高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题三 阅读理解（全国版）.doc

2013年高考第二轮复习英语全国版题型技法指导专题三阅读理解真题试做a（2012课标全国高考，a）are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to？try some of these places：visit art museums.they offer a variety of activities to excite your kids interest.many offer workshops for making handmade pieces，traveling exhibits，book signings（签名）by childrens favorite writers，and even musical performances and other arts.head to a natural history museum.this is where kids can discover the past from dinosaur models to rock collections and pictures of stars in the sky.also，ask what kind of workshops and educational programs are prepared for kids and any special events that are coming up.go to a youtheater.look for one in your area offering plays for child and family visitors.preshow play shops are conducted by area artists and educators where kids can discover the secret about performing arts.puppet（木偶）making and stage makeup are just a couple of the special offerings you might find.try handson_science.visit one of the many handson science museums around the country.these science playlands are great fun for kids and grownups alike.theyll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.when everyone is tired，enjoy a fun family science show，commonly found in these museums.1if a child is interested in the universe，he probably will visit _.aa youtheaterban art museumca natural history museumda handson science museum2what can kids do at a youtheater?alook at rock collections.bsee dinosaur models.cwatch puppet making.dgive performances.3what does “handson science” mean in the last paragraph?ascience games designed by kids.blearning science by doing things.ca show of kids science work.dreading science books.4where does this text probably come from?aa science textbook.ba tourist map.ca museum guide.da news report.b（2012课标全国高考，b）honey from the african forest is not only a kind of natural sugar，it is also delicious.most people，and many animals，like eating it.however，the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it.often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.in parts of africa，though，people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helpera little bird called a honey guide.the honey guide does not actually like honey，but it does like the wax in the beehives（蜂房）the little bird cannot reach this wax，which is deep inside the bees nest.so，when it finds a suitable nest，it looks for someone to help it.the honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people.once it has their attention，it flies through the forest，waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.when they finally arrive at the nest，the_follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.some of the honey，and the wax，always falls to the ground，and this is when the honey guide takes its share.scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax，but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.the birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.they will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives，and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.5why is it difficult to find a wild bees nest?aits small in size.bits hidden in trees.cits covered with wax.dits hard to recognize.6what do the words “the follower” in paragraph 2 refer to?aa bee.ba bird.ca honey seeker.da beekeeper.7the honey guide is special in the way _.ait gets its foodbit goes to churchcit sings in the forestdit reaches into bees nests8what can be the best title for the text?awild beesbwax and honeycbeekeeping in africadhoneylovers helperc（2012课标全国高考，c）about twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a filmstudio（影棚）to take part in a crowdscene.although our “act” would last only for a short time，we could see quite a number of interesting things.we all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big moviecamera was wheeled into position.the director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby.since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path.a big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.the picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.the next scene was a complete contrast（对比）the way it was filmed was quite unusual.pictures taken on an island in the pacific were shown on a glass screen.an actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the waters edge on an island.by a simple trick like this，palm trees，sandy beaches，and blue，clear skies had been brought into the studio!since it was our turn next，we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us.for a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film “stars”！