职英理工A 完型填空补充练习_2012.doc

第十三篇(2)Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without _51_ semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an optical battery,” said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. Light has electric and magnetic _52_, Until now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right _53_, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. _54_ these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect. “This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce _55_ separation,” Rand said. “In solar cells, the light goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we _56_ to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately _57_ of providing a capacitive power source.” What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of “optical rectification,” says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling _58_ of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to that in a battery. Rand and Fisher found under the right circumstances and in _59_ type of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a material that does not _60_ electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isnt this intense _61_ its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said. “In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as _62_ in producing charge separation as laser light is,” Fisher said. This new technique could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in _63_ solar power to usable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells. “To manufacture modern solar cells, you have to do _64_ semiconductor processing,” Fisher said. “All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for both. Its already made in bulk, and it doesnt _65_ as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.”51. A) traditional B) conditional C) physical D) technical 52. A) sources B) components C) extents D) resources 53. A) condition B) situation C) degree D) intensity54. A) For B) With C) Under D) Over55. A) charge B) change C) exchange D) discharge56. A) think B) believe C) expect D) feel57. A) able B) possible C) probable D) capable58. A) together B) down C) apart D) forward59. A) correct B) right C) another D) modern 60. A) conduct B) use C) convey D) produce61. A) on B) for C) by D) in62. A) distant B) effective C) remote D) frequent63. A) transmitting B) delivering C) converting D) obtaining64. A) intensive B) productive C) relative D) extensive65. A) extend B) expand C) inquire D) require第十五篇(2)“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil “liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its _51_ severity, a new analysis shows.“Weve seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japan were unusually _52_,” said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University. “Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,” Ashford said. “The _53_ in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to function. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet. ”Some _54_ of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their _55_ and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse. But most earthquakes are much shorter than the recent _56_ in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly _57_ in situations such as this. “With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw _58_ structures that might have been okay after 30 second just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes.” He said. “And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on _59_ filled ground, are much more vulnerable.”The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil _60_ and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts. “There is no doubt that well learn things from _61_ happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar events,” Ashford said. “Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to _62_ soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.”Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefactionon the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The “young” sediments, in geologic terms, may be those _63_ within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities. Anything near a river and old flood plains is a suspect, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has _64_ concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings _65_ collapseeven as they tilted and sank into the ground. 51. A) different B) distant C) widespread D) internal52. A) frequent B) severe C) common D) slight53. A) structures B) damages C) ranges D) shifts54. A) degree B) area C) shape D) size55. A) property B) possibility C) strength D) ability56. A) accident B) event C) incident D) scene57. A) developing B) growing C) disappearing D) occurring58. A) how B) what C) which D) when59. A) specially B) recently C) frequently D) occasionally60. A) composition B) development C) phenomenon D) formation61. A) which B) those C) that D) what62. A) affect B) cause C) reduce D) make63. A) destroyed B) delivered C) deposited D) detached64. A) already B) seldom C) never D) always65. A) from B) off C) into D) onto第十三篇(3)Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an optical _51_,” said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. Light has electric and magnetic components, _52_ now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can _53_ effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength _54_ to a strong electric effect. “This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation,” Rand said. “In solar cells, the light goes into a material, _55_ absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be _56_ by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power source.” What makes this possible is a _57_ undetected brand of “optical rectification,” says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a _58_ apart of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to that in a battery. Rand and Fisher found under the right _59_ and in right type of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be _60_ to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower_61_, Fisher said. “In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as effective in producing charge separation as laser light is,” Fisher said. This new _62_ could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting solar power to usable _63_. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells. “To _64_ modern solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing,” Fisher said. “All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for both. Its _65_ made in bulk, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.”51. A) instrument B) fiber C) microscope D) battery52. A) By B) For C) Until D) before53. A) obtain B) generate C) require D) remove54. A) equivalent B) efficient C) frequent D) beneficial55. A) takes B) rejects C) gets D) occurs 56. A) induced B) reduced C) conducted D) absorbed 57. A) obviously B) previously C) frequently D) physically 58. A) pushing B) setting C) pulling D) changing59. A) requirements B) instruments C) resources D) circumstances60. A) followed B) found C) founded D) focused61. A) extents B) intensities C) degrees D) volumes 62. A) prototype B) technique C) detector D) skill63. A) energy B) heat C) source D) battery64. A) select B) obtain C) manufacture D) improve65. A) always B) almost C) never D) already第十五篇(3)“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil “liquefaction” that has surprised researchers with its widespread severity, a new analysis shows.“Weve seen localized _51_ of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe,” said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University. “_52_ structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,” Ashford said. “The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to _53_. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet. ”Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils _54_ with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or _55_. But most earthquakes are much shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the _56_ of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this. “With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been okay after 30 second just continued to sink and tilt _57_ the shaking continued for several more minutes.” He said. “And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on _58_ filled ground, are much more vulnerable.”The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better _59_ for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts. “There is no doubt _60_ well learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar events,” Ashford said. “Future construction in some places may make more use of _61_ known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.”Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils _62_ to liquefactionon the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The “young” sediments, in geologic _63_, may be those deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities. _64_ near a river and old flood plains is a suspect, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to prevent collapse. Japan has _65_ tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings from collapseeven as they tilted and sank into the ground.51. A) methods B) structures C) communities D) examples52. A) Small B) Solid C) Entire D) Large53. A) grow B) function C) build D) repair54. A) soaked B) soared C) shocked D) shifted 55. A) recover B) collapse C) ascend D) stand56. A) length B) strength C) extent D) width57. A) unless B) because C) if D) as58. A) specially B) simply C) recently D) shortly59. A) prepare B) prevent C) protect D) prolong60. A) which B) that C) when D) why61. A) applications B) deposits C) improvements D) techniques62. A) essential B) comparable C) vulnerable D) applicable63. A) terms B) words C) periods D) senses64. A) Anything B) Something C) Everything D) Nothing65. A) obtained B) supported C) collected D) suffered第十三篇(4)Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an _51_ battery,” said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. Light has electric and magnetic components, Until now, scientists thought the _52_ of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling _53_ a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop _54_ equivalent to a strong electric effect. “This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation,” Rand said. “In solar cells, the light goes into a material, gets _55_ and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense _56_ and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power source.” What makes this possible is a _57_ undetected brand of “optical rectification,” says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling apart of the positive and _58_ charg