英语笔记(2012初二下).doc

Unit 6 section A1、 语法：形容词的比较级变法（1） 规则变法：（单音节）1、 一般在词尾加“er”例：high-higher few-fewer tall-taller2、 以这母e结尾加“r”例：late-later fine-finer nice-nicer3、 以辅音字母加y结尾把y变i加er.例：early-earlier easy-easier funny-funnier happy-happier4、 以一个元音和一个辅音字母结尾双写辅音加er.例：big-bigger thin-thinner fat-fatter hot-hotter（二）多音节规则变化：1、 在多音节前加more(形容词）例：outgoing-more outgoing beautiful-more beautifulserious-more serious interesting-more interesting2、 不规则变化：、好 good / will -better 、多 many / much-more、少 lttle-less 、坏、差 bad-worse、远 far-farther / further2、 比较级的标志词1、 than(比）both（两者） even(甚至) a little ; a bit ; a little bit(有点） Kind of + 形容词比较级 much .得多 a lot +形容词比较级练习：1、 Im _（thin）than him.2、 He is _(autgoing) and Im quieter.3、 Alan is much _(funny) than Jim.4、 They have books _(many) than us.5、 Lily is a little _(calm) than before.6、 Who is _(athletic),your father or your mother.7、 Kate is very _(happy) every day.8、 Im as _(tall) as Ming.用形容词原基的情况有哪些：5种非常very 太too 如此so 这样such as.as ; 像某人一样as.as sb not as.as not so.as1、 和.一样 as.as例： Im as outgoing as him. 2、和. 不一样 not as.as 例：He is as athletic as me.和. 不如 not so.as 例：He is so athletic as me.3、 as的其它用法：I work_(作为)a teacher in a school._you see I play the piano very well.(正如你所见）Im (the same _)him. (和.一样)(四)1、与.不同 be different from2、 看起来不同/相同 look different / look the samedifferent +名词复数 the same +名词单数different (名词）difference 3、 看起来相同look the same看起来像.Look like 例：Lucy looks like LiLy. Lucy and LiLy look the same.4、physics ,maths , news,information 不n（作主语谓用单数）5、更多的信息more information.6、讲笑话/故事/小说tell jokes /stories 撒谎tell lies7、小学生primary school. Students.8、他是严肃的e is serious.9、请安静 keep quiet10、超出 more than =over11、擅长be good at + 名词/动名词例：我擅长英语/游泳。Im good at English./swimming.-1. 对.有益./好处be good for 对.有害 be bad for对某人好,善待某人,和某人和谐相处.(be good with sb)2. 公有的/公共的 in common (句末)例:有一些共同之处. Have some things in common.3. 感谢你的上一次来信.Thanks for your last letter. Thank you for your last letter.Thanks for 的用法 thanks for doing (do)4. 我的照片(强调照片中的人是我)photos of me pictures of me .5. 在某方面 in some ways. 例:在某方面打败/战胜过某人 beat sb in sth在网球上打败了我. Beat me in tennis.我认为在友谊方面区别是不重要的.I dont think differences are important in a friendship.6. 打败,战胜 beat sb 赢,获胜 win sth.7. 使/让某人做 make sb do / let sb do 让某人笑 make sb laugh嘲笑 laugh at sb 嘲笑别人. Laugh at others 8. 停止 stop doing sth .停下来做某事. Stop to do .我累了让我停下来休息一下. Im tired,let me stop to have a rest.9. 喜欢做某事 like / enjoy doing-1. 对于大部分的孩子来说. for most of children (for most of the kids.)对于我来说 for me 做某事(对于某人来说)是.形容词.It is important for us to keep healthy.没有必要是一样的. It is not necessary to be the same.2. 相处的观点和兴趣 opposite views and interests .3. 一个有趣的人/滑稽的人 a funny sb.4. 那对于我来说不重要.That is not important for me.5. .的反面 the opposite of .例:The opposite of calm is wild.(5) 知识点扩展.1. 两者都代 both be/情/助之后 实义V前 主语后both of .中两者都 . (句首)例:我的父母都是老师. My parents are both teachers. / Both of my parents are teachers.我们两个都 we both / both of usEveryone of us all has a book. (of 看前不看后,谓语V的单复数由of前主语决定)2. 