高中英语 复习讲义.doc

2013届高中英语第一轮复习讲义第一讲 英语语音及音标发音一、音标分类：二、发音要领1单元音1 1/ i / 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，双唇扁平分开，牙床近于全合，发短促的“一”音。22/ e / 舌身平放，舌中部略上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，牙床较张开，发“厄”之短音。3/ o / 口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩，舌尖不触下齿，双唇稍微向外突出成圆形，发“凹”之短音。4 / u / 舌后部抬起，舌尖离开下齿，双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，发短促“屋”音。5 / v / 舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，舌后部稍抬起，唇形稍扁，发短促“阿”音。6/ e / 发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，嘴不要张太大，牙床半开半合，作微笑状7/ q / 舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬高，牙床全开，软颚升起，双唇扁平，唇自然开放8/ i：/ 发音时舌尖抵下齿，前舌尽量抬起，嘴唇向两旁伸开，成扁平状，发“一”之长音9/ e：/ 发音时舌上抬，口半开半闭，成扁平状，发“厄”之长音10/o：/ 舌后部稍抬高，舌尖不触下齿，双唇稍微向外突出成圆形，发“奥”之长音11/u：/ 发音时双唇成圆形，舌尖不触下齿，舌后部尽量抬起，牙床近于半合，发“屋”之长音。 12/a：/ 口张大，牙床大开，后舌微隆起，舌尖向后收缩，微离下齿，发“阿”之长音。 2双元音13/ei/ 舌尖抵下齿，牙床半开半合，双唇扁平，由发“哀”音平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。14/ai/ 将口张开略圆，舌后微开，舌尖向后收缩，抵住下齿，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音15/oi/ 唇由圆到扁，口形由开到合，由发“奥”音平稳过渡到发“一”之短音。 16/au/ 将口张开略圆，口形由大到小，渐渐合拢成圆形，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到“屋”音 17/eu/ 口形由半开到小，由发“厄”音，逐渐过渡到“屋”音，注意将音发足18/ie/ 双唇始终半开，由发“一”音，逐渐过渡到发“厄”之短音 19/ee/ 舌端轻抵下齿，舌前略抬起，双唇半开，由发“哀”音逐渐过渡到发“厄”之短音 20/ue/ 发音时双唇从圆到半开，把“屋”音发足，然后逐渐过渡到发“厄”之短音3清辅音21/p/ 双唇爆破辅音，双唇紧闭，憋住气，然后突然张开，气流突破双唇冲出口腔，声带不振动22./t/ 舌齿爆破辅音，双唇微开，舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后突然张开，气流外冲发出爆破音，声带不振动23/k/ 舌尖软腭爆破音，用舌根抵住后腭，憋住气，然后突然张开，空气冲出口腔而形成爆破音，声带不振动24/f/ 唇齿磨擦辅音,上齿轻触下唇,气流由唇齿间流过,形成摩擦音,声带不振动.25./s/ 舌尖摩擦辅音,双唇微开,上下齿近于合拢,舌端靠近齿龈,气流从牙逢间送出,形成摩擦音,声带不振动.26./t/ 舌齿摩擦辅音,舌尖轻抵上齿,气流由舌齿间送出,形成摩擦音,声带不振动.27./s/ 舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音,双唇收圆略突,舌尖靠近上龈,气流通过形成摩擦音,声带不振动.28./h/ 声门摩擦辅音,口半开,气流送出口腔,通过声门时迸发出轻微摩擦,声带不振动29./ts/ 舌端齿龈破擦辅音,双唇微开,舌身抬高,舌尖抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音,声带不振动.4.浊辅音30./b/ 双唇爆破辅音,双唇紧闭,憋住气,然后突然分开,气流突破双唇冲出口腔,声带振动.31./d/ 舌齿爆破辅音,双唇微开,舌尖抵上齿龈,憋住气,然后突然张开,气流外冲发出爆破音,声带振动.32./g/ 舌后软腭爆破音,用舌根抵住后腭,憋住气,然后突然张开,空气冲出口腔形成爆破音,声带振动33/v/ 唇齿摩擦辅音,上齿轻触下唇,气流由唇齿间通过,形成摩擦音,声带振动34./z/ 舌齿摩擦辅音,双唇微开,上下齿近于合拢,舌端靠近齿龈,气流从牙逢间送出,形成摩擦音,声带振动.35./ d / 舌齿摩擦辅音,舌尖轻抵上齿,气流由舌齿间送出,形成摩擦音,声带振动.36./z / 舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音,双唇收圆略突,舌尖靠近上龈,气流通过形成摩擦音,声带振动.37./m/ 双唇鼻辅音,双唇闭拢,舌放平,使气流从鼻腔,振动声带.38./n/ 舌尖齿龈鼻辅音,双唇闭拢,舌尖抵上齿龈,使气流从鼻腔送出,振动声带.39./n/ 舌后软腭鼻辅音,双唇微开,舌尖抵住齿龈,使气息从鼻孔送出,振动声带.40./l/ 舌端齿龈边辅音,双唇微开,舌抵上齿龈,气流从舌旁边送出,振动声带41./r/ 舌尖齿龈摩擦辅音,唇形稍圆,舌尖上卷,靠近上齿龈后部,舌身略凹,气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦,声带振动.42./j / 舌前硬腭半元音,双唇成扁平状,舌前部向硬腭抬起,振动声带,发音短促,一经发出,立刻滑向其后的元音.43./w/ 舌前软腭半元音,双唇收小并向前突出,舌后部向软腭抬起,舌位高,振动声带,发音短促,一经发出,立刻滑向其后的元音.44./dz/ 舌端齿龈破擦辅音,双唇微开,舌身抬高,舌尖抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音,声带振动.