Lecture9 时间与空间观.ppt

Lecture9 TimeandSpace Cross culturalquestions Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutyourowncultureandthendiscussinterculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences 1 Isthewesternconceptoftimedifferentfromthatinourcountry MightabusinesspersonfromtheUSencounteranydifferences considerpromptness schedules signingofcontracts etc 2 Arethereobjects procedures orcustomswhicharesymbolicofourculture suseoftime Explain Cross culturalquestions 3 Howdoestechnologyinfluencetheuseoftime Howdoesitaffectpersonal social andprofessionallives 4 Howissenseofprivacyobtainedinourculture Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttobealone athome atwork orelsewhere 5 Hasthedesignofyourcitybeeninfluencedbynon nativestylesofarchitecture Ifso how 6 Whattypesofarchitecturearebestsuitedtotheenvironmentandgeographyofourcountry Time Whentravelerslackanawarenessofhowtimeisregulatedinaforeigncountry theycanexpecttofeelsomewhatdisoriented Sincemostpeopletaketimeforgranted theeffectsofvalues customs andsocialetiquetteontheuseoftimeareseldomexamined Time Aculturethatvaluesachievementandprogresswilldiscouragepeoplefrom wasting time Highlyefficientbusinesspeoplefromtheseculturesmayfeelfrustratedinacountrywhereworkproceedsataslowpace Inreligioussocieties customsspecifytimesoftheday week oryearforprayerandreligiouscelebrations Time Ifanindividualtriestomakeanappointmentduringasacredholiday heorshecouldunknowinglyoffendareligiousperson Socialetiquettedeterminesappropriatetimesforvisits meetings andevenphonecalls Arrivingtwohourslateforanappointmentmaybeacceptableinoneculture whereasinanother keepingsomeonewaitingfifteenminutesmaybeconsideredrude Promptness Promptnessisimportantinwesternbusiness academic andsocialsettings Theimportanceofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool Tardyslipsandtheuseofbellssignaltothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretoberespected Promptness Peoplewhokeepappointmentsareconsidereddependable Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews appointments orclasses theyareoftenviewedasunreliableandirresponsible Inthebusinessworld timeismoney andcompaniesmayfinetheirexecutivesfortardinesstobusinessmeetings Promptness Ofcourse itisnotalwayspossibletobepunctual Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovidesrulesforlatearrivals Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslateforscheduledappointmentisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected Keepingadateorafriendwaitingbeyondtentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude Ontheotherhand arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesisacceptable Promptness Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessionalcircles Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclassassignmentsorbusinessreportswillbemet Studentswhohandinassignmentslatemaybesurprisedtofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheirgradesorevenrefusetogradetheirwork Whetheritisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline peopleareculturallyconditionedtoregulatetime DivisionofTime Timeistangible real concrete Onecan gaintime spendtime wastetime savetime oreven killtime CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession Doyouhaveanytime Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaytimeiscarefullydivided DivisionofTime Generally Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted Inbusinessesthecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15 30 and60 minutetimeslots A2 30 3 00interviewmayendintimeforabriefbreakbeforea3 15 4 00meeting DivisionofTime Theideathat thereisatimeandplaceforeverything extendstowesternsociallife Visitorswho dropby withoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhost spersonaltime Thus callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors droppingby Toaccommodateotherpeople sschedules Americansmakebusinessplansandsocialengagementsseveraldaysorweeksinadvance DivisionofTime Asindividualsinaculture weallhaveanintuitiveunderstandingabouthowtimeisregulated Usuallywedonotthinkabouttheconceptoftimeuntilweinteractwithotherswhohaveadifferenttimeorientation DivisionofTime Althoughindividualsfromanytwoculturesmayviewtimesimilarly weoftensensethatinanotherculture lifeseemstoproceedateitheraslowerorfasterpace Knowinghowtimeisregulated divided andperceivedcanprovedvaluableinsightsintoindividualsandtheircultures Linesandcircles Westernculture timeaslines whichgoesawayandneverreturnsChineseculture timeascircles whichgoesaroundandneverends 西方文化的线式时间观 Weburndaylight ShakespeareNohandcanmaketheclockstrikeformethehoursthatarepassed ByronAllthetreasuresofearthcannotbringbackonelastmoment French 线式时间观 DavidNorrisHowyouspendyourtimeismoreimportantthanhowyouspendyourmoney Moneymistakescanbecorrected buttimeisgoneforever HoraceMannLost yesterday somewherebetweensunriseandsunset twogoldenhours eachsetwithsixtydiamondminutes Norewardisoffered fortheyaregoneforever JimBishopItisdifficulttoliveinthepresent