名词性物主代词的使用(单独使用)我的 mine 你的 yours 它的 its 他的his 她的 hers 我们的 ours 他们的theirs同义句 This is my bag . This bag is mine.A:Is this his bag? B:No, it isnt his its mine.3. 然而 however (放句首作插入语后有逗号)4. 喜欢做和我同样的事.Like to do the same things as me / I do. Units 161. 女教师们 women teachers 2. 使用.去做某事 use to do.We can use the pens to write.3. 奶酪(不可数n)cheese 4.生病的 ill adj / sick adj 一个病人 a sick sb5.开始 begin(V) beginning(Vn)以.开始 begin with/ start with.begin / start 用 to do /doing 形式.在.的开始 at the beginning of .6. 游泳池/俱乐部 swimming pool/club.7. 令人兴奋的 excited (修辞人) exciting (修辞物)8. 安全的 safe (adj) 反义词 dangerous - Unit 7 section A词组:1.打开 turn on 关闭 turn off 把声音放大/调小 turn up/down2. 放.到.里 put .into. /put.in.例:把香蕉和冰激淋放入果汁机里.Put the bananas and ice cream into the blander.3. 倒.进入到.里 o.例:把奶倒入果汁机里. Pour the milk into the blander.4. 切碎 cut up 把.切成 cut . Into (成)砍倒/伐 cut down (乱砍滥伐 cut down the trees)无it 动词+代词宾格+介/副把它打开/把它们打开. Turn it on /turn them.5. 制作香蕉奶昔 make a banana milk shake.6. 打开果汁机. turn on the blander .2. 作文 如何制作香蕉奶昔How do you make a banana milk shake?.Peel three bananas Cut up the bananas.Put the bananas and ice cream into the blander.Pour the milk into the blander.Turn on the blander.drink the milk shake.-1. 一杯茶 a cup of tea . 2.一茶杯酸奶 a cup of yogurt.3.一杯水 a glass of water. 4.两杯牛奶 two glasses of milk5.两茶匙蜂蜜 two teaspoons of honey. 6.好注意 good idea.7.让我想想 let me think 让我看看 Let me see/Let me have a look8.把水果放在碗里. Put the fruit in a bowl.9.把.混合起来 mix.up把它们都混合起来. Mix (it混合物不可数n) all up .10. 打开爆米花机 turn on the popper.11. 把.加到.上 add.to. 把盐加到面条上. add satt to the noddles.12.按顺序 in order (句末)13.煮面条 boil the noddles.14.许多 many +复n much + 不可数na lot of =lots of +两者都可以.16. 多少 how many . How much.你需要多少香蕉? How many bananas do you need? How much yogurt do you need?2. 作文: How do you make fruit salad? Frist cut up thee bananas,three apples and a watermelon.Next put the fruit in a bowl. Then put in towo teaspoons,of honey and a cup of yogurt .Finally mix all up. How do you make popper?First put the popcorn into the popcorn popper.Next turn on the popper .Then put popcorn into the bowl.And add salt to the popcorn.Finally eat the popcorn. How do you make noodles?First cut up the tomatoes and beef.Next boil the noodles. Then add the ingredient to the noodles.And add salt to the noodles.Finally eat the noodles.-1. 夹生菜的三明治 lettuce in sandwiches 2. 两片面包 two slices of bread.3. 大量的. a large amount of.4. 火鸡肉片 trkey slices/ slices of turkey5. 一茶匙黄油 a teaspoon of relish.6. 两茶匙调味品 two teaspoons of relish.7. .的烹调法/食普 the recipe for./a recipe for.8. 北京烤鸭 Beijing Duck9. 两茶杯的糖 two cups of sugar.10. 卷上薄饼 roll the pancake.11. 放一些调料在面包上. Put some relish on a slice of bread.12. 检查你所有的原料. Check you have all the ingredients.- Unit 8 section A一、过去式标志词:昨天 yesterday上一个last 以前 ago 在早晨 in the morning在2012之前年分 in +2012之前年份 刚才 just now .二、不规则动词过去式:Do/does did is/am was arewere gowent comecome have/hashad seesaw taketookbuybought bringbrought eatate getgot meetmet winwon putput hanghung -1. 为某人买个礼物. Buy a gift for sb./Buy a present for sb.2. 和某人闲逛. hang out with sb.3. 赢了一个奖. win a prize 赢了第一个奖. win the frist prize.4. 在水族馆. at the aquarium.5. 