M5U1Grammar.doc

如皋市薛窑中学高一英语课堂教学活动单Module 5 Unit 1 Grammar and UsageTeaching aims:Enable the students to learn the to infinitive, the bare infinitive and the verb-ing form as a moun.Teaching important points:1. Learn how to use the to infinitive, the bare infinitive and the verb-ing form as a moun. 2. Learn the differences between the to infinitive, the bare infinitive and the verb-ing form.Teaching methods:Explaining and practicing.Teaching procedures:Activity 1: Definition 非谓语动词 ( to do ; v-ing, v-ed ) 定义：是在句子中不能单独做谓语的动词，这样的动词没有人称和数的变化。 具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。Activity 2: to infinitive to infinitive在句子中可以做：主语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语 分析下列各句中to infinitive所充当的成分。 To find a best friend is difficult. 主语 I need to sleep for eight hours every night. 宾语 His aim was to cheer me up. 表语 I have a very important meeting to attend. 定语 You need to apologize quickly to avoid losing a good friend. 状语 I asked him to come over. 宾补1. 作主语 不定式在句中做主语，相当于名词或代词的作用，在很多情况下，不定式用it作形式主语。其句型结构为：It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式 It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式 It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式E.g. To learn English well is not easy. It is not easy to learn English well. To become a good teacher is my desire. It is impossible to finish so much homework in such a short time . It is difficult to communicate with this person . It takes patience to be a good teacher.2. 作表语 Our most important task now is to make a plan. The next step is to make sure that what happened to him. 当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。E.g. Now the only thing we can do is wait.3. 作宾语 常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish etc.E.g. He promised to make up with me. The car failed to stop at the red light. He hoped to go back to his hometown. He managed to solve the problem by himself. 注：a) sb. find (feel, think, make, believe, judge)+ it+ adj. / n. + to do sth.句型中，it作形式宾语，不定式为真正宾语。 I find it hard to get along with her. We feel it pleasant to work with him. He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. b) 动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, know, teach, learn, discuss等词的宾语时，不定式前面常带疑问词，构成“动词+疑问词(how, when, where, what)+ to do”结构。He showed me how to use the machine.4. 作宾语补足语 下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise, beg, etc。 You should get them to help you . The teacher asked us not to make so much noise. My parents dont allow me to stay out late. Please remind me not to forget the meeting.5. 作定语 不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等。 His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear. Her efforts to carry out the plan were wasted.序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。 She was the only person to survive after the earthquake. He is always the first to come and the last to leave.Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。 Theres nothing to worry about. He is looking for a room to live in.6. 作状语 不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。 He got up early in order to catch the first bus. He ran to the station only to find the train had left. Im sorry to hear that your mother is ill.7. 作独立成分（插入语），用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如to be frank (坦白地说), to be sure(确实), to tell the truth, to begin with等。 To tell the truth, I know nothing about it.Activity 3: 不定式的时态和语态时态 / 语态主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done不定式的进行式：to be + V-ing, 用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。不定式完成式：to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-edE.g. The two cheats pretended to be working hard on the empty looms (织布机). I am sorry to have put you so much trouble. The meeting is to be held tomorrow. The room seems to have been tidied up already.Activity 4: Bare infinitiveA. 在感官动词或使役动词see, watch, notice, observe,look at（五看）make, have, let（三使） hear, listen to（二听）feel（一感）等动词后面，不定式作宾补不带to（主动省”to”，被动加 “to”）。 I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. He was seen to read the newspaper by the river. His daughter was made to play the piano for two hours every day.B. 在would rather, rather than, had better, may/ might as well等结构之后用不带to的不定式。 I would rather go than stay here. You had better apologize to me immediately.C. why (not) do.? Why not join us in dancing? Why not visit our grandma today?D. 在cant but, cant help but, cant choose but“不得不.”之后的不定式不带to。 I cant help but admire his courage. 我不得不佩服他的勇气。E. 动词不定式在介词but, except, besides后面，如果这些介词之前若有行为动词do的各种形式，这些介词后面的不定式不带to。 She could do nothing but cry. 她只是哭。 There was nothing we could do except wait. 除了等我们别无办法。 I have no choice but to stay here. 我别无选择只得留在这儿。Exercises: 1. I let her _(use) my dictionary .2. Sarah made me _(promise) not to let out her secret .3. The teacher often has his students _(read) aloud in class .4. I saw her _ (play) basketball .5. I would rather _(stay) home .6. You had better _ (finish) your homework on time .7. Why not _ (go) to the concert tonight ?8.Do you want to go shopping or _(watch)a film ?9. I had nothing to do but _ (play ) computer games .10. I am determined to write rather than _ (sing).Activity 5: Verb-ing form as a noun1. 动名词的句法功能：动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。 分析下列各句中Verb-ing form所充当的成分。 1. Swimming is good for your health. 主语 2. My favorite sport is swimming. 表语 3. I love swimming in the sea during the summer. （动）宾语 4. I keep fit by swimming every day. （介）宾语作主语 Learning a foreign language is very useful to me. Seeing is believing. Saying is easier than doing.