基于工程量清单计价模式下的工程结算研究.doc

基于工程量清单计价模式下的工程结算研究 基于工程量清单计价模式下的工程结算研究(含选题审批表,任务书,开题报告,中期检查报告,毕业论文18000字,成绩评定册) 摘 要：本文结合我国工程量清单计价的推行，通过与传统定额计价模式比较，分析了工程量清单计价模式的特点与内容，探讨了实施工程量清单计 .基于工程量清单计价模式下的工程结算研究(含选题审批表,任务书,开题报告,中期检查报告,毕业论文字,成绩评定册)摘  要：本文结合我国工程量清单计价的推行，通过与传统定额计价模式比较，分析了工程量清单计价模式的特点与内容，探讨了实施工程量清单计价模式后工程结算存在的主观问题和客观问题，并研究了工程施工准备期、施工期内、竣工结算时产生工程结算纠纷的主要原因，提出解决问题的建议与措施，如规范招投标程序、合理取定工程量清单的综合单价、加强合同管理等，以减少工程结算纠纷。关键词：工程量清单；工程结算；纠纷Study on the construction settlement of the engineering bill pricing modeAbstract: This article based on the prompting of engineering bill pricing in our country, through the comparison with the traditional quota valuation model, analysing the features and content of engineering bill pricing mode, discussing the subjective and objective problems after the implementation of engineering bill pricing of construction settlement, and studying in the engineering construction preparation, construction period and completion of settlement of dispute settlement produced major reasons and puts forward some suggestions and measures to solve the problems, such as the standard tendering procedures, reasonable price of comprehensive unit price, strengthening the contract management etc, in order to reduce the settlement of dispute. Key words：Quantity list； Engineering settlement；Dispute工程量清单计价的程序工程量清单计价的基本过程如图1所示。从计价过程的示意图中可以看出，工程量清单计价的过程分为两个阶段：工程量清单编制和利用工程量清单投标报价。工程量清单编制:在统一的工程量计算规则的基础上，制定工程量清单项目的设置规则，根据具体工程的施工图纸计算出各个清单项目的工程量，并按统一格式完成工程量清单编制。工程量清单报价:依据工程量清单、国家地区或行业的定额资料、市场信息，招标人或者招标委托人可以制定项目的标底价格，而投标单位则依据招标人提供的工程量清单，根据企业定额和从各种渠道获得的工程造价信息和经验数据计算得到招标报价。 城市交通对城市空间格局的影响研究(7800字)摘  要：交通是城市空间形态演变的重要因素之一，城市形态的演变是城市交通与土地利用一体化的演变，城市交通与土地利用的互动发展构筑了城市形态。本文着重研究了长沙市交通分布状况，通过研究城镇空间结构的变化机制，以及交通枢纽对城镇空间结构的影响动力和特征，分析了长株潭高速综合交通的发展趋势，以及对长株潭城镇群发展的影响，提出了交通枢纽对长株潭城镇群空间结构重构的方案和发展的设想。关键词：城市交通；空间格局；交通枢纽；City Of Urban Spatial Pattern Of Traffic Influencn Studies Abstract: Urban space form evolution traffic is one of the important factors. Urban form evolution is integrated urban traffic and the evolution of land use . Urban transportation and land use the interactive development constructed urban form . This paper studies the traffic distribution in changsha city . Through the study of spatial structure of towns change mechanism . And transportation hub of the influence of spatial structure of towns power and features . Analyzed the changzhutan high-speed integrated traffic development trend . And to changzhutan city development impact . Puts forward traffic hub changzhutan city of spatial structure reconstruction scheme and development in the future Key words: Urban traffic; Spatial pattern; Transportation hub ;商业银行不良贷款变动状况及影响因素分析(选题审批表,任务书,开题报告,毕业论文字)摘 要：近年来我国商业银行特别是国有商业银行经历了一系列的银行改革后，不良贷款率有所下降，但是不良贷款额还是很大，为了能够从根本上降低不良贷款，本文对国有商业银行不良贷款的变动情况进行了描述，对2005年到2010年宏观经济因素对不良贷款的影响进行了线性分析，得出财政收入，进出口总额和货币供应量对降低不良贷款的作用最大。针对实证结果，提出以扩张性财政政策为主，扩大内需，通过扩大社会消费拉动经济增长,提高国内生产总值，间接降低不良贷款的建议。