9who is the author?aa cameraman.ba film director.ca crowdscene actor.da workman for scene setting.10what made the author feel cold?athe heavy snowfall.bthe manmade scene.cthe low temperature.dthe film being shown.11what would happen in the “three minutes” mentioned in the last paragraph?aa new scene would be filmed.bmore stars would act in the film.cthe author would leave the studio.dthe next scene would be prepared.d（2012课标全国高考，d）grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.a man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.he can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.he can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.a mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of cinderella or goldilocks and the three bears.one explanation is the law of overlearning，which can be stated as follows：once we have learned something，additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.in childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming，bicycle riding，and playing baseball long after we have learned them.we continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “twinkle，twinkle，little star” and childhood tales such as cinderella and goldilocks.we not only learn but overlearn.the multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school，because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.the law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination，though it may result in a passing grade，is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.by cramming，a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination，but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.a little overlearning，on the other hand，is really necessary for ones future development.12what is the main idea of paragraph 1?apeople remember well what they learned in childhood.bchildren have a better memory than grownups.cpoem reading is a good way to learn words.dstories for children are easy to remember.13the author explains the law of overlearning by _.apresenting research findingsbsetting down general rulescmaking a comparisondusing examples14according to the author，being able to use multiplication tables is _.aa result of overlearningba special case of crammingca skill to deal with math problemsda basic step towards advanced studies15what is the authors opinion on cramming?ait leads to failure in college exams.bits helpful only in a limited way.cits possible to result in poor memory.dit increases students learning interest.考向分析分析近几年高考试题，可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点： 1选材真实，题材、体裁多样 材料大多为时文，与社会日常生活息息相关，情景真实、明确，具有浓厚的时代气息。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。 题材多样化，信息丰富，包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、新闻、史地、人物传记等等；体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。20082012年高考课标全国卷阅读理解文体与题材统计：年份文章abcd2008文体记叙文说明文说明文广告题材父子关系夏威夷菠萝提高放生鱼成活率介绍度假去处2009文体记叙文记叙文科技文说明文题材母象救子少年电脑程序员的生活饲养宠物可能传染疾病介绍青少年成长教育的方法2010文体应用文报道说明文记叙文题材莎翁故居简介介绍一个特殊学校实验项目介绍一种鸟类马来西亚旅行见闻与感受2011文体记叙文说明文说明文招聘广告题材回忆送奶工关注高个子人的需求美国家庭减少家庭开支的办法招聘四种人员2012文体应用文科技文说明文说明文题材博物馆旅游指南蜂蜜爱好者的助手群众演员参与拍戏深度学习法则2阅读量大、信息丰富考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度，较大的阅读量和信息量对考生的阅读技能是一种有效的检测方法。 近几年高考试题都保持了较大的词汇量，所涉及的内容广泛而深刻，对于词汇能力的考查也继续保持了较高的要求，为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和十分开阔的思维空间。3语篇结构复杂 阅读材料在保留了其原有的语言风格基础上，加大了语篇结构的难度。作者在阐述问题时使用了多种语篇的手段和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，有时读懂了文字，但不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。 4语言难度较大 具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性、一定量的生词以及替代和省略手段的运用上。 简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象随处可见，而且多种时态混用。词汇运用要求更高，活用词比比皆是，一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。 5题型设置合理 设题手法更加灵活，设题方式呈多样化的趋势，不仅考查对文中特定信息的理解和把握，还涉及文章的主旨要义、作者的态度意图等深层理解题。20112012年高考课标全国卷阅读理解题型以细节理解题和推理判断题为主。总的来说，2012年新课标高考阅读理解试题维系了以往一贯的命题风格，难度也和以往保持一致，生词数量控制合理。文章在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性相结合，信息量大，题材与体裁广泛的特点。答题步骤1快速浏览，掌握大意。快速浏览，抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构。浏览时不要急于做题，而要注意抓住主要信息，迅速把握文章大意和中心思想，了解文章全貌。同时通览题目，研究题目要求及选项，弄清问题所指。有的问题是针对文章中的一句话设计的，有的是针对一段话所陈述的事实设计的，有的是针对整篇文章设计的。对所提问题做到心中有数，为下一步阅读做好针对性的准备。2细读全文，找准信息。抓住文章大意、明确解题的目标后，带着问题仔细阅读文章。敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有关信息词和信息句，推敲其中的关键词语，结合上下文把握语句的含义，排除文中不存在、片面或不合逻辑的选项，作出正确选择。做题时要本着先易后难的原则，对于比较明显的，有把握的题可立刻作出选择；对于难题，要在文章中仔细查阅，认真琢磨，找出确凿的依据，运用逻辑推理，准确选出符合要求的最佳答案。3复读检查，验证答案。答案选出之后，快速阅读原文，重点放在与题目有关的词语、句子和段落上，核查答案，力求答案准确无误。尤其是感觉把握不大、选择时有些困难的题目，要对照原文与选项，看看是否一致，是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑。技法指导历年的高考阅读理解试题，基本上可分为四类题目：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题。1细节理解题细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种：（1）which of the following is not included/mentioned in the passage?（2）which of the following （sentences/statements）is not true according to the passage?（3）according to the passage，all of the following are true except/but _.（4）the author mentions all of the following except _.（5）in the passage，the author states that _.（6）according to the passage，when （where，why，how，who，etc.）.（7）choose the right order of the events given in the passage.（8）which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of.?（9）which of the drawings below gives an idea of.?细节理解题解题策略直接信息题细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落或语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。如：（2012北京高考，a篇）the basics of math made clearbasic math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas.these 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for algebra（代数）and beyond.the lessons in basic math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.they also look into exponents（指数），the order of operations，and square roots.in addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations，students discover why these operations work，how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics，and how these operations can be used practically.56what does the course basic math mainly cover?aalgebra.bcollege mathematics.carithmetic.dmathematics education.剖析：根据第二段第一句“the lessons in basic math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.”可知，basic math课程主要涵盖代数的基础知识。c项正确。