英语语法讲座不定式.doc

语法讲座：不定式一、不定式的形式1不定式的时态与语态不定式的时态与语态一共有六种形式，现以动词do 为例，列表如下：A)不定式的一般式to doto do 所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之后，但也可以是在谓语动词之前或与谓语动词几乎同时发生。eg. I have a lot of work to do.To improve your English, you should practise reading aloud every day.He seems to know the answer.Im glad to see you.B)不定式的完成式to have doneto have done 所表示的动作都发生在谓语动词之前。eg. I am sorry to have brought you so much trouble.She seems to have read the book.C)不定式的进行式to be doingto be doing 所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。eg. It happened to be raining when I arrived.The child pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in.D)不定式的完成进行式to have been doingto have been doing 所表示的动作，是从谓语动词之前某一个时间开始，进行到谓语动词所表示的时间。eg. He is said to have been writing a play for months.The man seemed to have been lying on the ground for a while.E)不定式的一般被动式to be doneto be done 所表示的动作是被动的意义，多为发生在谓语动词之后，但有时也可以是在谓语动词之前或几乎与谓语动词同时发生。eg. The new underground railway is said to be opened at the end of this year.Its an honour for me to be asked to speak here.注：有的时候，不定式所表示的动作虽然有被动意义，但我们不用被动形式，仍然用主动形式。这种现象主要在以下几种情况下出现：a)在一些形容词如easy, difficult, hard, nice, interesting, important, pleasant, dangerous, heavy, light, fit 之后。eg. My bag is very heavy to carry.The sentence is easy to understand.The water is not fit to drink.I found the text difficult to translate into Chinese.这类的句子都可以用以it 开头的句子来改写。如：It is heavy to carry my bag.I found it difficult to translate the text into Chinese.b)这个不定式与最近的一个名词或代词的关系是被动，但是在前面我们可以找到这个动作的执行者。eg. I have a lot of work to do.Will you please give me some books to read?试分析：I have five letters to type today.I have five letters to be typed today.c)在there be 句型中的不定式，如果是被动的意义，我们可以用被动式，也可以用主动式。eg. There is nothing to do.There is nothing to be done.F)不定式的完成被动式to have been doneto have been done 所表示的动作是被动意义，发生在谓语动词之前。eg. He was proud to have been chosen captain of the team.The book is said to have been translated into English.2不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式就是把not 加在to 之前。eg. Take care not to catch cold.The student pretended not to be listening.They are said not to have finished the work now.3不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语可以用for sb 放在不定式之前。eg. Its not necessary for you to do so many exercises.Its important for us to master a foreign language.例外情况：当表语形容词表达的是对逻辑主语本身的性质时，可以用 of，而不用for。It is nice of you to give me money. 二、不定式的功能1作主语不定式作主语时一般都看成单数。eg. To be an astronaut is his dream.To make mistakes is human.不定式作主语可以用it 作形式主语，而把真实主语放在后面。eg. It is nice to hear your voice.It is impossible to live without air.在作主语的不定式的前面还可以加上疑问词，如what to do, when to do, where to do,以及whether to do 等。（注意：没有if to do 的说法！）eg. What to do next has not been decided yet.Whether to carry out the project will be discussed later.注：不定式作主语与动名词作主语的区别我们已经在学习动名词时讨论过了，此处不再重复。2作表语eg. His ambition is to open a shop of his own.His theory proved to be true.What surprised me most was to see my father in the principals office.“wh- + to do”的形式也能作表语。eg. Our problem was how to get those involved informed as soon as possible.注：不定式作表语与动名词作表语的区别我们已经在学习动名词时讨论过了，此处也不再重复。3作宾语eg. He refused to give me a hand.Tom failed to pass the English exam.Little Alice appeared to have caught cold.“wh- +to do”的形式也能作宾语。eg. We have decided where and when to hold a meeting.The old man taught me how to catch fish with the net.如果在不定式宾语的后面还有宾语补足语的话，可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放到后面。eg. I found it not easy to persuade him to change his mind.4作宾语补足语eg. The teacher advised me to read a lot.His illness caused him to miss the game.注：在一些感觉动词与使役动词后面的不定式宾语补足语要省略“to”，这些动词是see, look at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel; make, have, let 等。help 后的宾补的to 可以省略，也可以保留。eg. I noticed a man steal into the office.They heard the space ship take off with a very loud noise.Dont let the children play in the street.I will have them check it again.Ill help you (to) carry the bag upstairs.但如果这个动词是被动语态，那么“to”就不省略。eg. The poor boy was made to copy the text ten times.He was seen to quarrel with an old man.注：不定式与分词都能用作宾语补足语，如果是主动的则现在分词与不定式都可以用，但分词强调动作在进行当中，而不定式则可能动作已经完成，强调整个过程，或是带有将来的意义。如果宾语与宾补的关系是被动的，那么就选用过去分词，偶尔也可看到用being done。