关键词：不良贷款；国有商业银行；变动状况；影响因素；线性回归分析Analysis of the Adverse Changes of Non-performing Loans in Commercial Bank and its Influence   Abstract: In recent years, Chinas Commercial Banks, especially State-owned Commercial Banks, through a series of banking reforms. After that, the non-performing loans ratio is descending. But under the circumstances, there are still a large amount of bad loans. In order to fundamentally reduce bad loans, this thesis analysis the changes of non-performing of State-owned Commercial Banks and the influence of macroeconomic factors to non-performing loans from 2005 to 2010. We can conclude that revenue, total import and export volume and money supply play the most important role to reduce the non-performing loans。  Finally according to the results of this study, some suggestions will be provided. Based on the expansionary fiscal policy, it can expand domestic demand. Then through the expansion of social consumption to promote economic growth and GDP, then reduce the non-performing loans indirectly. Key words：Non-performing loans；State-owned commercial Banks；Changes；Influence factors；Linear regression analysis 摘  要合并财务报表，是反映母公司和其全部子公司形成的企业集团整体财务状况、经营成果和现金流量的财务报表。随着社会主义市场经济体制的确立，企业体制改革的不断深入，资本市场和证券市场的建立和发展，合并财务报表开始体现出其必然性和必要性。随着企业联合、兼并、重组等投资业务越来越多，使得集团企业的股权投资关系日趋复杂化；另一方面，政府、投资人对上市企业的监管与信息披露的要求越来越高，及时编制合并会计报告成为集团企业财务部门最重要的业务之一。所以说，ERP在未来的市场经济中给企业带来的不仅仅是信息化，更能使企业集团在激烈的竞争中处于有利的地位，管理决策的准确、及时，将给企业集团带来更大的价值。金蝶EAS 合并报表系统作为EAS 系统的一个子系统，适用于集团处理多组织架构下的报表合并，以及集团内部的内部往来、内部交易、股权投资及投资收益、会计准则差异调整的财务处理。也就是将不同会计主体的财务报表合并在一起，通常是为便于报告而将各子公司的会计报表合并到母公司的会计报表。金蝶EAS合并报表系统提供了编制汇总报表、合并报表的完整流程并提供报表检查、项目差异指标管理、报表批注、报表归档的功能。集团统一制定报表模板，子集团和子公司根据模板编制报表并能够对编制的报表进行勾稽关系检查和项目差异检查，最后集团催报、基于“并账”编制合并报表。系统功能充分体现了规范性、真实性、准确性和及时性。 关键词：合并财务报表，抵销分录，金蝶EAS合并报表系统. The Kingdee EAS System Consolidated Financial Statement Establishment Question ResearchAbstract The consolidated financial statement, is reflected the parent company and its complete subsidiary company form enterprise group overall financial situation, management performance and cash flow financial reporting. Along with socialist market economic systems establishment, enterprise organizational reform unceasingly thorough, the capital market and stock markets establishment and the development, the consolidated financial statement starts to manifest its inevitability and the necessity. Along with investment services and so on cartel, annexation, reorganization are getting more and more, cause the group enterprises stockholders rights investment relations to complicate day by day; On the other hand, the government, the investor are getting higher and higher to Listed enterprises supervision and the information disclosures request, establishes one of promptly merge accounting report into group business finance department most important services. Therefore, ERP will bring in future market economy to the enterprise is not only the informationization, can cause the enterprise group to be at