牛人考研冲刺英语笔记.doc

写作笔记：句型替换：主语改成宾语、主动改成被动、词汇给成词组、改变词性词汇替换：实词的同义词近义词替换三大定律：1. 错误的复杂句不入正确的简单句2. 上了考场写你想到的第二个词汇和句子3. 上了考场写的每一个词和句子最好是背过的把文章写成三段：（每点提纲写一段、每点提纲改写一下放在每段第一局作为主题句）提出问题、分析问题、解决问题第一段：意义阐释 图画描述 2-3句 文字说明 暗语（love is a lamp； love is like a lamp）每次单复数 可数名词不能单独出现 一定要加定语The real meaning of the picture is表面含义+深层含义第二段：举例论证（最好讲二个例子、抽象一点。每个例子1-2句话） a：不定冠词，表示一种泛指举例要结合题目的情景交待去举例（amonglove is the noblest）例子不在于大小、只要恰当就可以了。合理，可以虚构第三段：建议措施最好提两点建议名词后加介词短语或不定式成后置定语；动词后加短语构成状语范文：It is of utmost importance to the human beings.1. 大量使用物称代词作主语。It 类似。名词、人称、物称交叉2. 大量使用主系表结构，主谓宾比较口语化，主系表比较书面化3. 大量使用精彩词组Be + of +N = adj4. 大量使用精彩词汇。学过，但一般同学写不出来。但是要写，就要保证正确The human beings- us humansGive 后一般加两个宾语5. 大量使用精彩从句 小作文3-5个从句，大作文5-7个从句As is described in the picture, As it shown in the picture6. 大量使用被动语态。主动语态比较主观，被动语态比较客观7. 大量使用精彩句型。Just as an old saying, every coin has two sides 千万不要再写英文在语用时标点符号为,This is indeed true. 废话8. 大量使用定语状语Adj /adv;词组;借此短语; 分词短语(a student being 21);不定式;从句不要太绝对，absolutely/definitely不要用；使用中庸词汇: may/generally/tend to/be more(less) likely toDim 暗淡 天气、灯光a dim lightA thread of light 一线光辉 call forth; step out of difficulties同义替换：题目中、文章中第二段直接举例不好，要有一个主题句三种方法让文章生动起来：（主要用于举例论证和图画描述）1. 使用进行时态2. 引用原话（不一定是名家.如 my teacher once told me ）3. 描述动作一个词汇在文章里面已经出现一次了，下一次用的时候一定要想一下有没有同义词可以替换它Save his life = save his or her life (不要出现性别歧视)连接两个例子应用: again 不要用or Drop out of school/because of poverty/a small sum of/finish school举例最后要有个小结In/under this circumstances, To sum up/in distress （处于困境）/in need of help/dont hesitate to do sth.(小作文可用)I believe that A and that B满分：不跑题、语言精彩、结构严谨范文2：写好文章的第一句话和最后一句话重视文章的第一段和每段的第一句话It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about.It is universally acknowledged that A is a hot topic which is most talked aout.Not only but alsoDifferent-various/diverseVery much-desperately/great a lot 时态不要乱用。时态用现在时；现在进行时、现在完成时高级时可以用。过去时的使用范围：图表描述和举例论证（自己的亲身经历）将来时的使用范围：文章的最后一句话（喊口号） 使用形容词做表语比名词更加书面化。I am a shy person -I was shyHence, 少用thereforeShowing our love, giving our help to others.-showing our love by giving our help to others. 不要用两个并列的-ing做状语 写作训练：要写有范文的作文：09、10两年的小作文01-10年作文答题分配：每十分的题目做18分钟14：00-14：45写作A节 12分钟写作。重点检查单词的拼写14：15-14：50写作B节 30分钟写作14：50-16：00阅读A节16：00-16：20完型填空16：20-16：40阅读B节16：40-17：00阅读C节应用文：（一）提高实力 1. 十遍精读：前四遍属于语言；中间四遍属于结构；最后两遍是内容。* 精彩词汇（记得造句）* 精彩词组* 精彩句型* 句子结构（简单句：主干+修饰成分、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致：最常犯的错误）* 段落结构：总分总，主题句（1句）+论证（2句）+小结（1句。可以考虑写或不写。主题句意思是一样的，不要照抄）。不要上了考场想一句写一句* 关联词：小作文3-5个，大作文5-7个。和从句数量一致* 同义替换：词汇+句型（主谓宾、主系表、过去分词短语放在句首做状语、使用现在分词短语放在句首做状语、使用介词短语放在句首做状语、不定式放在句首做状语、状语从句）* 代词替换：中文多名词、英文多代词；it/that/they* 精彩观点* 原因建议 2. 背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善。求质不求量，求精不求泛。Input、output 3. 默写：发现写作弱点 4. 中译英：提高写作实力 5. 写作：模仿 写作（结构）；中译英（语言）；十遍精读；背诵；默写（二）掌握技巧：万能框架1. 完全从一篇范文中总结 X2. 考研作文写三段，每段来自不同的范文 X3. 每段每句话都来自不同的文章 大纲解读私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。Memorandum; summary/abstract/thesis最好不要非正式语言（缩略形式：缩写Im/therere最好不要用、省略：（I am） looking forward to your reply、口语表达:by the way/well/as you know/感叹号 都不要）正式文体：大作文、大部分小作文、公务信函、摘要、报告、公务告示半正式文体：私人信函（也不要写缩略、省略句、口语表达）、私人告示、备忘录正式文体+35个非正式语言=半正式文体语言评价标准：基本正确（语法：时态、冠词、主谓一致；拼写；标点：逗号、句号、不用省略号）丰富多变（词汇+句型）运用文：100-120小作文：10-12行。小作文7句话，大作文12句话左后。大作文：20行大作文：最多写200小作文：情境改写放在第一段；提纲改写一下放在第二段。（辞职信：公务信函） 所有的东西最好写两个：举例、原因、建议！小作文：允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。词组和句子千万不要照抄。同义替换，想上一词：book -material; 第一眼看是否了解英文写作规范大小作文都写三段。第二段最长，第三段次之，第一段最短第二眼看是否跑题：看每段的第一句话是否是主题句：这幅画生动描述了什么this picture vividly illustrates that ；这幅图画的目的是告诉我们什么问题;在我看来，这个问题应该怎么解决、在我看来，这个问题是利大于弊还是弊大于利。第三对文章进行扫描加查看运用文格式：左上角发信人地址，后下角收信人地址1. 称呼写给机构：1. 不认识负责人。一定要后加”,”。Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Sir/Madam, To whom it may concern2. 认识负责人 Dear Mr./Ms. President/professor/Manager/Editor,一律用Ms, 写给个人：1. 关系不亲密 Dear President(Michael)Wang 2. 关系亲密 Dear Michael 1. 题目中没有出现人名 Dear Sir or Madam 2. 出现了人名 Dear Mr. Wang2. 正文：3段、7句、3-5关联词、3-5从句第一段：2句（1. 自我介绍：公务性，私人信函不用I am a staff member from your company/corporation; I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior）undergraduate/graduate from the Department of -of -;2. 