江苏省南通市中考英语一模专题整理 动词的分类和形式.docVIP

动词的分类和形式动词的分类考点一 实义动词1、 定义及分类实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。根据动词在句子中是否可以接宾语，可以把实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。（1）及物动词及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。动词+宾语，如：my brother is flying the kite on the playground.我弟弟在操场上放风筝。动词+宾语+宾补，如：the teacher made his students happy by doing some games.老师通过做一些游戏让学生们很开心。we call the bird polly.我们叫这只鸟polly。注意带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有：make, let, see, watch, notice, hear等。动词+双宾语，如：my mother gives me a new bike.我妈妈给我一辆新自行车。注意有些双宾语动词间接宾语（人）放在直接宾语（事物）后时，间接宾语前要加to。常用的此类词有：bring、give、hand、 pass、pay、post、return、sell、show、teach、tell、throw、lend等。如： hand me that book, please. = hand that book to me, please.请把那本书递给我。有些双宾语动词间接宾语（人）放在直接宾语（事物）后时，间接宾语前要加for。常用的此类词有buy、choose、cook、draw、book、find、get、make、order等。如：my mom bought me a nice backpack. = my mom bought a nice backpack for me.我妈妈给我买了一个很好的背包。（2）不及物动词不及物动词一般不可以接宾语，但是有些不及物动词与一些介词、副词等词搭配在一起构成短语动词，它的作用等于一个及物动词。如：we arrived at the station at five. 我们五点钟到达车站。he turned off the light when he left. 当他离开的时候，把灯关了。he takes pride in doing a job well. 他因为做得很好，很自豪。注意有些动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。 常用的此类动词有：open、close、 start、change、drive、play、meet、win、study等。如：the girl turned her head and smiled. 这个女孩子转过头笑一笑。she turned and walked back to the classroom. 她转过身走回教室。英语中存在着大量由两个词构成的动词短语。让许多同学感到困惑的是，为什么有的是动副短语，有的却是动介短语?区分它们到底有什么规律可循?下面就如何区分动介短语和动副短语，以及在使用上有哪些要求做一总结。一、动介短语从构成短语的动词的角度来考虑。实意动词分为及物动词和不及物动词，其中不及物动词是不可以直接跟宾语的，如果必须跟宾语时，就需要在这个动词后加一介词，构成动介短语，此时，该短语相当于一个及物动词，后面必须加宾语(由名词、代词或动名词充当)，且该宾语不能放在动介短语的中间。例如，may i come into this room?我可以进到这间屋子里来吗?come into是动介短语，宾语this room不能省略。look at my eyes，tell me who you are waiting for?看着我的眼睛，告诉我你在等着谁?初中阶段的动介短语有: agree with同意.的意见(想法)；符合 base on以.(为)根据 listen to听. get to到达. get off/get on 上车下车 fall off (从.)掉下 help . with .帮助(某人)做(某事) knock at /on敲(门、窗) laugh at嘲笑 learn . from .向.学习 live on继续存在；靠.生活 look after照顾，照看 look at看；观看 look for寻找 look like看起来像 pay for (sth.)付钱；支付 point at指示；指向 point to指向. prefer to .宁愿(选择);更喜欢 quarrel with (和某人)吵架 regard . as .把.当作.；当作 stop . from阻止.做. talk about说话；谈话；谈论 talk with与.交谈 think about考虑 think of认为；想起二、 动副短语中的动词有的是及物动词，因此，后接宾语时不需要加介词，加上副词后，该副词可以进一步说明动作的结果，从而，使得句意表达得更加准确。这些动副短语必须接宾语，但对其位置有一定的限制，如果宾语是名词，既可以放在短语的中间，又可以放在短语的后面;如果宾语是代词，就只能放在两词的中间了。例如，youd better pick the students up before7:00.你最好在7点前把这些学生接上车。can you pick me up at 7:00?你能在7点时接我吗?人称代词me做宾语要放在pick和up中间。如果动副短语中的动词是不及物动词时，则该短语不可以加宾语。例如：may i come in?我可以进来吗?come是不及物动词，所以，come in后无宾语。初中阶段的动副短语主要有:bring out取出cut down砍倒clean up清扫，收拾干净climb down/up爬下/上come back/go back回来/回去come round(走)过来come out(花)开，出来come over顺便来访eat up吃光fall asleep睡着fall behind落后fall down跌倒give back退还get back取回go out外出grow up长大hurry up赶紧knock down击倒look out小心look around环顾，到处看look up查找open up开设，开放，开业pass on往前传递put(sth.)down把放下来put away收拾好put on穿上.put up举起run away跑开了rush out冲出去run away逃跑，逃走slow down减缓，减速set off出发，动身turn on/off打开/关上turn up/down调大/调小take out取出think over考虑take off脱下，把拿掉take away拿走work out算出write down记下wash away冲走wake up唤醒（3）延续性动词延续性动词表示动作是可持续的，如：live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等，可以和时间段连用。如：we have lived in china since 2001. 我们自从2001年起住在中国。you can keep this book for two weeks. 你可以借这本书两周。（4）非延续性动词非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，如：buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, leave, come, catch等，不能和时间段连用。如果和时间段连用，就要用其他词代替。如：he has been here for five days.(arrive) 我们已经来这五天了。the film has been on for ten minutes.(begin) 电影已经开始十分钟了。