被动式的翻译.doc

被动式的翻译：1. 顺序翻译：借用汉语表示被动意义的词按照顺序翻译。The patient is being operated on by the doctor.病人正在接受手术。The lights have been turned on by him.灯被他打开了。Heat can be converted to energy and energy can be converted to heat.热可以转换成能，能可以转换成热。Electricity can be most easily turned into other forms of energy.电能可以很容易地被转换成其他形式的能。The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.运动产生的能被称为动能。We are given heat and light by the sun.太阳给我们提供了光和热。This must be done at once.这个必须一次做完。The question is going to be discussed soon.这问题很快会被解决的。This method is better, but can still be improved.这种方法是比较好，但是还可以改进。Everything is built up of atoms.2. 转换句子成分：主语宾语，主语并入谓语一起翻译，句子的另一成分作主语。Steps have been taken to diminish friction.采取了措施减小摩擦力。They can hardly be said to have discovered this phenomenon.不能说他们已经发现了这种现象。The teacher may be asked questions.有人会问老师问题。They suggested that the question be discussed immediately.他们建议应当立即讨论这个问题。It has to be pointed out that one and the same word may have different meanings in different branches of science and technology.应当指出的是，一个相同的词，在不同的科技领域会有不同的意思。Care should be taken not to damage the instruments.注意不要损坏设备。Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.应该考虑到这种金属的低熔点。这种金属的低熔点应该被考虑。Attention has been paid to this phenomenon.这种现象已经引起注意了。It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals.这种机器应该按正常周期保养。这种机器应该定期保养。They are deprived of the rights they have long fought for.他们被剥夺了他们长久以来为之奋斗的权利。3. 改变句子结构1) 把原句中的行为者作主语Large quantities of steam are required by modern industry.现代工业需要大量的蒸汽。All objects are made to expand by heat.所有的东西加热就会膨胀。2) 补充行为者作主语They were seen repairing the machine.他们被看到在修理机器。Matter is known to occupy space.我们知道空间里充满了物质。It is universally known that the world is made of matter.普遍认为世界是物质的。It has been found that all kinds of matter consist of atoms.我们发现所有物质都是由原子构成的。3) 译成汉语的无主句A large motor is installed in our factory,我们厂里安装了大功率发动机。A decision will be made as to how the waste can be disposed of.关于如何处理废物，将会做出决定。The lights are usually turned on at 6:30.通常6：30开灯。A force is needed to stop a moving body.需要力去改变运动物体的运动状态。课外练习：In a certain country, millions of working-class children are forced to work as child labors. Child labor is mostly used in agriculture. It is reported that more than eight hundred thousand children are hired on plantations and farms. They are cruelly exploited by the monopoly capitalists.Child labors are badly treated by the big farmers. They are made to do what is usually done by grown-ups, but they are paid very much less. In one county in a state of that country, as many as 4,000 children are forced every summer to go and work for the capitalists. They are made to work in the burning sun from seven oclock in the morning until four in the afternoon.In recent years monopoly capitalism has been hit harder and harder by economic crises. More and more children have been hired to work in factories and on farms, because the monopoly capitalists are trying very hard to keep the wages low.在某个国家，成千上万的工人阶级的孩子被迫去做童工。童工主要用于农业，有报道披露，超过800，000儿童被雇佣在种植园和农场工作，他们被垄断资本家残酷剥削。童工受到农场主极坏的对待，他们通常要去做成人才做的工作，但是得到的报酬极少，在那个国家的一个州，每年夏天有4,000儿童被强迫去为资本家工作。在火辣辣的太阳下，他们要从早上七点一直工作到下午四点。四、There+be结构There+be句型是英语的一种特殊而常用的结构，表示“存在”，常和地点状语连用，相当于汉语的“有”。There+be结构的翻译：1. 译成有主语的“有”，该结构中，通常可把句中的地点状语译成主语（略去介词）。There is a lamp on the desk.桌子上有一盏灯。There stands a typewriter on the desk.桌子上有台打印机。There are different elements in nature.自然界中有不同的元素。2. 不带状语的There+be结构，有时可以把原文的主体部分拆开来翻译，一部分作汉语的主语，另一部分译成谓语“有”的宾语。There are three main laws of mechanics, or three laws of Newton.运动学三大定律，或者叫牛顿三大定律。There are about seventy metallic elements.自然界中大约有七十种金属元素。There are three ways of heat transfer: conduction, radiation and convection.热传递有三种方式：传导，辐射，对流。3. 译成无主句的“有”。带地点状语的There+be结构，一般可以译成汉语的无主句“某处有-”：There is not any body in an absolute state of rest in the world.世界上没有物体是绝对静止的。There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.天空中有成千上万的像太阳一样的恒星。Were there any desks and chairs in the room?教室里有桌椅吗？Is there anything in the fridge?冰箱里有东西吗？There is a hole in my tights.我的紧身衣上有个洞。4. 不带状语的There+be结构，有时可直接译成汉语的无主句“有”，或其他动词：Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。There is sure to be some rain tonight.今晚肯定要下雨。There may have been an accident.那儿可能发生了一场交通事故。There is going to be a storm.要有暴风雨了。There was expected to be more discussion.预期有更多的讨论。5. 译成汉语无主句“有”的英语句子，其主语之后，有时带解释部分：There are two kinds of charge-positive and negative.有两种电荷正电荷和负电荷。There are two kinds of energy, kinetic and potential.有两种能-动能和势能。6. 其他译法：There is 90 degrees in a right angle.90角是直角。There are good friends and bad friends.朋友有好坏之分。There is no come and go with him.他很固执。There is not a moment to be lost.刻不容缓。There being nothing to do, we went home.没什么做的了，我们就回家了。There is