Unit 3 Plants Period Ⅰ Grammar 2 导学案.doc

Unit 3 Plants Period Grammar 2导学案使用说明和学法指导:20分钟独立阅读下面的语法规则，并记下不懂的问题；10分钟合作讨论解决疑难；10分钟点评总结。一、连系动词 (Link Verbs)(一)、基本用法 联系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词，它与其后的表语一起构成谓语，说明主语是什么或怎么样。常见的连系动词有be(是)，become(成为)，get(变成)，remain(还是)，seem(似乎是)，look(看上去)，feel(感觉)等。连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词，有时也可以是代词，数词，副词(表示地点或方位)、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等： His English is excellent. 他的英语很棒。(跟形容词) He is a famous poet. 他是著名诗人。(跟名词) Money isnt everything. 金钱不是一切。(跟代词) She was the first to arrive她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词) Who is upstairs? 谁在楼上？(跟副词) He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语) He seems to be ill. 他似乎病了。(跟不定式) Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(跟动名词) This is what you need. 这就是你需要的。(跟从句) (二)、分类 1. “存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在”。常见的有:be(是)， look(看起来)， feel(摸上去)， seem(似乎是)， appear(似乎、显得)， smell(闻起来)， taste(尝起来)，sound(听起来)等。例如: The story sounds true. Cotton feels soft. 2. “持续”类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。 常见的有:remain(依然)，keep(保持)，stay(保持)，continue(继续、仍旧)等。例如: Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the matter?3. “变化”类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调”变化”后的情况或状态。常见的有:become(变成)， turn(变成)， grow(变得)， go(变得)等。例如: Put the fish in the fridge， or it will go bad in hot weather. 4. 其它类：prove prove+(to be)adj./n. “被证明” 例如: His theory proved (to be) wrong. (三)、注意事项 1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel， taste等词。 例如: -Do you like the material? -Yes, it feels very soft. 2. 一般情况下，连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如: Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car. 3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be， become， appear， seem， prove， remain和turn等. 注意: turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时，不加冠词。例如: Twenty years later, he turned teacher. (he became a teacher.)The population growth in China remains a problem. 4. 能跟不定式(to do/to be)作表语的连系动词常见的有: appear， seem， remain， prove ，continue， turn out， get， grow， come等。例如： Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_ (填入see的正确形式) whether they will enjoy it. On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time. 有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写： It seems that shes right. She seems to be right. 她似乎是对的。 It appears that you have made a mistake. You appear to _(填入make的正确形式)a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。 二被动语态 (Passive Voice)(一) 基本结构：be + 过去分词，口语中也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。一般现在时: S +am/is /are +P.P 一般过去时: S +was/were +P.P.一般将来时: S+ will/shall/is/are/am going to +be+ P.P.过去将来时: S +would +be +p.p / S+ was/were going to be + P.P现在进行时: S+ am/is/are + being + P.P.过去进行时: S+ was/were + being+ P.P.现在完成时: S+ have/has + been+ P.P.过去完成时: S +had +been +P.P.含情态动词: S+ 情态动词+ be+ P.P.(二)用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。(三)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题： 1. 主动变成被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句：My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.2. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补(位置不变)；作宾补时省略的不定式符号to要补充出来。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss).3. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.4. 情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。5. 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：(A)真正的主语放在句首，谓语动词用被动语态，后面用动词不定式。(B)用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that (四) 主动形式表被动意义：1.当feel， look， smell， taste， sound等后面接形容词时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。The door wont lock.门锁不上。 The fish smells delicious.鱼闻起来香。2.want， require， need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。Your garden needs watering.你的花园需要浇水。3.be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 This book is well worth reading.这本书值得一读。4.在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代替被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink. 这种水不适合饮用。The girl isnt easy to get along with. 这女孩不容易相处。类似这样的形容词有：easy， difficult， heavy， light(轻)， fit， cheap， dangerous， easy， important， nice， good， pleasant， salty(咸的)等。另外：be to blame(受责备)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。(五)下列情况不表示被动：1. be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench. 坐在凳子上。(He seats himself on a bench. / He is sitting on the bench.)2. be hidden躲藏 He was hidden beh