常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下：1、gobe away 2、comebe here3、come backbe back 4、leavebe away（be not here）5、buyhave 6、borrowkeep7、diebe dead 8、beginbe on9、finishbe over 10、openbe open11、closebe closed 12、losebe lost13、get to knowknow 14、turn onbe on15、get upbe up 16、sit downsit/be seated17、joinbe in或be amember18、becomebe考点二 连系动词1、定义连系动词也称为系动词，连系动词有一定词义，但不完整，不能单独做谓语，必须和表语连用，构成系表结构，表示主语身份、性质、状态。如：you are a teacher, but not a good one. 你是一个老师，但不是一个好老师。we feel very happy when we know it. 当我们知道的时候非常开心。2、分类英语经常用到的连系动词有：(1) 状态连系动词：表示主语的状态、性质、身份。（be）如：my father is very strong. 我的父亲很强壮。(2) 持续连系动词：表示继续或保持一种状态或情况。（stay，remain，keep等）如：you must keep healthy. 你必须保持健康。(3) 表象连系动词：用来表示“看起来”的这一概念的词。appear（看起来），seem（看似），look（看起来）。如：your mother looks much younger than i thought. 你妈妈看起来比我想象的要年轻得多。(4) 感官连系动词：feel（摸起来)，taste（尝起来)，smell（闻起来)，sound（听起来）look（看起来)。 如： the milk tastes a little sour. 牛奶尝起来有点酸。(5) 转变或结果连系动词：become（变为)，get（成为)，grow（长得)，turn（变得)，go（变得)等。如： our village is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们村庄变得越来越美丽。考点三 助动词助动词本身没有词意，或者意义不完全，不能单独作谓语，只能和别的动词一起在句子中作谓语，帮助动词构成各种时态、语态等及否定、疑问、强调等。主要的助动词有：be，do，have，shall，will等。如：will you have a sports meeting next week? 你们下周会有一个运动会吗?is your mother cooking？ 你妈妈在做饭吗？dont be late for class next time. 下次上课别迟到了。考点四 情态动词情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词连用作谓语，表示说话人的语气和情感。主要的情态动词有：can，may，must，need，would，could，might，dare等。使用情态动词要注意以下方面：(1) 含must的一般疑问句。 肯定回答仍用must； 否定回答则用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”。 一般不能用mustnt，因为mustnt表示“不可以、禁止”，语气很强。 must i finish my homework now? 我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗？ no, you neednt. 不，你不必。(2) may开头的一般疑问句。 肯定回答用may； 否定回答用mustnt。 may i smoke here? 我可以在这吸烟吗？ no, you mustnt. 不，你不可以。(3) 表示可能性或推测时。 can多用于否定句或疑问句，cant表示“不可能”； may多用于陈述句，may not表示“可能不”； must只用于肯定句，表示“一定、准是”。 you may be right or may not be right. 你可能是对的，可能不是对的。 the news cant be true. 这则消息不可能是真的。 she must be angry. 她一定生气了。(4) need用作情态动词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句，表示“需要”； 也可以作实义动词，后跟名词、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式等。 need开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must。 you neednt come if you are busy. 你如果忙的话就不必过来了。 need i come tomorrow? 我明天需要来吗？ no, you neednt. / yes, you must. 不，没必要。/ 是的，你必须来。 he needs to get some sleep. 他需要睡一会。(5) have to的意思接近must，但是must强调说话者的主观意愿。 have to强调客观上的必要性，常译成“不得不“。 have to可以用于多种时态，其疑问句、否定句都要借助do构成。 do you have to leave now? 你现在必须走了吗？ you dont have to get up early. 你没有必要早起。(6) be able to表示具体的能力，与can用法相近，can只有一般现在时和一般过去时，be able to 可用更多的时态。 was / were able to侧重有能力而且成功地做成了某事，而could只表示过去具备某种能力。如： the math problem was hard but i was able to work it out. 这道数学题很难，但我做出来了。1. -i forgot to bring my e-dictionary. could i use yours?- yes, you .（如东一模）a. can b. must c. could d. shouldkey:a2. melody has a great interest in planting flowers, but her sister _. she cant even stay in the garden for one minute.（崇川一模） a. cant b. hasnt c. doesnt d. isntkey：c3. i dont care what the teacher thinks. but i think you _.（崇川一模） a. can b. may c. should d. mustkey：c4. why are you taking a basket with you for shopping?the stores dont _ free plastic bags for shoppers to protect the environment.（通州一模）a. sellb. supportc. collect d. providekey：a5. sorry, sir. i _ follow you. would you please speak slower?（通州一模）a. cantb. mustntc. shouldntd. needntkey：a6. what is mom cooking in the kitchen? fish, i guess. how nice it _!（通州一模）a. looks b. sounds c. tastes d. smellskey：d7. tony is still in bed. he may miss the school bus.last night he _ late to write the report of his survey.（通州一模）a. stayed up b. cheered up c. got up d. dressed up key：a8. i think the man over there must be douglas. it _ be him. he has _ to australia.（如皋一模）a. cant, gone b. cant, been c. may not, been d. mustnt, gonekey：a9. these three problems are too hard to _. will you give me some advice? there are many ways. the most important is to have a careful plan.