第二讲冠词（一）分类分为两类：定冠词（the）和不定冠词(a, an)不定冠词a用在一辅音开头的单词前，an用在以元音开头的单词前，表示泛指，相当于汉语的“一”a gril一个女孩 a gift一件礼物 an answer一个答案 an orange 一个橘子判断一个单词是元音还是辅音开头，是根据其读音，而不是字母a house/haus/ 一座房子 an hour 一个小时 an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 a useful book 一本有用的书a university一所大学 ,an umbrella 一把雨伞(2)定冠词定冠词仅有the一个，用于单数或复数名词前，表示特指的某一个或某一些人或物，相当于汉语的“这”或“那”试比较：this si an orange 这是一个橘子（泛指） the orange is mine.这个橘子是我的（特指上文中提到的那个橘子）（二）用法总原则名词前用不用冠词，用哪一种，取决于下面三个因素：是可数还是不可数名词 是单数名词还是复数名词 是特指还是泛指具体如下表：名词种类特指泛指可数单数the a / an 复数the 不可数the 注意：一些名词是可数还是不可数取决于它表达的概念，而非形式，如：不可数可数iron铁wine葡萄酒fish鱼肉chicken鸡肉an iron一把熨斗a nice wine 一种很好的葡萄酒a lot of fishes许多种鱼a chicken一只小鸡a / an 只用在单数可数名词前，复数名词或不可数名词表示泛指时，不加冠词，或者用any/some等表示“一些”冠词通常不与物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格或every,each,some,any,no等重叠使用(2)不定冠词的用法用于可数名词单数前，指人或事物的某一种类kate is a student（不是工人或其他职业）指某一个，泛指人或事物a gril is looking for lucy一个女孩在找露西表示“一”这一数量，比one语气弱she will be back in a day or two首次提到，另一方不知道的人或物there is a man swimming in the river.序数词前加不定冠词表示“再一”，“又一”的含义would you like a second cup of tea.表示单位，有“每一”的意思，用于速度、价格名词前this cloth is 10$ a meter用于三餐饭（breakfast，lunch，supper）前表示一顿，一次等意思mr fat is very fat and often has a big supper 用在一些抽象名词前表示一阵、一场、一种、一例、一次等或某种情绪/情感there was a heavy sonw yesterday.he did me a great kindness.一些特殊搭配表示数量的词组中表示重量、长度、时间等的词组中have/take+a+抽象动作名词=该词的动词have a swim =swim have a walk=walk have a look=look have a talk=talk其他搭配:have a cold have a good time keep a diary in a hurry, once in a while at a loss for a while once upon a time all of a sudden tell a lie do sb a favour make a face (三)定冠词的用法特指某人或事物show me the photo of the boy.the book on the desk is mine please turn on the light 双方都知道的人或物-where are the new book , jim ? they are on the small table 指上文提到的人、事物li lei lives on a farm , the farm is not big 用于世界上独一无二的事物前the sun is much bigger than the moon the universe the sky用在序数词和形容词最高级前lincon is the first to speak against slavery.that was the happiest day of her life用于普通名词构成的专有名词前the great wall , the childrens hospital用于形容词前，表示一类人或事物take care of the old the rich must help the poor the dead the deaf the blind the young the old 与一些可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或事物the compass was invented in china the horse is taller than the dog用于形容词或副词的比较级前，表示强调“两者中较的”he is the older of the two boys用于姓氏或姓氏复数前，表示一家或这一姓氏的夫妇俩the greens are watching tv now .i was at the wangs yesterday定冠词用于逢10的复数名词前，指世纪的某一年代in the 1870s in the 2010s 用于西洋乐器前，而中国乐器前不用冠词，音乐,舞蹈，魔术等前也不用冠词maria can play the piano. she was learning the violin.play erhu play music , play jazz perform lion and dragon dance perform magic tricks 13用在江河、海洋、湖泊、山脉、群岛等地理名词前the yellow river the pacifick(ocean) the xisha islands the tianshan mountains表示计算单位的名词前i rent the house by the month.you can hire the car by the hour.gasoline is sold by the gallon.用在以festival组成的节日之前，便以day组成的节日前不加定冠词the spring festival the mid-autumn festival christmas day may day 用在国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族的全体人员。