去旅行. go on a trip. 在学校旅行中 on the school trip.6. 谈论 talk about 与某人谈话 talk with sb./talk to.7. 照相 take photos/pictures (a photos=a picture)8. 一个著名的男演员 a famous actor.9. 得到某人的签名 get ones autograph.10. 在那之后 after that.11. 在白天结束的时候 at the end of the day.12. 观看一个海豚表演 watch a dolphin show.13. 观看某人做某事 watch sb do.14. 乘公共汽车返回学校. Take the bus back to school.15. 一个糟糕的学校之族. A terrible school trip.16. 那听起来有趣. That sounds interesting .17. 编一个故事. Make up a story. 写下/记下 write down Unit 8 section B1. 词组1. 睡过头了/睡懒觉 sleep late 上课 have/take a class.2. 开车兜风 go for a drive 做报告/演讲 give a talk.3. 在我的下一个假期里 on my next day off4. 它真的无聊 Its really boring5. 听起来像一个忙碌的假日. Sounds like a busy day off.6. 天气是可怕的/糟糕的. The weather is terrible.7. 很高兴做某事 have.fun doing. 整天 all day8. 做庭院出售 have a yard sale. 淋湿 get wet.9. 盼望很快见到你 see you soon.10. 在某人看来 in ones opinion . 歌唱比赛 singing competition11. 在将来 in the future .-none.of. 中一个没有(做主语)可以用单/复数.nothing, something , everyone (谓V 用单数)祝你好运! Good luck! (luckily反义词 unluckily)句式 : Luckily 做插入语放入句首. fortunately . A:Did you go to the zoo? (你去动物园了吗?)B:No,I went to the aquarium .(不,我去水族馆了.)A:Were there any sharks?(有一些鲨鱼吗?)B:No,there werent any sharks.but there were same really clever seals.(不,没有一些鲨鱼,但是真的有一些聪明的海豹.) Unit 9 section A1. 词型转换1. hiccup 过去式 现在分词 2. bear 过去分词 born. 3.运动员 play /player 4. golf 高尔夫球手 golfer. golf 运动: golfing5. golf 词性(n 高尔夫球 V打高尔夫球)例: I like golfing / play golf.原型过去式原型过去式原型过去式sleepsleptsweepsweptfeelfeltleaveleft6.2. 词组及句子1. 出生 be born. 用法:她出生于什么时候? When was she born? 她出生于1999年.She was born in 1999.(于相当于在 in) 你出生于什么时候? When were you born? 我出生于1999年 I was born in 1999. 他们出生于什么时候? When were they born? 他们出生于1983年. They were born in 1983.2. 一个杰出的中国乒乓球运动员. A great Chinese ping-pang player.3. 开始做某事.start / begin doing. 4.停止做某事 stop doing.4. 开始/停止打嗝. Start /stop .(hiccup)5. .的世界记录 record for .6. 他打嗝打了多长时间?How long did he hiccup?他打嗝打了69年零5个月 (for +一段时间)He hiccuped for 69 years and 5 months.他什么时候停止打嗝的?When did he stop hiccuping? 他停止打嗝在1990年. He stopped in 1990.太.而不能 too形容词 for sb to do sth.不足够多.而不能做.not .形容词.enough to do .例: 他太小了而不能去上学.He is too young to go to school.He isnt old enough go go to school.so . That+从句如此+形容词+以至于+主语+谓V.He is so young that he cant go to school.2. for example 例如(作插入语,句首)后有逗号.3. ten months old 十个月 write mucic 谱写曲子.4. 为.而效力/打拼 play for 国家队 national team.5. 一个电影名星 a movie star.6. 表演京剧 perform Beijing Opera7. 世界冠军金牌 word Championships gold medal.8. 学习做某事 learn to do sth.9. 开始学习英语 stat learning English.10. 开始打嗝 start hiccupping 11. 举办一个聚会 have a party. 1. 给某人打电话 call sb +名字2. 叫某人某名 call sb +名字 叫他吉姆 call him Jim.3. 名叫 called=named4. 一个叫民安的村庄a village called Minan./a village named Minan知识扩展:1. when 什和时候(特殊疑问句) 当.时候(时间状语从句)引导词.at the age of 在.的岁时. 当他10个月的时候 他开始打高尔夫球 从句 主句He started golfing.When he was ten maths old.同意句:He started golfing at the age of then months old.2. be good at = do well in 擅长3. What does+主语+mean=Whats the meaning of. Unit 9 Section B.1. 一个慈祥的爷爷 a loving grandfather2. 业余/空闲时间 free time 花费,度过 spend 过去式(spent)3. 某人花费时间做某事 某人 spend(in) doing.4. 