陕西省高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题五 阅读理解.doc

2013年高考第二轮复习英语陕西版题型技法指导专题五阅读理解真题试做a（2012陕西高考，a）what brings a nation together？of the four choicesshared values，language，history，and religion，its shared values.in our latest poll（民意调查），seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor（因素）bringing a nation together，and six preferred language.both choices scored high in the poll，suggesting that our values and how we express them are closely linked.still，history was not forgotten in some countries，particularly in mexico and russia.even canada and the united states chose national histories as the secondmost important factor uniting their people.the biggest surprise？not one country picked religion as its top choice.respect your eldersin most countries，the oldest generation considered values more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old.do you speak canadian?language scored lower in canada than in all other countries polled，perhaps because the country speaks two official languages，french and english.church and statemost people polled do not connect their religious beliefs to their national pride.religion ranked last in 13 countrieswith france scoring it at 1%，the lowest of all.1according to the poll，what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together?alanguage.bvalues.chistory. dreligion.2in which country did language score the lowest in their national pride?acanada. bmexico.cfrance. damerica.3according to the charts，shared values and language were considered equally important in _.aaustralia bbrazilcchina dindiab（2012陕西高考，b）three boys and a dadbrad closed the door slowly as sue left home to visit her mother.expecting a whole day to relax，he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite tv talk show on his first day off in months.“this will be like a walk in the park，”hed told his wife.“ill look after the kids，and you can go visit your mom.”things started well，but just after eight oclock，his three little“good kids”mike，randy，and alexcame down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted“breakfast，daddy.”when food had not appeared within thirty seconds，randy began using his spoon on alexs head as if it were a drum.alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat（节拍）mike chanted“wheres my toast，wheres my toast”in the background.brad realised his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds.life became worse after breakfast.mike wore randys underwear on his head.randy locked himself in the bathroom，while alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants.nobody could find clean socks，although they were before their very eyes.someone named“not me”had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes.brad knew the talk show had already started.by ten oclock，things were out of control.alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter.mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils.randy，thankfully，appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands.brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible.at exactly 11：17，brad called the daycare centre（日托所）“i suddenly have to go into work and my wifes away.can i bring the boys over in a few minutes？”the answer was obviously “yes”because brad was smiling.4when his wife left home，brad expected to _.ago out for a walk in the parkbwatch tv talk show with his childrencenjoy his first day off workdread the newspaper to his children5which of the following did randy do?adrawing on the wall.beating apple jam.cfeeding the fish.dreading in a room.6why did brad ask the daycare centre for help?abecause he wanted to clean up his house.bbecause he suddenly had to go to his office.cbecause he found it hard to manage his boys.dbecause he had to take his wife back home.7this text is developed _.aby space bby comparisoncby process dby timec（2012陕西高考，c）eating too much fatty food，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease.but there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately：the air you breathe.previous studies have linked high exposure（暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems，but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke（中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure.in one review of the research，scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants（污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure.a separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the us.environmental protection agency（epa）considers to be of“moderate”（良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.the authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure.however，it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices.so stricter regulation by the epa of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.8the text mainly discusses the relationship between _.aheart problems and air qualitybheart problems and exercisingcheart problems and smokingdheart problems and fatty food9the underlined word“modest”in paragraph 3 most probably means _.arelatively high bextremely lowcrelatively low dextremely high10what can we learn from the text?aeating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.bthe epa conducted many studies on air quality.cmoderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.dstricter regulations on pollutants should be made.11the authors purpose of writing the text is most likely to _.ainform bpersuadecdescribe dentertaind（2012陕西高考，d）spring is