被动语态 (2).doc

被动语态一 被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be + 过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：（1） am/ is / are + done 一般现在时 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2） has/ have been done 现在完成时 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.（3） am/ is/ are being done 现在进行时 A new cinema is being built here.（4） was/ were done 一般过去式 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. （5） had been done 过去完成时 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.（6） was/ were being done 过去进行时 A meeting was being hold when I was there.（7） Shall / will be done be going to be done be about to be done be to be done 一般将来时 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.(8) Should / would be done was / were going to be done was / were about to be done was / were to be done 过去将来时 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.(9) Shall / will have been done 将来完成时 The project will have been completed before July.(10) Should / would have been done 过去将来完成时 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式（1） 带情态动词的被动结构，形式为： 情态动词 + be + 过去分词。 The baby should be taken good care of by Tom.（2） 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语（人）。His mother gave him a present for his birthday.He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3） 当“动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ” 结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（4） 在使役动词have, make, let, force, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.A stranger was seen to walk into the building. （5） 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词 + 介词”，“动词 + 副词”等， 也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v. + ing.形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态。I dont like being laughed at in the public.二 It is said that + 从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It + be + 过去分词 + that从句”或“ 主语 + be + 过去分词 + to do sth.”。 It is said that.据说； It is reported that . 据报道； It is suggested that 据建议 It is believed that. 大家相信； It is hoped that 大家希望； It is thought that . 大家认为； It is well known that众所周知； It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.The boy is said to have passed the national exam.三谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1 动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, sell, read, write, wash, read, act, wear, open, cook, dry, eat, drink等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。(这类动词一般不单独使用，常加上一个副词修饰语, 多为well, easily, quickly, rapidly等)。This kind of cloth washes well. This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔写起字来很流畅。注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界造成的影响。The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked. （指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人为的原因） 2. 表示“发生，进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out? 3. 表示“开始”“结束”“启动，开，关，停”的动词，如：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。Work began at eight oclock this morning. 今天早上八点开始了工作。The shop closes at 6 p.m. every morning. 商店每天下午六点关门。This term will end on July 2 nd. 这个学期7月2日结束。4. 系动词没有表达形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, look, smell, prove, appear等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your story sounds interesting. His proposal which came up at the meeting proved practical. 他在会上提出的建议证明是可行的。5. 少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义，如：print , build, cook, fry, hang, make, bake, finish等。The meat is cooking. 正在煮肉。The house is building. 这栋房子正在建造中。 The cakes are baking. 面包正烤着呢。My raincoat is hanging behind the door. 我的雨衣挂在门后。 四非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义1. 在 need, want, require, deserve等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing (to be repaired). 这房子需要修理。 This point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得一提。 2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式：而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 The picture book is well worth reading. The picture book is very worthy to be read. 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I是主谓关系。 ) Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明You不是 post 动作的执行者。）4. 在某些“形容词 + 不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, comfortable, pleasant, interesting, light, heavy, good, safe, dangerous 。This problem is difficult (for me) to work out. The boy is easy (for people) to get along with. 这个男孩容易相处。5. 在too. to. 结构中，不定式前面可以加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在there be.句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动形式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。There is no time to lose (to be lost). (用to lose可看成 for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁lost time不明确)There is nothing to fear. 没有什么可怕的。Theres not a moment to lose. 一刻也不能耽误。There are five pairs of shoes to choose from. 有五双鞋子可共挑选。7. 在be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的影响，下列动词 rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting the fire? You were to blame. 这该怪你。The house is to let. 这房子出租。五介词in, on, under等 + 名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1.“under + 名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有： under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）.The building is under construction （is being constructed）.2. “beyond + 名词 ” 结构，表示“出乎、 胜过、 范围，限度”。 beyond belief （令人难以置信）， beyond ones reach （鞭长莫及）， beyond ones ability （超出某人的能力），.beyond ones control （无法控制）， beyond our hope （超出预期/ 期望），beyond words (无法用语言形容)， beyond description (无法用语言描述)，beyond imagination (想象不出来)， beyond ones power （管不了），beyond ones understanding （超出某人的理解能力），beyond recognition（认不出来） The rumor is beyond belief (cant be believed). The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the students. Sth. be beyond sb. 某人无法理解某事 Im afraid physics is completely beyond me and I have to ask you for help. 恐怕我对物理完全摸不着边了，你得帮帮我。3. “ above + 名词” 结构，表示“（品质、 行为、 能力等） 超过、 高于、”。 如：above ones ability (超出某人的能力) His honest character is above all praise. = His honest character cant be praised enough. You cant expect to make great achievements if you set the goal above your ability. 如果你设定的目标超过你的能力就不可能取得大的成就。4. “for + 名词”结构，表示“适于、为着、”。如：for sale（出售）， for rent（出租）。 That house is for sale. = That house is to be sold.5. “in + 名词 ”结构，表示“在、过程中或范围内”。 常见的有： in print （在印刷中）, in sight （在视野范围内）, in the charge of (在、的掌管之下)，in the possession of、 ( 为、所有) The book is not yet in print. = The book is not yet printed. The house is in the possession of the old man. 这座房子归那位老人所有。6. “on + 名词”结构，表示“在从事、中”。 常见的有：on sale（出售），on show（展出），on trial（受审）。 Today some treasures are on show in the museum. = Today some treasures are being showed in the museum. 7. “out of + 名词”结构， 表示“超出、之外”，常见的有：out of control （控制不了）， out of sight （超出视线之外）， out of ones reach （够不着）， out of fashion/ date (过时，不流行)。The plane was out of control ( cant be controlled) .8. “within + 名词” 结构，表示“在、内， 不超过、” within easy reach of 在、的附近；在容易到达、的地方。The apartment I have rented for you is within easy reach of your workplace.He took two days off within the teachers permission.六被动语态与系表结构的区别 当“be + 过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时， be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。区分办法如下：1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by 引出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。（系表结构中常用其他介词，如：about, at, in, on, with, over, to）The glass is broken. （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy. （被动语态）Im interesting in my own hobbies, such as collecting stamps, raising birds and fishing. 我对自己的爱好很感兴趣，如集邮、养鸟、钓鱼等。2. 如果句子中有地点、频率、时间状语， 一般为被动语态。The door is locked. （系表结构）The door has already