end of last year/term,/month); before + 过去的时间点（如before last.)。When+过去的时间点, etc. l 基本结构：had + done. l 否定形式：had + not + done. l 一般疑问句：had放于句首。 要点须知:A. 表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。e.g. We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. e.g. By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. B. 动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。e.g.I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. C. 另外两种表示“过去想做而尚未做的事”的表达方式是： 1. was / were + to have done sthe.g.We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2. intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： e.g. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 3. 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。e.g. Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。e.g. No sooner had I gone out than he