the advantageous position in the keen competition, the management decision to be accurate, to be prompt, will give the enterprise group to bring a greater value. The Kingdee EAS combined statements system takes a EAS systems sub-system, is suitable processes under the multi-organization construction in the group the report form merge, as well as group interior internal intercourse, insider dealing, stockholders rights investment and investment yield, accounting standards difference adjustment financial processing. Is also the different accounting subject financial reporting merges in together, usually is to be advantageous for the report, but merges various subsidiary companies fiscal statement to parent companys fiscal statement.The Kingdee EAS combined statements system has provided the establishment summary report, the combined statements complete flow and provides the report form inspection, the project difference target management, the report form postil, the report form filing-up function.The group unifies the formulation report form template, the sub-group and the subsidiary company and can carry on according to the template establishment report form to the establishment report form cancel check the relational inspection and the project difference inspection, finally the group urges the newspaper, based on “and the account” the establishment combined statements. The system function has manifested the standards, the authenticity, the accuracy and timeliness fully. Key words: Consolidated financial statement，Elimination entry, The Kingdee EAS Combined statements system. 合并财务报表的种类及其编制原则 合并报表的种类，主要包括：合并资产负债表，合并利润表，合并利润分配表和合并现金流量表。 原则有几个方面： （1）以个别报表为基础。 （2）一体性原则（编制抵销分录的一个最关键的内容）。在编制合并报表时，应当按照将母公司和所有子公司作为整体来看待。视为同一会计主体。母公司和子公司发生的经营活动都应当从企业集团这一整体的角度进行考虑，所以，它们彼此之间发生的业务，才要进行抵销处理。 （3）重要性原则。合并报表并不是反映某一会计主体的具体经济业务过程，而是反映母子公司所组成的企业集团财务状况、经营成果的信息，对于不重要的信息，即使不抵销，也不会误导会计报表的使用者。因此，在编制合并报表时，特别强调重要性原则的运用。 目  录   字摘 要    IIABSTRACT    III第1章 绪 论    11.1合并财务报表的产生和发展    11.2合并报表的作用    11.3合并财务报表编制的前期准备事项    21.4合并财务报表的种类及其编制原则    3第2章 合并财务报表的编制    42.1确定合并范围    42.2编制合并工作底稿    42.2.1 合并抵销的主要内容    42.2.2 合并抵销分录的编制    5第3章 EAS系统合并报表的前期准备    83.1客户业务现状及需求    83.1.1总体情况    83.1.2 合并与抵销    8 3.2合并报表系统业务蓝图    83.3合并报表基础资料    113.3.1设置合并范围    113.3.2设置项目类型    113.3.3定义报表项目    123.3.4定义取数类型    13第4章 EAS系统制作合并报表流程    154.1制作报表模板    154.1.1个别报表模板    154.1.2 合并报表模板    184.2设置抵销分录模板    194.3 设置表间勾稽关系    214.4合并报表初始化    214.5报表合并    22第5章 结 论    24参考文献    25致 谢    26 摘  要当今世界，网络成为人们生活的主导，它与经济紧密的联系在一起，促成了网络经济的飞速发展。边际收益递减一直是传统经济学的基本规律，但是随着对网络经济的研究的深入，许多学者发现传统经济学中的边际收益递减规律已经不能完全切合网络经济的一些现象，边际收益递增在解释很多现象时往往更加得精准。目前，对于边际收益递增问题也仅仅是运用传统经济学的理论框架进行研究，人们对于网络经济边际收益递增还有一定的争议，一些经济学学者呼吁要全面的看待网络的边际收益递增，强调网络经济边际收益递增的不确定性。本文通过讨论网络经济的概念和对传统经济边际收益递减规律的讨论，具体分析了网络经济的边际收益递增问题和原因以及对经济发展的积极和消极影响；论述了网络经济下边际收益递增的不确定性。在较为全面的分析了网络经济边际收益递增现象的同时，也对我国网络经济的发展给予了关注。