写作目的：I am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books/resigning from my current post/position.)第二段：3句（改写提纲一：1句；改写提纲二：1句；改写提纲三：1句）第三段：2句（1.表示感谢：私人建议信除外。投诉信和建议信是有区别的，即使是投诉信也要对此表示感谢；My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words./Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you./I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.2.期待回信：I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon./I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience./Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.）感谢：appreciation/gratitude. Intellectual inquiry 知识学科/学科小作文常用的三个词：would/could/please3. 落款（第一行：结尾客套 Yours sincerely, ; 第二行：签名 Li Ming）写作格式：缩进式（段间不空行，首行缩进。缩进四个字母。称呼顶头写，落款写成两行，写在稿纸中间偏后的位置，写成两行。左后对齐都可）Dear Sir or Madam, As引导原因状语从句。现在进行时可以表示将来的时态。As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM),I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books.考研写作凑字数的四种方法：1.展开细节；2.结合自身；3.虚构情况；4.说明结果。Due 充分考虑到Firstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books. Secondly, I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service. Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of -by September1, 2007. I have arranged to pay for the service.It is convenient: 使用物称代词作主语，主系表结构，形容词做标语都是取的高分的技巧。小作文以简洁为主:firstly, secondly, thirdly, I would like to express my gratitude for you kind consideration of my requests. I look forward to hearing from you soon.I would like to 不要用had better/shouldProject Hope:希望工程 donate:捐款 donation ; financial-economicOffer aid to; -concerned三点提纲各写一段：To whom it may concern, As a student who can support myself, I am writing to request if you can help me find a potential beneficiary (candidate) of Project Hope. I wonder whether it is convenient for you if two things regarding the child are taken into account. First, the child should come from Sichuan Province because I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if he or she is a primary school student who was forced to drop school because of abject poverty. Abject 极端的 be forced to I would like to help the recipient (candidate) of my assistance annually until he graduates from college. Firstly, the money will cover his tuition fee and other expenses at school. Besides, I will correspond with him frequently so that he can seek advice whenever he needs. Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. 备忘录 上级对下级或同级之间的半正式书信报告：下级对上级的正式书信索赔信、备忘录和报告要写题目。其二与书信的区别：1. 格式不同Date: January 20, 2007To: Percy Shelley, Vice PresidentFrom: Li Ming, PresidentSubject: Computer Training of the Staff(实词大写、虚词和冠词等非实词小写)2. 写法不同 As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff (employee). We need to make a plan of training our employees in the new field. I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better (大作文最好不用had better. 用would like to do)classify the employees and put them through the program in turn. Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science. (特点为省略句和祈使句。大作文也不用)摘要摘要三点：1.不超过原文三分之一，可少不可多。一定要写够100词 2. 不要评论、不要照抄；不要发表任何意见 3. 写法：改写每段首尾句段落写作-真题透视；每年考题是中性话题、次热门话题。前两段“观点陈述 ”1992年考题，要写一遍代沟：generation gap (ex-generation 新兴人类)OUTLINE:1. Present situation: Lack of communication between and child2. Possible reasons: 1) Different likes and dislikes; 2) Misunderstanding;3)Others3. Suggestions: 1) For parent; 2) For children若是这类题，第二段最好是放原因1.评论现象要“有利有弊” a win-win deal 双赢As a -, one can hardly do without a friend. Loyalty /sincere sincerity/ easygoing/ noble characterNeed-necessityMy suggestion 也要提两点建议。一定不要只提一点建议The desire for is universal. Keep fit 保持健康 Do physical exercises/keep optimistic (pessimistic)/well-balanced diet/go on a diet/regular mealsPredict the tendency of -不健康、浪费钱、国家控制2001Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave（严重的）consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.Led to - consequences/two viewpointsMake full use of-图表中的信息每个都要写到，缺一不可！Criticize 评论（不仅仅是批评）98The messages conveyed by the cartoon.Good wine needs no bush / guarantee/egg shell、egg white、yolk、all-round/normal/regular/not weird/dutyresponsibility/abnor