coming，and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs.competition is tough，so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices.whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us，but the workplace may not.a high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos（纹身）nose rings，or certain dress styles.it is true you cant judge a book by its cover，yet people do“cover”themselves in order to convey（传递）certain messages.what we wear，including tattoos and nose rings，is an expression of who we are.just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances，so do companies.dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons，but the main concern is often about what customers accept.others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom，but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money.most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees（雇员），because those people represent the companies to their customers.as a hiring manager i am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers.there are plenty of wellqualified candidates，so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers.even though i am openminded，i cant expect all our customers are.there is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer.no company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards，as long as its standards are legal.12which of the following is the newspaper editors opinion according to paragraph 2?apeoples appearances carry messages about themselves.bcustomers choices influence dress standards in companies.ccandidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated.dstrange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace.13what can be inferred from the text?acandidates have to wear what companies prefer for an interview.bwhat to wear is not a matter of personal choice for companies.ccompanies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates.dhiring managers make the best impression on their candidates.14which of the following would be the best title for the text?aemployees matterbpersonal choices mattercappearances matterdhiring managers matter15the authors attitude towards strange dress styles in the workplace may best be described as _.aenthusiastic bnegativecpositive dsympathetic考向分析分析近几年高考试题，可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点：1选材真实，题材、体裁多样 材料大多为时文，与社会日常生活息息相关，情景真实、明确，具有浓厚的时代气息。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。题材多样化，信息丰富，包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、新闻、史地、人物传记等等；体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。20112012年高考陕西卷阅读理解文体与题材统计：2010文体应用文报道记叙文议论文题材人脑疑问纽约救落水儿童生活在1900年的房子的感受电子垃圾信息2011文体广告人物传记记叙文议论文题材介绍订票及优惠情况居里夫的大女儿irene梦想和努力转基因2012文体广告记叙文说明文议论文题材民族凝聚力因素调查父亲与三个孩子呼吸空气对人健康的影响着装问题2阅读量大、信息丰富考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度，较大的阅读量和信息量对考生的阅读技能是一种有效的检测方法。近几年高考试题都保持了较大的词汇量，所涉及的内容广泛而深刻，对于词汇能力的考查也继续保持了较高的要求，为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和十分开阔的思维空间。3语篇结构复杂 阅读材料在保留了其原有的语言风格基础上，加大了语篇结构的难度。作者在阐述问题时使用了多种语篇的手段和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，有时读懂了文字，但不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。 4语言难度较大 具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性、一定量的生词以及替代和省略手段的运用上。 简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象随处可见，而且多种时态混用。词汇运用要求更高，活用词比比皆是，一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。 5题型设置合理 设题手法更加灵活，设题方式呈多样化的趋势，不仅考查对文中特定信息的理解和把握，还涉及文章的主旨要义、作者的态度意图等深层理解题。20112012年陕西阅读理解题型以细节理解题和推理判断题为主。总的来说，2012年高考阅读理解试题维系了以往一贯的命题风格，难度也和以往保持一致，生词数量控制合理。文章在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性相结合，信息量大，题材与体裁广泛的特点。答题步骤1快速浏览，掌握大意。快速浏览，抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构。浏览时不要急于做题，而要注意抓住主要信息，迅速把握文章大意和中心思想，了解文章全貌。同时通览题目，研究题目要求及选项，弄清问题所指。有的问题是针对文章中的一句话设计的，有的是针对一段话所陈述的事实设计的，有的是针对整篇文章设计的。对所提问题做到心中有数，为下一步阅读做好针对性的准备。2细读全文，找准信息。抓住文章大意、明确解题的目标后，带着问题仔细阅读文章。敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有关信息词和信息句，推敲其中的关键词语，结合上下文把握语句的含义，排除文中不存在、片面或不合逻辑的选项，作出正确选择。做题时要本着先易后难的原则，对于比较明显的，有把握的题可立刻作出选择；对于难题，要在文章中仔细查阅，认真琢磨，找出确凿的依据，运用逻辑推理，准确选出符合要求的最佳答案。3复读检查，验证答案。答案选出之后，快速阅读原文，重点放在与题目有关的词语、句子和段落上，核查答案，力求答案准确无误。尤其是感觉把握不大、选择时有些困难的题目，要对照原文与选项，看看是否一致，是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑。技法指导历年的高考阅读理解试题，基本上可分为四类题目：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题。1细节理解题细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种：（1）which of the following is not included/mentioned in the passage?（2）which of the following（sentences/statements）is not true according to the passage?（3）according to the passage，all of the following are true except/but _.（4）the author mentions all of the following except _.（5）in the passage，the author states that _.（6）according to the passage，when（where，why，how，who，etc.）.（7）choose the right order of the events given in the passage.（8）which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of.?（9）which of the drawings below gives an idea of.?细节理解题解题策略直接信息题细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落或语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。如：（2012北京高考，a篇）the basics of math made clearbasic math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas.these 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for algebra（代数）and beyond.the lessons in basic math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.they also look into exponents（指数），the order of operations，and square roots.in addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations，students discover why these operations work，how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics，and how these operations can be used practically.56what does the course basic math mainly cover?aalgebra.bcollege mathematics.carithmetic.dmathematics education.