此类形容词一般以sh , ch ,ese 结尾the irish , the swedish , the chinese , the french 固定搭配用在方位名词前或表示时间的词组或习惯用语中，如in the moring in the afternoon go to the cinema in the end all the year round on the right at the same time the next moring go to the doctor 去看医生on the other hand the other day 不久前的某天in the distance at the moment in the way out of the question不可能 on the way to 在句型“动词+人+介词+the+ 人体部位”中要用the，而不是物主代词take sb by the arm take sb by the hand put sb on the shoulder strike sb in the face hit sb on the head pull sb by the hand seize sb by the sleeve(四)不用冠词的场合1专有名词前一般不用冠词china , america , grade two, bill smith 2一些抽象的不可数名词前life is short ,art is long 生命短暂，艺术长存time waits for no man 时不待人3名词前有this ,that , my ,whose some , any ,no ,each ,every等物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等修饰限定，也不加come this way, please . thats toms pen . i have some question to ask 4复数名词表示一类人或事物they are workers. computers are very useful for all kinds of people .5季节、月份、星期、节日等名词前it is saturday today. sping is a lovely season . december 25th is christmas day .6在语言、学科、三餐、球类等名词前（注意语言后如有language一词时仍需要用the）miss smith cant speak chinese. math is hard to learn. i usually have breakfast at 7:00 can you play basketball ? chinese , french , english , the chinese language , the french language and etc7在人名、称呼语、头衔、职务等的名词前，一般不加冠词where is dad ? what color are mr greens coat ? president will give us a talk on tv.his father is principal of that school 8在与by连用的交能工具名称前by car , by bike , by train ,by boat ,by ship ,by water ,by air , by plane 9在某些固定词组中，不用冠词1)成对使用的词组中，不用冠词husband and wife , yound and old , hand in hand , arm in arm, face to face, back to back, shoulder to shoulder, from time to time , from side to side , sooner or later, father and son, body and soul ,day by day , day after day , day and night , from east to west , from begining to end , bread and butter, knife and fork 2）一些介词词组中at school/home , at night/noon/daybreak黎明in fact in bed on purpose by accident by hand by pen 其他一些固定搭配catch fire catch sight of 看见, come to light被发现 , come to power执政 , give birth to生 , give rise to导致（五）有些词有无冠词意义区别很大1it is out of question毫无疑问 vs it is out of the question根本不可能2.he is in charge of the factory.主语人 vs the factory is in the charge of the man.物3.she is in class .正在上课 vs she is in the class .在班中4.he in still in office . 仍在执政 vs he is still in the office .仍在办公室go to school上学（是学生） go to the school 去学校 be in hospital因病住院 be in the hospital 在医院里（不一定是病人）in front of 在前面 in the front of 在里面的前面/部make beds 制造床 make the bed 整理床铺go to bed上床睡觉 go to the bed 走向床铺sit at table吃饭 sit at the table 坐在桌子旁by day在白天 by the day 按日计算take place发生 take the place of 取代in open 公开 in the open ,在户外 in secret秘密地 in the secret知情 be of age 成年 be of an age 同龄 （六）巧记小贴士巧记冠词用法口诀：世界独一二次现，序词形容高级前；富人伤员按天算，方位乐器影剧院；群岛河山江湖海，普专复合姓氏前；双知年代击中脸，特指事物及习惯；不用冠词有几点，呼语头衔职务前；星期月季节假日，专名球类及三餐；听音下棋各学科，正午留言是习惯；名词代词这那限，泛指事物不用冠。