ridiculoustoliveinthefuture andimpossibletoliveinthepast Nothingisasfarawayasoneminuteago 线式时间观 时间好比一条直线 使一种线形的单向持续运动 线式的时间观是西方人总觉得时间一去不复返 因而有着强烈的紧缺意识 这种意识使西方人凡是向前看 一切着眼于未来 他们的注意力也主要用于未来事情的规划与实现 中国文化的环式时间观 日月光华 旦复旦兮 春与秋其代序 屈原 离骚 代序即时序环转替换 中国人虽然也叹息 岁月不待人 但昼夜更迭 季节交替的环式时间观是中国人总体上有时间充裕感 做事慢慢来是一种主要倾向 人们相信是失去的东西还有时间补救 中国文化的环式时间观 人们对 时过境迁 有所心理准备 并慢慢等待 时来运转 告别语和劝慰语种几乎都是 慢 字当头 慢慢走 慢用 慢慢商量 慢慢看 慢慢欣赏 等 从容悠闲构成了中国农耕文化的一大特点 人们修身养性 重在回往日的言行 吾日三省五身 论语 学而 意在反省自己过去是否有 不忠 不信 不习 的过失 中西文化时间观 如果说线式时间观向前看 重求知 有利于鼓励开拓创新 环式时间观则向后看 重修身 有利于促进稳定守序 Space ArchitecturalDifferenceWhenwetravelabroadweareimmediatelyimpressedbythemanywaysbuildings homes andcitiesaredesigned Thedivisionandorganizationofspacelendcharacteranduniquenesstovillages townsandcities Yet architecturaldifferencesmayalsocauseconfusionordiscomfortforthetraveler ArchitecturalDifference Theseparationofspaceinsidehomesmayalsovaryfromculturetoculture Inmostwesternhomesthelayoutofroomsrevealstheseparatenessandlabelingaspaceaccordingtofunction bedroom livingroom diningroom playroom andsoon Thissystemisinsharpcontrasttoothercultureswhereoneroominahousemayserveseveralfunctions InJapan homeswithslidingwallscanchangealargeroomintotwosmallroomssothatalivingroomcanalsoserveasabedroom PrivacyandtheUseofSpace Architecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansisculturallydetermined PeopleintheEnglish speakingcountriestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers PrivacyandtheUseofSpace Theexpression goodfencesmakegoodneighbors indicatesapreferenceforprivacyfromneighbors homes Ifafamilycanaffordit eachchildhashisorherownbedroom Insomecultureswhenindividualsdesireprivacy itisacceptableforthemsimplytowithdrawintothemselves Thatis theydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupinordertoachieveprivacy PrivacyandtheUseofSpace Youngchildrenlearntherule knockbeforeyouenter whichteachesthentorespectothers privacy Parents too oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildren srooms Whenabedroomdooriscloseditmaybeasigntootherssaying Ineedprivacy I mangry or Donotdisturb I mbusy ForAmericans thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy CulturalNotes Time1 Fordoctors anddentists appointmentsitisimportanttocall24to48hoursbeforeascheduledappointmentifyouhavetocancel Insomecases youwillbechargedifyoudonotappearforanappointment Time 2 Whenyouhaveahotelreservation itisagoodideatoask BywhattimedoIhavetoarrive Ifyouarrivelaterthanthespecifiedtime thehotelpersonnelmaycancelyourreservationunlessyoucallaheadoftimetotellthemthatyou llbelate Ifyouhavetocancelyourreservation callinadvancetonotifythehotel Time 3 Time saving devicesandmethodsareverypopularintheEnglish speakingcountries Theyincludepush buttonTVs instantcoffee TVdinners microwaveovens drive inbanking andfast foodrestaurants Space 1 Atveryformaldinnerpartiesyoumayfindaplacecardwithyournameonitnexttotheplatewhereyouaresupposedtosit Otherwisethehost hostessmaytellyouwheretosit Theremaybenofixedplacesatadinnertable Inthiscase eachpersonsitswhereverheorshewouldlike Oftenthemotherorthefathersitsattheheadofthetable Space 2 Oftenwhenyouareinvitedintoawesterner shomethehostorhostesswillgiveyoua tour ofthehouse Onereasonforthisistomakeyoufeelmorecomfortablesothatyouwillfell athome Also Americansenjoyshowingofftheimprovementsthey vemadeintheirhomes Space 3 Thewayspaceisusedinfluencespeople sattitudesandrelationships Forexample howpeopleareseatedaroundatableaffectsconversation Whositsnexttowhomandwholooksatwhominfluencethesocialinteraction Evenhistoricalandpoliticaleventsmaybeaffectedbytheuseofspace Space In1968 duringtheVietnamWar internationalpeacetalkswereheldinParis France Aseriousproblemfacingtheplannersofthesemeetingswastheseatingarrangementoftherepresentatives Eachgovernment sstatusandneedshadtobeconsidered Ittookeightmonthstoreachanagreementontheshapeofthetable Inthemeantime thewarcontinued MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire Thefollowingquestionsareintendedtostimulatecross culturaldiscussionandtohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithwesterncustomsandresponses Onthemultiplechoicequestionstrytoguesswhatawesternerwoulddo Morethanoneanswermaybecorrect MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire 1 Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamily shousefordinnerhowmuchlaterafterthescheduledtimewouldyouarrive Inourcountry intheEnglish speakingcountries A 15minuteslater B 30minuteslater C 1hourlater D 2hourslaterormore MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire 2 Howlongdoesapartyatwhichdinnerisservedusuallylast Inourcountry intheEnglish speakingcountries A 1to2hoursB 3to4hoursC 5to6hoursD 7to8hours MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire 3 Ifyouwerehavingapartyforthestudentsinyourclass howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinvitethem Inourcountry intheEnglish speakingcountries A Thedayoftheparty B Onedayinadvance C Severaldaysinadvance D Threeorfourweeksinadvance MultipleChoiceQues