（如皋一模）a. work out b. look out c. hand out d. break outkey：a10. there were already five people in the taxi, but the driver managed to take me as well. i see. it _ be an uncomfortable journey.（海安一模）a. cant b. shouldnt c. must d. need key：c11. when did the first plane to hong kong leave? wait a minute. im just_.（海安一模）a. turning up b. picking up c. catching up d. looking upkey：d12. jack, , or you will get heavier. ok. i will take your advice.（海安一模）a. doesnt play sports any more b. doesnt eat so much meatc. dont play sports any more d. dont eat so much meat key：d13. why are you taking the book away? i _ before bed every day.（海安一模） a. used for reading b. am used to reading c. am used to read d. used to readkey：b14. mum, must i stay there the whole day? no, you _. you may come back after lunch, if you like.（启东一模）a.cant b.wont c. neednt d.mustntkey：c15. what great fun we had _ _ in the river last sunday! well, lets go there again next weekend.（启东一模）a. to swimb. in swimingc. swumd. swimmingkey：d16. whats wrong with you, eric? you look tired. i _ to prepare for the final exam last night.（启东一模） a. picked up b. woke up c. stayed up d. put upkey：c17. the local people like that italian restaurant because it both delicious food and good service.（启东一模）a. producesb. prevents c.protects d. provideskey：d动词的形式考点一 动词原形1、 定义 动词原形就是词典中出现的动词原来的形式。例如：be（是），work（工作），write（写）等。2、 用法 动词原形用法很多，经常在中考考查的用法有：(1) 在一般现在时中主语不是第三人称单数形式，其谓语动词接动词原形。例如： we often watch tv at home after supper. 我们经常在晚饭后看电视。 (2) 感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾语补足语。例如： your words make me feel angry. 你的话让我很生气。 (3) 在祈使句的开头用动词原形。例如： come and buy your books at our book shop.(4)在情态动词和do、will、would等助动词后用动词原形。例如： can you swim across this river in an hour? 你能在一小时之内游过这条河吗？ did everybody want to go there last monday? 上星期一每个人都想去那吗？ (5) 常见的后面用动词原形的结构： why not do sth.? = why dont you do sth.? had better do sth. let sb. do sth. help sb. do sth. why not go there on foot? 为什么不步行去那儿？youd better finish your homework before supper. 你最好在晚饭之前完成作业。lets play volleyball after school！ 让我们放学后打排球吧！考点二 第三人称单数形式1、用法 动词的第三人称单数形式就是句子的主语是第三人称单数形式，并且谓语是一般现在时，谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式。例如： my sister often watches tv with us at home. 我姐姐经常在家里和我们一起看电视。2、构成 动词的第三人称单数形式的构成： (1) 一般情况下在动词后加字母s。例如： workworks writewrites taketakes (2) 以字母s，x，ch，sh结尾或以字母o结尾的动词加-es。例如： watchwatches passpasses catchcatches dodoes gogoes(3) 以辅音字母y结尾的动词，先把字母y变为i再加-es。例如：carrycarries trytries考点三 现在分词1、用法 动词的现在分词形式由动词原形ing构成，一般和be动词连用构成现在进行时、过去进行时或用作非谓语动词。例如： the girl is studying english at home now. 这个女孩现在在家里学习英语。i saw a boy lying on the ground. 我看到了一个男孩躺在地上。2、构成 现在分词的构成： (1) 一般情况下直接加-ing。 buybuying drinkdrinking findfinding (2) 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉字母e加-ing。 taketaking comecoming becomebecoming (3) 以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写辅音字母，再加-ing。sitsitting stopstopping beginbeginning forgetforgetting 类似的单词还有：cut, put, swim, begin, get, forget, it, spit吐痰run, sit, split分开shut, win, shop, drop摔，掉plan, dig挖, prefer, let, step, set, mop拖, nod点头, fit适合, regret后悔等(4) 部分以ie结尾的单音节动词，先把ie变为y，然后加ing。例如： diedying tietying lielying考点四 过去式和过去分词1、用法动词的过去式主要用来构成一般过去时；过去分词是用来构成现在完成时、过去完成时和被动语态的，也可用作非谓语动词。2、 变化规则 规则动词的过去式和过去分词变化如下： (1) 一般情况下直接加-ed。例如： workworkedworked helphelpedhelped (2) 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，直接加字母-d。例如： livelivedlived likelikedliked (3) 以辅音字母y结尾的动词，先把字母y变为i，再加-ed。例如： carrycarriedcarried studystudiedstudied trytriedtried (4) 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写此辅音字母，然后加-ed。例如：permitpermittedpermitted preferpreferredpreferred （不规则的变化参见不规则动词表）单选：1. -i didnt see you at the beginning of the party last night. where were you? -i on my history report at that time.