关键词：边际收益递减规律；外部性；正反馈 Discussion on the problem of Increasing MarginalRevenue of Networks Economy AbstractNowadays, the network becomes the predominance of people’ life; it is relative closely to economy, which helps the fast development of networks economy. Decreasing marginal revenue has been the basic regulation of the traditional economics, but along with the deeper research of network economy, many scholars finds that the traditional decreasing marginal revenue already cant completely suit some phenomenon of networks economy, Increasing marginal revenue explains much more precisely. Currently, the research of increasing marginal revenue is based in theories frame of the traditional economics, people also have certain controversies for increasing marginal revenue of networks economy, and some economic scholars appeal to an overall treat to the increasing marginal revenue and emphasize indetermination of the increasing marginal revenue of networks economy.By discussion about the concept of networks economy and traditional decreasing marginal revenue, this text analyses concretely the reason of the increasing marginal revenue of networks economy and the positive and negative influence to development of economy; along with an overall research of the increasing marginal revenue, the text also focuses on the development of our countrys networks economy. Keywords: Increasing Marginal Revenue of Networks Economy; Exterior; Positive feedback     某药业股份有限公司的财务战略分析(选题审批表,任务书,开题报告,毕业论文字)摘 要：随着行业技术革新速度的加快以及激烈的竞争环境，许多企业面临着很多来自外部环境的威胁。企业要在风云变幻的市场竞争中求的生存和发展，就需要企业自觉深入地进行战略分析。财务战略管理的研究正在日渐成为财务管理领域的新热点。财务战略的制定与实施是企业战略中的重要组成部分。财务资源和可以增值的机会对于企业来说是有限的，所以能不能有效筹集、合理分配财务资源是企业的重要工作。本文就北京某药业股份有限公司的财务战略进行了深入的研究。本文首先分析了财务战略的背景与研究意义，概述了财务战略的内涵、特征以及目标等，接着本文结合了该药业股份有限公司自身特点分析了其内外部环境，运用SWOT分析法对其财务管理现状进行了分析，从而发现该公司存在的问题和不足并且对其提出了相应的解决方案。关键词：药业股份有限公司；财务战略；SWOT；Study On Financial Strategy Of The Double-crane Pharmaceutical co., LtdAbstract: With the accelerating pace of the industries technological innovation and the competitive environment, lots of enterprises are facing with many challenges from outside. The enterprises are required to proceed the strategic analysis consciously and profoundly in order to survive and develop in the changing markets’ competition. The research on the financial strategy management is becoming a hot issue in the field of financial management. The formulation and implementing of the financial strategy had become an important part of  the corporate strategy. The financial resources and the chances to make itself accrued are limited in a company, thus, it is significant to raise and allot financial resources effectively and reasonably. This paper is focus on the profound research on the financial strategy of the Double-crane Pharmaceutical co., Ltd. Firstly, it analysed the background and the purport of studing this subject and expounded the proceeding, development, meanings, features and types on financial strategy. Secondly, it elaborate the thought and the