英语专业八级考试听力强化训练材料.doc

英语专业八级考试听力强化训练材料 wantitmorethatanything.以下是为大家搜索的英语专业八级考试听力强化训练材料，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们! SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE Inthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtopleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youllbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestopletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture. Goodmorning.Beforeyouwritesomething,youneedtohaveaclearideaofthetopic,theaudience,andthepurposeofyourwriting.Inthislecture,wellconcentrateononeoftheseelements,theaudience.Thisisaveryimportantconceptforwriting.ThetermaudienceusuallyreferstoviewersofmoviesandTVshowsandlistenersofradioprograms.Hereweexpandittoincludereadersofwrittenmaterialsindiscussionsofwritingactivities.Whyisthisconceptsoimportant?Asshownintheexampleinourbook,thesametopic,whenwrittentodifferentaudiences,canhaveverydifferentcontent,structure,style,etc.Thus,theimportanceofakeenawarenessofyouraudiencethroughoutthewritingprocesscannotbeoveremphasized.Audiencescanbeexaminedfromthreedifferentperspectives:1.yoursocialrelationstoyouraudience2.youraudiencesknowledgeaboutyoursubject3.youraudiencesattitudesorviewpointstothesubjectandyourpositioninthewritingLetsdiscussthemonebyone.Now,firstpoint,analyzeyouraudienceintermsofyoursocialrelations.Wheneveryouwrite,youareinteractingwithothermembersofthesociety.Areyouwritingtoafriendofyours?Toacolleague?Tothedirectorofyourbusinessfirm?TotheadmissionofficeofanAmericancollege?Ineachsituation,youhaveadifferentsocialrelationshipwithyouraudienceandthisrelationshiphasadefiniteimpactontheshapeofyourwriting.Nooneinhisorherrightmindwouldwritealetterofapplicationtothedeanofthegraduateschoolasifthedeanwasoneofhisorherbuddies.Thesecondpoint,analyzeyouraudienceintermsoftheirknowledgeofthesubjectyouarewritingabout.Thisanalysisisvaluableparticularlyininformativeandexplanatorywriting.SupposeyouarewritingapaperparingtheMid-autumnFestivaltoThanksgiving,howmuchknowledgewouldyouassumeyourAmericanreadersalreadyhaveabouttheChineseholidayandhowmuchabouttheirown?Obviously,verylittleabouttheformerandawholelotaboutthelatter.Insuchapaper,youwanttotakecarenottoboreyourreaderstodeathbytellingthemwhattheyalreadyknowwhileleavingthemtantalizinglyunsatisfiedaboutwhattheyaresoeagertolearn.Theemphasishereshouldbetoshowthestrikingdifferencesandsubtleparallelsratherthantogiveexhaustivelydetailedinformationoneachholiday.Now,thethirdpoint,analyzeyouraudienceintermsoftheirattitudesorviewpointstothesubjectandyourpositioninthewriting.Thisanalysisisvitallyimportantinwritingpersuasiveorargumentativeessays,whichismuchmoreplexandchallenging.Inapersuasiveessayyoupresentreasonsandargumentstoconvinceyourreadersthattheyshouldaeptabeliefortotakeapositionoraspecificaction.Forpersuasiveorargumentativewritings,youcanclassifyaudiencesintothreegroups:thosewhoagree,thosewhoareneutralorundecided,andthosewhodisagree.Whenwritingtoanaudiencewhoalreadyseeseyetoeyewithyouaboutacontroversialissue,istheremuchyouneedtodo?Notmuch.IfyouareaddressinganaudiencewhoalreadysharesyourviewaboutdevelopingandmaintainingamatureandconstructiverelationshipbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesinthe21stcentury,allyouneedtodoreiteratewhysucharelationshipisinthevitalinterestsofbothcountriesandofthewholeworld.Whenwritingtoaudienceswhoareneutralorundecided,youhavethemosttodoandcanhopetoachievealot.Sayyouwanttoproposethatanewfinancialaidsystembeestablishedtohelpthosebrightstudentsinruralandlessprosperousareasofthecountry.Youareconcernedthatwithtodaysnewtuitionpolicyandpractice,thosestudentswillbepricedoutofachanceforthehigheducationtheydeservesomuch.Somepeoplemaybeundecidedbecausetheyhavesomedoubtsandconcerns:wheredoesthemoneyneededforsuchanaidefrom?Whatarethespecificstandardswherebytoawardscholarships?Aretheremorefairandefficientalternativesolutions?Onceyoufindoutwhyyouraudiencesareundecided,youneedtoaddresstheirdoubtsandconcernsasdirectlyandfullyaspossible.Youhaveafairlygoodchanceofwinningthemoverwhentheirquestionsareansweredsatisfactorily.Andaudienceswhodisagreearethemostdifficulttowriteto.Differentpeopledisagreewithyoufordifferentreasons.Someofthemmayhavealreadygiventheissueathoughtandhavealreadymadeachoice;therefore,itisextremelydifficulttochangetheirminds.Otherswhodisagreemaynothavehadthetimetothinkitoverseriously.Therearetwomainpossiblereasonswhyyouraudiencesmaydisagreewithyou:1)becausetheydonthavethefactsorbecausetheylookatthesamefactsdifferently.2)becausetheyareinfluencedbytheirpersonalopinion,prejudice,andpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs.Onceyouhavefoundwhytheydisagree,youcandecidewhatisthebestapproachtosuchaudiences.Ifitisalackofinformation,yourjobistogivethemtherelevanthistoricalaswellasuptodateinformationasauratelyaspossible.Ifitisforpersonal,politicalandreligiousreasons,youneedtorecognizethem,understandthem,andaddressthemaordingly.Now,wecanseethataudienceawarenessissocrucialtothesuessofyourw