（如东一模） a. worked b. work c. was working d. am workingkey:c2. although flight mh370 has been missing for months, we do believe it _ some day in the future.（如东一模） a. will find b. wont find c. will be found d. wont be foundkey：c3. dont waste food! all the vegetables on the plate.（如东一模）a. wash up b. eat up c. put up d. clean upkey：b4. - can i speak to mrs green？- sorry, wrong number. please to 114 and check the number.（如东一模）a. put out b. put off c. put throughd. put away key：c5. not only he but also his friends_ eager to help those who lost their homes in the earthquake.（崇川一模）a. was b. were c. is d. arekey：d6. when will peter telephone us? as soon as he _ home this afternoon.（通州一模）a. gets b. got c. will get d. has gotkey：a7. loud music and red chairs in the restaurant make people _ fast.（如皋一模）a. to eatb. eatingc. eatd. atekey：c8. theres too much salt in the chinese diet. so there is. the who says only 1.5 grams of salt _ for each man every day.（如皋一模）a. is neededb. is needingc. will needd. has neededkey：a9. alice, would you mind not playing the guitar? i_ on the phone. oh, sorry, mom.（如皋一模）a. talked b. talk c. was talking d. am talkingkey：d10. the girl is so helpful that she devoted all her spare time she had _ others.（如皋一模）a. to help b. helping c. to helping d. helpedkey：a11. i hear sam has gone to qingdao for his holiday. oh, how nice! do you know when he ?（海安一模） a. left b. was leaving c. has left d. had leftkey：a12. where is tom? i havent seen him for several months.he _ america. he _ there for half a year.（启东一模） a. has gone to; has been b. has gone to; has gone c. has been to; has been d. has been to; has gonekey：a13. the rubbish near the river . please clean it up as soon as possible. （启东一模）a. smells badb. is smelt bad c. smells badly d. is smelt badlykey：a14. the life we were used to _ greatly in the recent ten years.（启东一模）a. has changedb. changing c. change d. changedkey：a词汇：1. (假定，料想)that you have a blog . then you can write down anything you like and share it with your friends.（如东一模）key：suppose2. my teachers often ( 鼓励 ) me not to give up when i face difficulty.（崇川一模）key：encourage3. - i wonder whether brazil will win the match later tonight. - go to bed first. i will wake you up as soon as the match .（start）（如东一模）key：starts4. -havent you seen that sign, sir? it says “no swimming”. -sorry, i it.（not notice）（如东一模）key：didnt notice5. -hey, millie, youre playing the computer game. how can you do that ? -i all the work. why cant i play for a while ?（finish）（如东一模）key：have finished6. -hello, this is jim. i （call） to tell you that well meet you at the airport at 4.00 pm tomorrow. -ok, thank you.（如东一模）key：am calling7. -have you decided where to spend your summer holiday? -we （discuss）it later on.（如东一模）key：will discuss8. my teacher （carry）over ten books out of the classroom when i came in just now.（崇川一模） key：was carrying 9. the rain .（stop） lets go out to take a walk.（崇川一模） key：has stopped 10. sam, come downstairs, please. i need your help. just a minute, mum. i （sweep）the floor.（崇川一模） key：am sweeping11.why didnt you hand in your homework yesterday? sorry, i （leave）it at home. i have brought it here today.（崇川一模） key：left 12. his grandma （like）singing beijing opera in her free time.（崇川一模） key：likes13. the skirt _ （feel）soft as if it is made of silk.（通州一模）key：feels14. last night i didnt answer your phone because i _ （watch）an interesting tv programme.（通州一模）key：was watching15. do you know if jack will drive to london this weekend?jack? never! he _ （hate）driving so far.（通州一模）key：has hated16. where is your grandma, ellen? she _ （water）the flowers in the garden. （通州一模）key：is watering17. the other day, a taxi driver _ （risk）