山西省山阴县高考英语阅读理解（11）(1).doc

山西省山阴县2014高考英语阅读理解（11）及答案【2014高考英语福建省莆田市教学质量检查试卷】 drferguson energetically pushed the preparations for his departure，and in person directed the construction of his balloonfor a long time past he had been applying himself to the study of the arab language and the various mandingoe idioms，and，thanks to his talents in language，he had made rapid progressin the meanwhile，his friend，the sportsman，never let him out ofhis sight-afraid，no doubt，that the doctor might take his departure，without saying a word to anybodyon this subject，he tried to discourage him with the most persuasive arguments，which，however，did not persuade samuel ferguson，and wasted his breath，by which the latter seemed to be but slightly movedin fine，dick felt that the doctor was slipping through his fingers the poor scot was really to be pitiedhe could not look upon theblue sky without a wild terror: when asleep，he felt dizziness(眩晕)that made his head turn around；and every night he had visions of crashing down from immeasurable heightswe must add that，during these nightmares，he once or twice fell out of bed. his first care then was to show ferguson a severe bump(肿块)that he had received on the fall“and yet，”hewould add，with warmth，“that was at the height of only three feet一not an inch more一and such a bump as this! only think，then!”this appeal，full of sad meaning as it was，did not seem to touch the doctors heartnot even the shadow of a doubt was ever suggested；and samuel made an intolerable misuse of the first person plural：“ourballoon，our car ；ourexpedition.” dick trembled at them，although he was determined not to go ; he did not want to annoy his friendlet us also disclose the fact that，without knowing exactly why himself，he had sent to edinburgh for a certain selection of heavy clothing，and his best hunting-tools and fire-arms68why did drferguson start to learn new languages?ato keep himself occupiedbto get ready for the departurecto show his talent in languagedto know more about balloon construction69we call infer from the passage that dick .asuffered from a disease during the nightsbgot hurt in a fall from the balloon in the eveningcdecided to take the adventure with the doctor at lastdequipped himself with arms to frighten his friend70which word best describes drfergusons attitude towards his balloon flight?aexcited boptimistic cworried. ddetermined71whats the writing pattern of the passage?anews bfiction cjournal dbiography【参考答案】6871、bcdb passage thirty-five (exploration on the origin of continents) the origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. it is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. unfortunately, the geological evolution of the earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the earth may be found on the moon and planets, rather than on the earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. as a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. in the case of both the moon and mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the earth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the earth early in its geological history. the large crater on the moon listed by baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. however, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on earth. by applying baldwins equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. baldwins equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. the plasticity of the earths mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. however, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. donn et al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. the major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequately explained. we agree with donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material.1. a mare basin is a. a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of craters. . a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earth.c. a planetoid (small planet) created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the moon.d. a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain.2. the writer does not believe thata. an asteroid is larger than a meteorite. material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed.c. the earth, at one time, had craters.d. ocean were formerly craters.3. the article is primarily concerned witha. the origin of continents. the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon.c. differences of opinion among authoritative geologists.d. the relationship between asteroids and meteorites.4. sialic material refers to a. the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earth. material that exists on planets other than the earth.c. a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth.d. material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history.vocabulary1. meteorit 陨石，陨星2. asteroid （火星和木星轨道间）小行星3. obliterate 除去，消减痕迹4. crater 火山口，陨石坑5. mare 海，（也指月亮，火星上的）阴暗区6. impact 撞击7. impact crater 陨石坑，撞击火山8. brecciate 合成角砾岩 the zone of brecciation 角砾岩地带9. mantle 地幔10. stress 应力 local stress 局部（本身）应力11. sialic 硅铝的12. probability 概率，可能性13. disseminate 传播，分散，浸染14. morphology 组织，结构，形态（学）15. astral 星（星状体）的难句译注1. unfortunately, the geological evolution of the earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin.结构简析 句中用suchthat 句型。参考译文 遗憾的是，地球表面的地质变化对大陆原始结构和组成起了抹煞的作用。这种消除作用达到了这种程度，使进一步的大陆的研究工作很难对大陆起源问题去得明确的答案。2. in the case of both the moon and mars. it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history.结构简析 in the case of 就说，至于，论到。参考译文 拿月亮和火星来说，一般都从它们表面严重的陨石坑得出结论：它们在其地质进化过程中遭到过巨大的陨星的撞击。3. two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.结构简析 that clause 是high probability 的说明同位语。参考译文 这一概念本身固有的两大难点是缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石和下列现象的高概率：即撞击的能量会导致硅铝材料广泛分散，而不是集中于撞击点上。写作方法与文章大意 文章一开始就说明了此文论述“大陆核生成过程中大的陨星的撞击作用。”由于地球表面地质进化抹去了大陆原始结构和组成的痕迹，只好由月亮和火星作为研究对象来说明地球。从三方面来论述：一是鲍德温的方程式，深度和宽度；二是硅铝组成；三是海洋盆地。最后结论。答案祥解1. d. 是月球上的一个黑点，一度认识是海，现在知道是平原。mare basin海盆地。词义本身说明d项对。另一方面，第二段开始提及“鲍德温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是，如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地的结构假设，那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里大。”这里都说mare basin指的是月球上陨石坑。这就排除了a,b,c三个选项。a. 是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式。 b. 当某一天体或地球撞击时填入的深谷。 c. 当陨星撞击月亮时，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星体。2. d. 海洋是原来的陨石坑。倒数第二段“另一方面，gilvarry 用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符。”a. 小行星大于陨星。 b. 来自太空的材料，在撞击地球时，均匀分布。 c. 地球一度有过陨石坑。这三项明显不对， 谈不上相信不相信。3. a. 大陆起源。这在文章一开始就点明“大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况，或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用。”另见难句译注1。 b. 星际现象和月球的关系。 c. 权威地质学家意见分歧。 d. 小行星和陨星之间的关系。4. c. 地球大陆地区特有的岩石构成。第三段第三句：“举例说，donn et al.提出大陆区域大小的，硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想。”其它见难句译注3。 a. 由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石。 b. 存在于地球之外其它星球的材料。 c. 人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料。三项文内都没有提到。阅读理解概述（3）题型探究探究点二主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳、推理、判断等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。 要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。一、题型特点与命题方式【设题类型】1概括文章大意；2选出最佳题目(标题)；3概括人物特点。 【设问形式】1标题类(1)the best title / headline for this passage might be_.(2)the text (passage) could be entitled _.(3)what is the best title for the passage? (4)which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2大意类(1)this passage chiefly deals with _.(2)whats the topic of the article?(3)what is the subject discussed in the text?(4)with what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 二、解题思路与应试技巧做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括