初中英语中基于发音规则的特殊.doc

初中英语中基于发音规则的特殊词形变化武汉市黄陂区姚集中学 周向东 中学一级教师英语语言中存在着词形变化。可数名词有单、复数，动词基于时态有五种基本形式，形容词有原形、比较级和最高级，且它们的变化一般都有规律可循。但笔者发现教材与语法资料上的形变规则忽视了发音问题，造成了学生在学习中负迁移的形成，在运用时毫无察觉地犯下了错误。笔者在此结合自己的理解撰写此文，以提醒学生注意发音在词形变化中不可忽视的作用，从而避免错误的产生，提高英语学习效率。一、名词可数名词单数变复数时有这样一条规律“以ch结尾的可数名词，在词尾加es构成复数形式”如“watch（手表）-watches”。于是，当学生第一次碰到“stomach（胃、肚子）”，并要求变形为复数形式时，提笔就写出了“stomaches”（正确的形变应为“stomachs”），错误就此产生了。笔者认为，此条规律应补充为“以ch结尾的可数名词，当ch发音为/t/时，在词尾加es构成复数形式。” 而stomach的复数形变之所以为stomachs，是因为在此单词中ch发/k/音。二、动词1、动词分词变化中以不发音的字母e结尾的去e加ing。如make-making。而在agree, see等词中，由于尾字母e参与了发音，其变化形式是直接加ing构成分词形式。另外，以ie结尾的三个动词，即die，tie和lie因其中e字母也参与发音，其现在分词形式变化也较为特殊，即变ie为y加ing，分别为dying，tying和lying。而为了避免与dying相混淆，dye（染色）一词的现在分词直接在词尾加ing，即dyeing。2、以ic结尾的动词需要先在词尾加k，再加ing，ed构成分词形式，这主要是为了在动词后加-ing之后保留/k/这个音。若不在字母c后加字母k而直接加-ing，字母 c的发音就不再是/k/，而是/s/。常见此类词如：traffic（做买卖），magic（变魔术），picnic（去野餐），panic（恐慌），mimic（模仿）。3、重读闭音节单词一般应双写末尾的辅音字母加ing或ed构成分词。如planplanningplanned。但如果重读闭音节动词以x、y、w结尾时，分词变化不双写，直接加ing或ed构成对应形式。原因是x在词尾一般发音为两个辅音/ks/，而y、w被称为半元音字母，且它们与其前面的元音字母组合发音一般为双元音，如ow发/音，ay发/e/音。初中常见的此类动词：box，fix，relax，obey，play，stay，bow，row，chew，show，allow，crow（喔喔叫），blow， draw，flow，know，grow，throw。4、begin, forget, prefer, infer（推断）, refer（提到、涉及到）等词因最后一个音节只包含一个元音并以x、y、w以外辅音字母结尾，虽然其为双音节单词，但重音在最后一个音节，其分词变化形式与重读闭音节单词一样，双写末尾的辅音字母加ing或ed。注意：因为blow，draw，flow，know，grow，throw，show，begin, forget为不规则动词，其过去式与过去分词不可加ed构成，而是另有形式，需要我们另外记忆。三、形容词1、形容词以辅音字母加y结尾时，应变y为i后，分别加er，est，ly，ness构成对应有比较级、最高级、副词形式、名词形式。笔者认为此规律应补充前提条件：当辅音字母后y的发音为短元音/时。如happy-happier-happiest-happily-happiness。因为shy的对应形式分别为shyer-shyest-shyly-shyness，此种变化是由于y字母在此词中发/a/音。2、类似于重读闭音节动词，重读闭音节的形容词以w结尾时，直接加er，est 构成比较级和最高级。如new-newer-newest，few-fewer-fewest，low-lower-lowest，narrow-narrower-narrowest。3、形容词以-ble ple tle结尾时的副词变化形式不可在词尾加ly，而是直接将e改为y，因为此处已有/l/音，e变为y后的发音就为/l/。如：terrible-terribly，possible-possibly， probable-probably，comfortable-comfortably，simple-simply，gentle-gently等。 注：词汇形变时保持发音不变是英语中的一条一般规则。【巩固练习】用所给词的正确形式填空：1. Tom put his arm around him, _ (see) his unhappiness.2. Shes _ (probable) the best teacher he have ever had.3. Quiet people are just _ (shy) than outgoing people.4. Any war is full of _ (ugly).5. Some people enjoy _ (dye) their hair yellow to show they are in fashion.6. Both of them have a pain in their _ (stomach) because they have eaten something unhealthy.7. Owen has _ (show) his confidence in the clubs future by _(agree) to stay on.8. The farmer is _ (tie) the cow to the tree by the river.9. He made the _ (few) mistakes in the exam in his class.10. They stop people from _ (picnic) on the beach in order to keep it clean.11. Mary _ (stay) at home to look after her sick grandmother last weekend.12. I was _ (forget) she had been away for some days.13. He smiled _ (shy).14. Joe sat there _ (angry) in silence after he knew what his best friend did.15. He was _ (lie) on the bed smoking a cigarette.16. Im _ (terrible) sorry to have kept you waiting.17. This work is _ (simple) not good enough.18. She was _ (die) to know where he had got it.19. His father is good at _ (fix) computers.20. He _ (magic) a bird out of the bag just now.21. The price of houses here is much _ (low) than that in the capital of the province.22. We should learn to overcome our _ (shy).23. Linda _ (prefer) black coffee in the past.24. The cold breeze _ (blow) hard all day yesterday.25. What happened that day will never be _ (forget).26. The ill man _ (panic) his neighbor into leaving their house the other day because of some unpleasant experiences. 参考答案：1. seeing 2. probably 3. shyer 4. ugliness 5. dyeing 6. stomachs 7. shown, agreeing 8. tying 9. fewest 10. picnicking 11. stayed 12. forgetting13. shyly 14. angrily 15. lying 16.