和某人度过所有业余时间. Spend all ones free time with sb.例:和他的孙子度过所有的业余时间. Spend all his free time with his grandson.5. 一个著名的小提琴手.a famous violinist /a well know violinist.6. 看见某人做某事 see (saw)sb do.7. 一个善良而慈祥的奶奶.A kind and loving grandmother.8. 变成一个滑冰冠军 become a skating champion9. 到美国演出 tour the U.S 到亚洲巡演 tour Asia.10. 一个不寻常的小提琴手 an unusual violinist. Unit 9 Section Binterest (n)兴趣 爱好 interested.(adj)有趣的(人)interesting (adj)有趣的(物)例:I have many interests. For example,Im interested is singing.I like reading interesting books.扩展interest 动词(吸引) interest sb 吸引某人1. 一个杰出的作家 an outstanding writer一个孩童时期 a small boy/ a small girl.2. can 过去式 could (情V) 后面的动词用原型.may 过去式 might must should 过去式 shall would will(原型)3. 哼唱歌曲 hun songs 一首音乐 a piece of music.4. 一首美妙的音乐 a piece of beautiful music5. 开始学习手风琴 begin to learn the accordion.6. 参加 take part in + 活动 join in +活动.参军 join the army 加入到某人中 join sb 宾格7. 第一个做某事的人. the first lone to do sth.He is the first one to get to school.主修 major in 清华大学 Tsinghua University搬到某地 move to + 地点 , 在.岁时 at the age of (V)each 能和of 连用 every (不能后加名词)修辞单数名词 every not 不能和not 连用.对.感兴趣 be/become interested in. tell过去式 told Unit 10 Section A1. 词组及用法:1. 在春天每一样东西都开始生长.Everything begins to grow in sporing.2. 成长,长大 grow up (主语指人)当你长大的时候 When you grow up.当他长大的时候 When he grow up.grow 过去式 grew hold 过去式 held 3. 电脑程序师 computer programmer4. 当我长大的时候我想要当一名工程师.When I grow up,I want to be an engineer.5. 飞行员 airline pilot 6.专业的professional(adj)专业 profession(n)7. 表演 act (V) acting(n) 演员 actor(男) actress(女)上表演课 take acting lessons8. 搬到某地 move to +地点 例:搬到北京 move to Beijing.9. 我的梦想是当一名老师.My dream is to be a teacher.(to be是表语)梦见dream of/about dream 过去式 dreamt /dreamed10. 某地 somewhere (adv) 修辞语后指修辞词:形容词不定式11. 有趣的地方 some where interest.我搬到新的地方 I move somewhere new.somewhere (肯定句,表示征求对方意见的疑问句)anywhere (否定句 疑问句)落某物在某处 left sb somewhere.把我的书落在家里. Left my book at home.-1. 得到一分兼职的工作 get a part - time job(可数名词)2. 存一些钱 save same money 节省 救命 save3. 同时 at the same time(句末); 在那时 at that time(过去式)4. 举办一场运动会 hold a sports meeting.举办美术展览 hold art exhibitions.5. 我想要变的有钱(富裕). I want to be rich. rich反意词 poor6. 全世界 all over the world./around the world.7. 周游世界 travel all over the world.8. 还.已经 yet (用于否定句,疑问句句末)我还没有确定 Im not sure yet.9. 努力学习 study hard 更努力学习 study harder.10. 听起来像 sound like +名词11. 一两年 a year or two years. 12.写文章 write articles把某物送/寄给某人 send 物to 人send 人物(send 过去式 sent) 13. 也许 maybe (放于句首作插入语,后有逗号)14. 练习做某事 practice doing sth, 完成做某事 finish doing sth.众所周知 It is well-known Unit 10 Im going to be an actor when I grow up1 Crammer 一般将来时态(三种)1. 用be doing 译成：正要做某事2. 用be going to do 译成：打算计划(做某事)例：He is going go be an engineer when he grows up.他长大后打算当一名工程师. 用will do 译成：将要做某事2 标志词明天 tomorrow 下一个next this+时间(this morning除外)以后，过后 later 不久以后,尽快 soon在将来 in the future 有一天 one day(有过去时态)某天some day in+ 一段时间3. 句型1. 当你长大的时候你打算做什么?What are you going to be when you grow up?2. 当你和大的时候你想要做什么?What do you want to be when you grow up?3. 当他长大的时候他打算当什么?What is he going go be when he grows up?Hes going to be an engineer when he grows up?4. 