第三讲名词一名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、组织、机构或事物的名称america, jim, christmas , the great wall 普通名词可数个体名词表示个别人或事物的名称actor,brick,dictionary,集体名词表示若干人或事物的总称army, class, cattle , crew,family , people ,police ,不可数物质名词表示物质或材料的名称bread , cotton , furniture, ink , money抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名称anger, freedom, life,knowledge ,fun 二名词所有格 名词可以作主语，称为主格，作宾语，称作宾格，也可以在词尾加s，修饰另一个名词，作定语，表示所有关系，称为所有格，其词形变化有s , of 和双重属格三种。类别构成方法例词备注表示有生命的东西的名词或表示时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等名词的所有格单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词加s；以s结尾的复数n在词尾只加表示住宅、商店、诊所等地方，所有格后的名词可以省略kates dog , an hours drive, jim and toms room, at his aunts(house) , go to the arbers(shop),engels/engels works 注意：mens clothes,childrens shoes(以s结尾但需在前加名词修饰表示所属)表示无生命东西的名词的所有格（少数表示有生命的名词也可如此）在名词前加介词构成介词短语，表示前者属于后者the map of china , the car of the bobs ,some of the girls , a boy of seven , the city of shanghai , an old friend of mine复合名词或名词短语的所有格仅在最后一个名词后加sher brother-in-laws piano,wangs and zhangs rooms三、不规则名词的复数形式构成方法举例元音字母变内部footfeet,goosegeese,toothteeth单复数同形a fishsome fish , a deerthree deer,a sheepfive sheep,a chinesetwo chinese,a swissten swiss,8 jin, 5yuan ,200 mu ,50li ,6fen 完全不规则childchildren,mousemice,oxoxen,pennypence,bacteriumbacteria,mediummedia, phenomenonphenomena复合名词的数一般把第一个名词即主体词变成复数；无主题词的在词尾加s构成复数look-onlookers-on,passer-bypassers-by,brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law,editor(s)-in-chief,grown-up(s),go-between(s),story-teller(s),film-goer(s)由man/woman+名词构成的复合词变复数时，前后都变a man waitertwo men waiters, a woman writerthree women writers a gentleman lawyersome gentlemen lawyers有些名词只有复数形式clothes,compasses,cross-roads,clippers,jeans,gloves,spectacles,pants,socks,scissors,sleepers在短语中只用复数形式的名词as follows ,fix ones eyes on , keep ones eyes open, 留心 make friends with ,shake hands with , do exercises四巧记小帖士单数变复数记忆口诀单数变为复数式，后加s统言之。 有些名词须注意，要加s，e先之，尾音s,z, 和t，还有辅音加o时。辅音加y变ie, f 结尾改ve。少数名词不规则，男女脚牙鹅孩子，日本绵羊鱼中国，特殊变化全记得。巧记以结尾的名词变复数二则a negro hero is eating tomato in potato field一个黑人英雄在土豆地里吃西经柿the wives of thieves cut the wolves into halves with knives ,and covered them with leaves behind shelves小偷的妻子用刀把狼砍成二截，然后用树叶将其盖在了书架后面。巧记各国人的单、复数变化口诀中日不变，英法a变e,其他后加s五名词的名法功能句子成分例句主语actions speak louder than words.表语my uncle is an engineer.同位语bob,our monitor ,is a smart boy.称呼语“friends,come here ,please.”状语our coach told us many times about this problem.定语that lady wears a gold necklace. 补语主语补足语the girl was named kitty.宾语补足语they named the boy tommy.宾语直接宾语her aunt bought her an umbrella.间接宾语a boss gave bob less money.介语宾语this shirt is made of cotton.