structure of the research. In addition, in this paper, the research, studied by the academic circles recently was analyzed. What’s more, it integrated the internal environment with outer environment of the Double-crane Pharmaceutical co., Ltd, estimated the company’s financial condition, found out the deficiencies in the financial management and put forward some feasible suggestion.Key words: The Double-crane Pharmaceutical co., Ltd; Financial strategy; SWOT;跨国公司本质上是追求利润的私人组织，随着社会责任的不断推进，跨国公司给全球带来的影响除了积极方面之外，同时也有一些如环境破坏，侵犯劳工权利等问题，跨国公司侵犯人权的事件受到越来越多的关注。跨国公司的人权责任问题已经引起国际社会的广泛关注,成为当今国际法研究的新课题。在跨国公司制定行动守则的同时，国际社会和国家也开始对跨国公司的行为进行规范。这些规范将有助于进一步保护人权；有助于与跨国公司相关的国内法、国际组织指南及国际条约等与国际人权法进步相结合，并在此基础上改善跨国公司国际人权责任问题的对策；有助于进一步保护人权和促进人权的国际保护，进一步提高立法保护人权。 Abstract：Multinational corporations are very powerful entities in the current world orderTheir impact on the well being of communities and individuals，including in terms of human rights，is evident wherever they operateWhile there is considerable scope for that impact to be positive，corporate activity is often perceived to have had，and has had，a  detrimental impact on human rights protectionThe main purposes of this paper are: to get a deep, overall and systematic knowledge of the social responsibilities of the multinational corporations ,to sum up the de ep-seated problems that have occurred,and discover the feasible approaches which are standard and consolidation for the social responsibility of transnational corporations.Key words：Multinational corporations; Human rights liability; Regulation; Improve （六） 加强跨国公司社会责任理念的宣传    9五、 结束语    9参考文献    10致  谢    11 摘要: 汽车要在道路上行驶必须先有动力，而动力的来源就是发动机。发动机性能的好坏是决定汽车行驶性能的最大因素。目前汽车使用的发动机均属于内燃机，发动机的功能就是将燃料的化学能转成热能再转成机械能，而机械能也就是一般所谓的动力。发动机在将燃料转成动力的过程中会经过一定的工作程序，而且此程序是周而复始连续不断的循环。    (毕业设计网 )        关键词：动力 发动机 化学能 机械能 循环 汽车发动机概述1.1汽车发动机的简介    发动机是汽车的心脏，为汽车的行走提供动力，汽车的动力性、经济性、环保性。简单上讲发动机就是一个能量转换机构，即将汽油（柴油）的热能，通过在密封汽缸内燃烧气体膨胀时，推动活塞作功，转变为机械能，这是发动机最基本原理。现在大多数小型汽车都是汽油发动机。1.2汽车发动机的参数    发动机性能参数也就是最能体现发动机工作能力的参数，主要包括：排量、最大功率、最大扭矩。    最常见的一个发动机参数就是发动机排量。发动机排量是发动机各汽缸工作容积的总和，一般用升(L)表示。而汽缸工作容积则是指活塞从上止点到下止点所扫过的气体容积，又称为单缸排量，它取决于缸径和活塞行程。发动机排量是非常重要的发动机参数，它比缸径和缸数更能代表发动机的大小，发动机的许多指标都同排气量密切相关。一般来说，排量越大，发动机输出功率越大。    最大功率与最大扭矩这两个性能参数是大家最容易混淆的两个概念，有些人认为车的功率越大，动力也就越大，其实并不是这样。同样是300匹马力的汽油发动机，用在跑车上可以使车跑达到250公里小时以上的速度，但是，在一些货柜车上，可能最多只能达到150公里小时的速度，但是，它却能拖动30-40吨重的货柜。这里面的奥秘就在于两部车的扭矩有很大的不同，简单来说，功率表现在高转速，在发动机性能曲线图上，随着转速上升而明显上升，它决定了车子能跑多快，扭矩不一定在高转速时发挥，在曲线图上较为平直，它可以决定车行驶时的力量，包括加速性。 我们在解读发动机参数时，需要注意的是不要只看汽车发动机的功率有多大，同时也要看到发动机的扭力参数，并且还要注意当发动机处于最大功率、最大扭矩时的转速，当然以转速值稍低为好。1.3汽车发动机的分类    一般情况下，按照汽车发动机的排量的大小，可以将汽车发动机分为三缸、四缸、六缸、八缸几种类型。目前1.0L2.5L排量的汽车大多采用直列四缸发动机，这种发动机的特点是汽缸体成一字排开，缸体、缸盖和曲轴结构简单，制造成本低，低速扭矩特性好，燃料消耗少，尺寸紧凑，应用比较广泛，缺点则是功率较低；2.5L以上排量的汽车大多采用六缸发动机，其中，宝马（BMW）采用直列六缸发动机；别克（BUICK）采用呈一定角度分两边排列的V型六缸发动机，相对直列发动机这种结构能有效降低发动机的震动和噪音。一般来说排量越大，发动机的功率也就越高。但是，现在也有一些小排量的发动机通过涡轮增压、多气门、可变正时器等技术来提高发动机的功率。1.4汽车发动机的结构汽车发动机是由多个机构和系统组成的复杂机器，汽油机主要是由“两大机构”和“五大系统”组成。1、曲柄连杆机构&nbs