你打算怎样做那个? How are you going to do that?5. 我打算上表演课. Im going go take acting lessons.6. 你打算在哪工作? Where are you going to work?7. 我还不确定. Im not sure yet.中考重点:1. There be 有2. 将有 1例:明天你打算做什么? What are you going to do tomorrow? 我打算去上表演课. Im going go take acting lessons tomorrow.2例: There will be a soccer game next Sunday. There is going go be a soccer game next Sunday. There will be two soccer games next Sunday. There are going go be two soccer games next Sunday. Unit 10 section B1. 词组:1. 新年决心 New years Resolutions.新学期决心 New terms Resolutions.2. 一个工具/器具 an instrument3. 弹奏乐器 play 4. 适合某人 fit sb. 和某人交流 communicate with sb.5. lady 复数ladies 外语 foreign languages6. 建筑 build (v) 过去式 built 建筑师 builder 建筑物 building (可n)7. 下一年 next year 8. 组建个足球队 make the soccer team9. 中学毕业以后 after high school.10. 从某地搬到某地 move from (原地)to (目的地).11. 到某地旅行 travel to +地点- Unit 11 section A1. 词组1. 做家务 do chores/ house work . 2.洗餐具 do the dishes.3. 扫地(板) sweep the floor. (sweep 过去式 swept)4. 取出(倒)垃圾 take out the trash (带.去散步 take. for a walk)5. 整理床铺 make ones bed/make the bed6. 叠某人的衣服 fold ones clothes7. 打扫起居室 clean the living room.8. 开会 have a meeting.9. 从事电脑工作 work on computer.10. hate 近义dislike 反义like/love11. 洗衣服12. 搭车 get a ride. 13.在外面呆得晚 stay out late14. 做饭2. 句式1. 表示请求对方做某事,译成请做一下某事好吗?Could(表示委婉语气) you please do sth?肯回:Yes sure/of course/certainly表示委婉拒绝 Sorry,I cant./No,I can.I have to do sth.例:请你打扫一下房间好吗?Could you please clean the room?是的,当然. Yes, sure请你刷一下盘子好吗?Could you please do the dishes? 很抱歉,我不能.我不得不做我的作业.Sorry,I dont.I have to do my homework.2. 要求自己做某事,译成:我可以/能做某事吗?Could I do sth? 肯回:Yes,you can.委婉拒绝:例:我可以去看电影吗?Could I go to the movies? 是的,你能 Yes ,you can. 我可以用一下你的车吗? Could I use your car? 对不起,不能,我要外出. Sorry, you cant.I have to go out.3. you please make (make) your bed?you please not make (not make) some noise? Unit 11 Section B1. 词组1. 买一些饮料和小吃. Buy some drinks and snacks.2. 买 buy 卖 sell 从.买. Buy.from.把.卖给. Sell.to . 为某人买.buy 物 for 人. buy 过去式 bought sell 过去式 sold tell过去式 told3. 从.借某物 borrow.from.例:我从图书馆借一本书. I borrowed a book form the library.把某物借给某人. lend 物 to 人=lend 人 物他把他的自行车借给我你能把你的车借给我吗?you lend your car to me?答语: 4. 邀请某人 invite 名词 invitation5. store = stop 商店6. take care of=look after 照顾.好好照顾 take good care of/ look after well7. 带.去散步 take .for a walk.8. feed过去式 fed. meet过去式 met用.喂给. feed.with.9. forget to . 忘记做某事.-1. 喜欢做某事 like doing /to do 不喜欢做某事 dislike/hate doing/ to do2. 把某物搬到某地 move .to +地点3. 从事我的英语方案 work on my English project.4. 变得生气 get angry 是生气的 be angry5. 我和我的父母正要去度假.My parents and I are going on vacation tomorrow.6. 我去了你家.但你不在家.I went to your house,but you7. 我需要一些帮助 I need some help.8. 向某人录求帮助 ask sb for help.9. 过来,顺便拜访 come over 过来某地 come over to +地点 Unit 12 Section A1. 形容词或副词的最高级变法:(1) 单音节词的夫则变化.1. 一般情况在词尾加est例:cheapcheapest talltallest shortshortest longlongest fewfewest newnewest youngyoungest oldoldest2. 以不发音e结尾在词尾加st例: closeclosest latelatest nicenicest finefinest3. 以辅音字母加y结尾把y变i加est. 例:friendlyfriendliest healthyhealthiest funnyfunniest earlyearliest 4.以一个原音和一个辅音结尾双写辅音字母加est.例:bigbiggest