第四讲 数词分类： 基数词：one , two, three, four, five, 序数词：first ,second, third, fourth ,fifth,sixth,（二）特殊数字的表示方法及读法分类 举例规则例词读法小数基数词加小数点表示，其前按数词规则读，小数点后一个个读0.35.61-9czero point threefive point six oneminus nine degrees centigrade分数由基数词作分子，序数词作分母，分子大于1，分母序数用复数1/2, 1/4 , 3/20 ,2one/ a half , a/one quarter,one fourth, three twentieths,two and four-fifths百分数基数词+%45%,3forty-five percent,three per mill约数“正好”用exactly,clearly,precisely,”大约”用about,nearly,some, towards, “more or lese+数字”或“数字+or so”，或a day /week/month/ year or two, “总共”用in all, total 大约1小时，50以上，不到30，10天左右，40上下about/almost an hourmore than/over/above 50,less than/under/below 30,some ten days/ten days or so ,forty more or less /about forty倍数once一倍, twice二倍, three times 三倍,4+times三以上a比b大/高/长/宽6倍，c比d少3倍a is six times bigger/higher/broader/longer/wider than b=a is six times as big/high/broad/long/wide as b,c is three times less than d巧记小贴士序数词不难记，基数词加th。遇到ty结尾词，y变i再加eth。8少t，9减e，面目全非三二一。ve结尾五、十二，换成f须仔细。若是碰到几十几，只将个位改为序。注意hundred,thousand,million,dozen,score表示具体数目时不用复数，但其后跟of时要用复数形式，如:thousands of ,millions of , dozens of (但其前若有many,some,several等，不加s，score也是一样，如dozens/scores of pencils, two dozen of them, three score of boys)英语中表示“每隔”有二种结构，意义相同：every+基数词+复数名词 every+序数词+单数名词译成汉语时用“隔”，须从数词中减“1”，如：每三天就是每隔二天如：每米（每隔米）every ten metres / every tenth metre另every other day , every two days , 和every second day 都作“每隔一天”，every few days “隔些日子”，write on every line “隔行写”注意一些数词的习惯表达：ten to one 十有八九sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 twos and threes 三三两两面a two-hour trip/ a two hours trip 两小时的旅行第五讲代词代词的分类：第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数人称代词主格iweyouyouhe/she/itthey宾格meusyouyouhim/her/itthem物主代词形容词性myouryouryourhis/her/itstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshis/hers/itstheirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimself/herself/itselfthemselves相互代词each other, one another指示代词this , that , these ,those不定代词anyone/anybody, someone/somebody/,everyone/everybody,no one/ nobody, anything, everything , something,nothing, any, every, each, some , many, much,such, all , both, several, either, neither, another, one ,ones , others , the other(s) , few, a few , little, a little 注意：这些不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，因而可在句中作主、宾、表、定语等疑问代词who, whom, whose , which, what ,用在疑问句中连接代词who, whom, whose , which, what, that 用在名词性从句中关系代词who, whom, whose , which, that , as 用在定语从句中不定代词的用法分类分类功能不定代词使用方法作用例句作形容词定语every接可数单数名词every boy and every girl is presentother接复数名词other sailors ,other schoolno接三类名词un,cn,cn(pl)no water/ tree/ flowers作名词主语、表语、宾语anybody/anynoesomebody/someoneeveryone/everybodynobody/no one代单数（人）anyone/anybody can do it .anything, everything,something,nothing代单数（物）there is something wrong with my pc.(the)others, (the) ones代复数（人、物）she is ready to help others.none代三类名词（人、物）none of us recognizes her.作形容词或名词主语、表语、宾语、同位语(a) little, much不可数is there much/ a little milk in your battle ?one , another, each , (n)either可数单数one must do ones/ his duty.(a) few , both , many , several可数单数my friend can speak several language .all, any, some , such, the other接或替代三类名词come any day you like.a lot (of ) ,lots of 不可数或可数复数from them, ive learned a lot (of knowledge).