注：在下列句式中采用it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。 句型：It is no use / good doing. ; Its useless doing. 做某事没用(不好) Its a waste of . doing. E.g. Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收) Its no good spitting in public.作表语 What he likes best is making jokes. His hobby is painting. / Painting is his hobby.作宾语A. 以下动词后只能接动名词作宾语：stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss etc.E.g. He didnt admit having stolen my computer. I often practise listening and speaking. B. 以下动词短语后只能接动名词作宾语：be used to doing；look forward to doing；devote ones life to doing；spend time (in) doing；be fond of doing；be proud of doing；be tired of doing；feel like doing；go on doing；keep on doing；be interested in doing；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing；pay attention to；cant stand doing etc.E.g. I look forward to seeing you at the party. The child is fond of collecting stamps.C. 下列动词可接动名词或不定式作宾语：意义常用动词 基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)相反need, want, require (接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则用被动形式) e.g. need doing/ to be donestop to do.stop doing.不同remember / forget / regret to do.remember / forget / regret doing.go on to do.go on doing.try to do.try doing.mean to do.mean doing.cant help to docant help doingE.g. I regret to tell you that you have failed in the exam. He remembered meeting her before. He stops to smoke a cigarette. My room needs to be painted.作定语动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。 a smiling face 笑脸 swimming pool 游泳池 dining-car 餐车 drinking water 饮用水2. 动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构由形容词性物主代词、人称代词的宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。Would you mind my / me smoking here?Marys joining us will be of much help.His coming late again made his boss very unsatisfied.3. 动名词的完成式(having done)、一般式被动(being done)和完成式被动(having been done)。 否定形式：not doing; not being done; not having (been) doneE.g. Im sorry for not having finished my task. His not coming made me very angry.Exercises: 1. I dislike _ (see) our team lose .2. My father is considering _ (buy) a car .3. Do you mind _(open) the window for me ?4. You should avoid _ (walk) along this road for it is being repaired now .5. He admitted _(have ) seen the keys before exams .6. Can you imagine _(go) skating in such a cold day ?7. I cannot help _ (wonder) why she does not like me .8. Sarah felt like _ (cry) when she knew she was betrayed by her friend .9. I cannot stand _(see) people talking with their mouths full .10. Leaders have to put off _(hold) a conference of peace talk due to the attack of terrorists .课堂检测非谓语动词专项练习1. Mrs. White showed her student some old maps _from the library.A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing解析：题干中空格划在名词maps后，空格后部分是对maps解释说明，因此此题考察非谓语动词做定语。非谓语动词做定语，首先判断动词与所修饰名词的主动还是被动关系，borrow和maps是被动关系，被动关系时非谓语动词形式有三种：to be done表示动作将要发生，being done表示动作正在发生，done表示动作已经完成，根据句意borrow的动作已经完成，因此选择C。句意：怀特夫人向学生们展示了从图书馆借来的一些老地图。2. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_ presents for my dad.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought解析：动词不定式的一般式作目的状语。“买礼物”发生在“从银行取了一些钱”后，所以D不可以选。句意：父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。3.Though _ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome。A. surprise B was surprised C. surprised D. being surprised 解析：省略结构和非谓语动词考查。补完整为：Though he was surprised，跟后面句子的主语一致，可以省略主语和系动词。4. He had wonderful childhood, _with his mother to all corners of the word A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling 解析：主语（he）与动词travel之间存在主动关系，故用traveling作伴随状语。5. at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked解析：look与其逻辑主语I为主动关系，因此用looking6. Im calling to enquire about the position in yesterdays China Daily.A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised解析：the position肯定是被advertise的，此处的过去分词相当于一个定语从句：which was advertised。句意：我打电话来咨询一下昨天中国日报上刊登职位的信息。7. Listen! Do you hear someone _for help?A. calling B. call C. to call D. called解析：该空在句中为非谓语动词作宾补，根据 someone与call的主动关系排除D项。hear后接不定式作宾补时应省略to，由此排除C项。由listen可判断此处表示正在求救，故选A项。8. There were many talented actors out there just waiting .A. to discover B. to be discovered C. discoveredD .being discovered解析：演员等待被发现,用被动,发现发生在等待之后,所以用不定式。 与11(湖南卷30)题进行比较。9. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found解析：考查非谓语动词。be astonished 后应该跟动词不定式做状语。句意：我们吃惊地发现那座庙仍然还是原来的状况。10. Alexander tried to get his work _in the medical circles .A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized 解析：考查非谓语动词用法。宾语work和recognize之间存在被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。=have+宾语+done的结构。句意：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学圈内得到认可。11. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed解析：句意应为“这个学期结束前，我有很多阅读练习要做。”由于时间状语before the end of this term表达未来的时间，所以空格处使用动词不定式表示将来，充当readings的定语。注意不是have+宾语+done的结构。12. _from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see 解析：此处是非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词，选A。13. His first book next month is based on a true story. A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published解析：非谓语动词做后置定语，由时间状语next month可知所填非谓语动词表示将来的动作，用动词不定式，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词book,不定式与逻辑主语是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式，选B。14. In many peoples opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant . A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with解析：考查不定式句型sb./sth. is adj./n. to do。该句型相当于to do sth. is adj./n.。命题人在该句型中插入了though状语，有一定的干扰。此题实际是that company is pleasant to deal with=