剖析：根据第二段第一句“the lessons in basic math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.”可知，basic math课程主要涵盖代数的基础知识。c项正确。间接信息题变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时习惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把a的观点说成b的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。如：（2012课标全国高考，c篇）we all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big moviecamera was wheeled into position.the director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby.since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path.a big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.the picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.65what made the author feel cold?athe heavy snowfall.bthe manmade scene.cthe low temperature.dthe film being shown.剖析：根据该段最后可知，拍摄电影时，要通过大电扇人为制造出漫天飞雪、寒风呼啸的场景，非常逼真，以至于使人感到寒冷。由此可知b项正确。事实细节排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，再找出最后一个发生的，即采用“首尾”定位法，采用排除法将范围缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容。此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题一般涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的计算。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确答案。如：（2012四川高考，b篇）the offer is of two kinds：20 per room，per night，valid（有效的）during stay period of 02/04/201231/05/2012 and then again 01/09/201231/10/2012；35 per room，per night，valid during stay period of 01/06/201231/08/2012.46how much should be paid for a twonight stay in october 2012 at a chosen b&b?a70.b40.c35. d30.剖析：根据该段第一句知，在2012年9月1日至10月31日期间，一晚上20英镑，两晚上应是40英镑，所以b项正确。图表细节题这类题旨在考查学生的形象思维能力，根据材料进行空间想象的能力。图形识别题，通常有地图、人体实物、统计表等三种形式：简易地图考查考生方位感；人体实物图考查考生根据文字叙述进行形象再造能力；仪器仪表统计图考查考生基本的读图、读数、读表能力。图表题一般会涉及文章内容的核心，解对此类题会大大提升对整篇文章的理解。解题时，针对图表差异的地方，查找原文相应细节。对该细节进行正确合理的理解，不曲解。这是解此类题的核心。2推理判断题推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种：（1）we can know from the passage that _.（2）we can infer from the（first/last）passage that _.（3）the passage/author implies/suggests that _.（4）it can be concluded from the passage that _.（5）the underlined sentence indicates that _.（6）from the passage we can draw the conclusion that _.（7）the author seems to be in favor of/against _.（8）the authors purpose of writing this passage is _.（9）the author may probably agree with/support _.（10）whats the authors attitude/view/point _？（11）how does the author feel about _？（12）in the authors opinion，_.推理判断题解题策略写作意图推测题此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型不仅要求考生能理解文章的内容，而且还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及写作手法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。如：（2012辽宁高考，c篇）if confucius（孔子）were still alive today and could celebrate his september 28 birthday with a big cake，there would be a lot of candles.hed need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.64the opening paragraph is mainly intended to _.aprovide some key facts about confuciusbattract the readers interest in the subjectcshow great respect for the ancient thinkerdprove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations剖析：第一段假设如果孔子还活着庆祝自己生日的话，他需要借助强风来帮他吹灭生日蜡烛。由此可知，本段的作用是为了引起读者对所谈话题的兴趣，所以选择b项。态度、观点判断题作者的态度、思想倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措词。如：（2012福建高考，c篇）.call now and receive a free gift when you order.try jitterbug for 30 days and if you dont love it，just return it！why wait，the jitterbug comes ready to use right out of the box.if you arent as happy with it as i am，you can return it and get your money back.call now，the jitterbug product experts are ready to answer your questions.callor visit .66the main purpose of the passage is to _.atell a customers story of jitterbugbprovide two ways to order jitterbugcgive a brief introduction of jitterbugdattract potential customers to jitterbug剖析：由整篇文章，尤其是短文最后一段可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是推销jitterbug手机，所以选择d项。逻辑结论及预测想象推断题逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查考生的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求考生根据文章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题考生首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文章中没有明确说明，因此考生要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局或后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。如：（2012湖北高考，e篇）brrriiinnng.the alarm clock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning.you jump out of bed，rush into the shower，into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think.a stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing.once at the office，you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.in that sort of mood，who can get down to work，particularly some creative，original problemsolving work?68what does the author imply about newspapers?athey are solution providers.bthey are a source of inspiration.cthey are normally full of bad news.dthey are more educational than websites.剖析：根据第一段倒数第二句中“.the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.”可判断，作者暗示报纸上总是充斥着不好的消息。3主旨大意题主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种：（1）the best title/headline for this passage is _.（2）the passage（or the first paragraph）is mainly about _.（3）what is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?（4）which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（5）the passage chiefly discusses/deals with _.（6）which of the following best states the theme of the passage?（7）the passage mainly tells us that _.（8）which of the following can best sum up the passage