(三)使用代词应注意：人称代词作主语或不带谓语动词时，在口语中常用宾格。如：does anyone know?-me.2.多个代语的排列次序：单数按二、三、一人称（you, he and i）,复数按一、二、三（we,you and they）,名词和人称代词（the boss and she）3.固定搭配及短语：for oneself 为自己（all）by oneself单独，独自地to oneself对自己，在心中of oneself自动地teach oneself 自学enjoy oneself 玩过愉快talk to oneself 自言自语 call oneself 自称seat oneself坐下dress oneself 自己穿衣 help oneself to 随便吃 devote oneself to 奉献给come to oneself 苏醒 be beside oneself 发狂 make oneself heard/ understood /believed使别人听到理解相信（自己）the other day 几天前 every other day 隔天 one after another一个接一个on the other side 另一边on other hand 另一方面 one another/the other 一个另一个第六讲形容词和副词一、形容词和副词的功能功能位置及用法举例定语adj单个形容词常在中心词前；修饰some,any等构成复合不定代词的形容词，a-开头的形容词及形容词短语需后置an honest child, the beautiful gift , something serious ,a snake alive , a cup full of milkadv在中心词后the life here ,the host upstairs表语adj在系动词后its hot here in fall. the silk feels soft.adv在be动词后i must be off now. is the fire out?补语adj作主补，在谓语后；作宾补，在宾语后the prisoner was found dead in bed.we find the map very useful.adv作宾补在宾语后；作主补，在主语后let me show you out.she was shown out by a guide.状语adj句首、句中常表原因等tied and hungry, we stopped to rest.句首、句末、句中常表伴随、结果、原因、强调等，或对主语进行解释说明主语是什么一种情况，或进行强调he was lying under the tree,exhausted.cheerful and warm-hearted, she gave help to a lot of people.eager to see the sunrise,they got up at 4:00.adv地点、时间和方式副词一般放在句末。句中同时有时间和地点时，其原则：先地点后时间，小在前大在后。强调时可置句首everyone began to shout very loudly.hell leave for xian at 7 tomorrow.slowly,she said, “let me see again.”频道副词在be动词、情态动词或第一个助动词之后，行为动词之前；carl is often late for school.you must always wait in a queue.we quite agree with you.副词修饰adj和另一个adv时，常放前面，enough除外li yang speaks english pretty well.she is old enough to go to school.二、比较级、最高级的构成及记忆口决1规则：单音节词和少数多音节词，在其后加-er, -est，一般直接加，以e结尾加-r/ -st，辅音加y结尾，yi,再加加-er, -est，重读闭音节结尾，双写结尾的辅音，再加加-er, -est。多音节词在其前加more , most. 其余遵循不规则变化。2。巧记小贴士形容词、副词特殊形式比较级，最高级口决特殊形式比高级，共有三对二合一。坏病两多并两好，little意不不是小。一分为二有三个，距离老远常迟到。三多个形容词作定语的排列顺序及巧记代词数词性质、状态形容词中心词前位限定词中位限定词序数词（后位限定词）基数词性质、状态、形状大小、长短、高低新旧、颜色国籍、产地材料、用途、动名词被修饰的名词all, bothsucha/an/the/his/bobs/this/those/another/ some / anyfirstnextlastone , two,fewkindfinebadprettyroundlargesmalllongshorthighnewoldredblueasianchinesefrenchtokyocottonplasticwoodenwalkingwritingbedhousesuittable四比较等级的基本句型用adj,adv原形的as +原级+as (二者相比，甲=-乙)：表示二者间某种性质程度相等the sheets are as white as snow(is).not as/ so +原级+as (二者相比，甲乙)：表示前者某方面性质更甚后者。actions speak louder than words.特殊疑问词+v+比较级，a or b？：在二者间比较并要求做出抉择 which runs faster, a cat or a rat ?比较级+and+比较级（越来越）：在系动词作作表语；作名词前的定语；作动词后的状语 it gets warmer and warmer in sping. we have more and more friends. the hare ran faster and faster .用adj,adv最高级的the+anj/adv的最高级+in /of/among +比较范围：用于三者或三者以上比较 yao ming is the tallest among us. dave works hardest in his group. of the three girls, he likes lucy best. 表示最高级的特殊句型as+原级+as any-/ever she is as bright as anyone in the school.nothing/no+so+原级+as no one is a