间接信息题变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时习惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把a的观点说成b的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。如：（2012课标全国高考，c篇）we all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big moviecamera was wheeled into position.the director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby.since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path.a big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.the picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.65what made the author feel cold?athe heavy snowfall.bthe manmade scene.cthe low temperature.dthe film being shown.剖析：根据该段最后可知，拍摄电影时，要通过大电扇人为制造出漫天飞雪、寒风呼啸的场景，非常逼真，以至于使人感到寒冷。由此可知b项正确。事实细节排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，再找出最后一个发生的，即采用“首尾”定位法，采用排除法将范围缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容。此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题一般涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的计算。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确答案。如：（2012四川高考，b篇）the offer is of two kinds：20 per room，per night，valid（有效的）during stay period of 02/04/201231/05/2012 and then again 01/09/201231/10/2012；35 per room，per night，valid during stay period of 01/06/201231/08/2012.46how much should be paid for a twonight stay in october 2012 at a chosen b&b?a70.b40.c35. d30.剖析：根据该段第一句知，在2012年9月1日至10月31日期间，一晚上20英镑，两晚上应是40英镑，所以b项正确。图表细节题这类题旨在考查学生的形象思维能力，根据材料进行空间想象的能力。图形识别题，通常有地图、人体实物、统计表等三种形式：简易地图考查考生方位感；人体实物图考查考生根据文字叙述进行形象再造能力；仪器仪表统计图考查考生基本的读图、读数、读表能力。图表题一般会涉及文章内容的核心，解对此类题会大大提升对整篇文章的理解。解题时，针对图表差异的地方，查找原文相应细节。对该细节进行正确合理的理解，不曲解。这是解此类题的核心。2推理判断题推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种：（1）we can know from the passage that _.（2）we can infer from the （first/last）passage that _.（3）the passage/author implies/suggests that _.（4）it can be concluded from the passage that _.（5）the underlined sentence indicates that _.（6）from the passage we can draw the conclusion that _.（7）the author seems to be in favor of/against _.（8）the authors purpose of writing this passage is _.（9）the author may probably agree with/support _.（10）whats the authors attitude/view/point _？（11）how does the author feel about _？（12）in the authors opinion，_.推理判断题解题策略写作意图推测题此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型不仅要求考生能理解文章的内容，而且还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及写作手法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。如：（2012辽宁高考，c篇）if confucius（孔子）were still alive today and could celebrate his september 28 birthday with a big cake，there would be a lot of candles.hed need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.64the opening paragraph is mainly intended to _.aprovide some key facts about confuciusbattract the readers interest in the subjectcshow great respect for the ancient thinkerdprove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations剖析：第一段假设如果孔子还活着庆祝自己生日的话，他需要借助强风来帮他吹灭生日蜡烛。由此可知，本段的作用是为了引起读者对所谈话题的兴趣，所以选择b项。态度、观点判断题作者的态度、思想倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措词。如：（2012福建高考，c篇）.call now and receive a free gift when you order.try jitterbug for 30 days and if you dont love it，just return it！why wait，the jitterbug comes ready to use right out of the box.if you arent as happy with it as i am，you can return it and get your money back.call now，the jitterbug product experts are ready to answer your questions.callor visit .66the main purpose of the passage is to _.atell a customers story of jitterbugbprovide two ways to order jitterbugcgive a brief introduction of jitterbugdattract potential customers to jitterbug剖析：由整篇文章，尤其是短文最后一段可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是推销jitterbug手机，所以选择d项。逻辑结论及预测想象推断题逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查考生的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求考生根据文章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题考生首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文章中没有明确说明，因此考生要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局或后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。如：（2012湖北高考，e篇）brrriiinnng.the alarm clock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning.you jump out of bed，rush into the shower，into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think.a stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing.once at the office，you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.in that sort of mood，who can get down to work，particularly some creative，original problemsolving work?68what does the author imply about newspapers?athey are solution providers.bthey are a source of inspiration.cthey are normally full of bad news.dthey are more educational than websites.剖析：根据第一段倒数第二句中“.the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.”可判断，作者暗示报纸上总是充斥着不好的消息。3主旨大意题主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种：（1）the best title/headline for this passage is _.（2）the passage（or the first paragraph）is mainly about _.（3）what is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?（4）which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（5）the passage chiefly discusses/deals with _.（6）which of the following best states the theme of the passage?（7）the passage mainly tells us that _.（8）which of the following can best sum up the passage?（9）whats the best/most suitable title of this text/passage?主旨大意题解题策略主题句在文首在说明文、议论文和新闻报道类文体中多采用开头点明主题的方式。因此，要寻找此类文章的主旨大意就要对文章的开头段倍加关注。如：（2012湖南高考，b篇）still seeking a destination for your weekend break？there are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college.65what is the passage