试比较：I heard the telephone ringing in the office.I heard the telephone ring three or four times in the office this morning.I once heard the song sung in English.I heard the boy being scolded by his mother.He had the boy standing at the corner.He had the boy do the exercise again.He had the watch mended again.5作定语不定式作定语，放在被修饰词之后。eg. He worked out a plan to help his brother.Have you anything to say about it?Tom was the first to come this morning.注：不定式作定语，经常用在something, anything, nothing 与序数词之后。并要特别注意不定式定语时，有时与被修饰词之间所用的介词不能忘记。eg. The first thing for him to do is to find a room to live in.You wont have anything to worry about.Please find me a knife to cut the paper with.与分词相比较，不定式作定语常带有将来的意义。试比较：Do you know the name of the book by Mr Glen?6作状语不定式经常用作目的、原因和结果状语。eg. She worked day and night to pay for the debtTo be a teacher, one must first be a pupil.I am glad to meet you.He was sad to hear the news.I hurried to the station only to find the train gone.The boy woke up to find his bag of money missing.与分词作状语一样，不定式作状语时，也要注意它的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致。试分析：To learn the language well, _.A. more exercise should be done B. its necessary to read a lotC. learning some grammar is helpful D. one must practise a lot.应该选D。但也有一些不定式可以看作一个固定词组，作整个句子的状语，如to tell the truth, to be frank with you, to begin with 等。to be translatedbeing translatedtranslatedeg. To be frank with you, I dont like the idea.三、不定式的省略1省略to。A)在用and, or 等连接的两个并列的不定式，第二个不定式前的to 可以省略。eg. The robot can help you to clean the room and (to) wash clothes.Being blind and deaf, Helen was not able to see or (to) hear.在rather than 后的不定式一般都要省略to。He prefers to work with his hands rather than work with his brain.B)在but, except 之后，有时要省略。比较：He did nothing but watch TV all the evening.He had no choice but to wait outside patiently.C)在make, have, let, see, hear, notice 等词或词组之后的不定式宾补，要省略to。2省略to 后面的行为动词或词组，但保留to。eg. “Would you like to see a movie with me?” “Im glad to.” 或 “Sorry, I am not able to.”My father has given up smoking, but he used to.高考真题：01 年29 题Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything.A. to tell . to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told选D。本句考不定式的时态语态表达。后面一句的意思应该是“别人似乎已经告诉她这一切了”。不定式所表示的“告诉”是被动，而且发生在以前，所以要用它的完成被动形式。02 年25 题In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving_ their products more competitive.A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made选A。本题考非谓语动词的用法。在英语中有的动词后面用不定式作宾语，有的用动名词作宾语。动词strive 后面只能用不定式，意思是“努力去做某事”，因此也不可能用不定式的完成形式，因为不定式的完成形式表示的是一个发生在谓语动词之前的动作。02 年30 题Quite a few people used to believe that disaster _ if a mirror was broken.A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struckC. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike选D。本题主要考词组be sure to do 与be sure of 的区别。be sure to do 的意思是“一定会.”，表示说话人的一种猜测。而be sure of 的意思是“确信”，表示句中主语对某事非常有把握。根据题意“相当多的人过去常认为，如果镜子打碎了，那么灾难一定会降临”，要表示的是说话人的猜测，所以应该用D。03 年43 题An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _ clear warnings before firingany shots.A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued选A。本题考非谓语动词作宾语补足语。根据order 一词的用法，惯用搭配是order sb to do sth.，所以要用不定式做宾补。04 年33 题The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose andthroat.优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电5A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused选C。本题考非谓语动词作补语。在动词believe 后，应该用不定式作，所以A、B 两项都不行。此外，根据下文中的by .，可以看出此处要表示的是被动意思，所以只能选用C。05 年35 题It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sportsstars.A. had B. having C. to have D. have选C。本题考非谓语动词作状语。根据上下文，可以看出，这是一个目的状语所以应该选不定式。整句的意思是：简直不能相信，那些追星族在体育馆外等了三小时，就是为了看一眼那些体育明星。06 年33.题Energy drinks are not allowed _ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.A. to make B. to be made C. to have been made D. be to making选B。本题考不定式的时态和语态。因为动词allow的习惯用法是allow . to do .，而energy drinks与make 又是被动关系，所以选B。06 年36 题The mother felt herself _ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown选A。在动词feel 之后的宾语补足语可以用不定式或者分词，如用不定式时要省略to。因为growcold 与herself 的关系是主动的，所以不能用过去分词，所以只有A 项符合题意。07 年35 题There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade选D。其实本题考的是非谓语动词作定语，所修饰的词是不定代词nothing。因为一般习惯用不定式修饰不定代词，所以只有D 项正确。1. As time went on, Einsteins theory proved _ and soon he became world famous.A. to be corrected B. to correctC. to be correct D. to have been corrected2. Mary told Little Tim not _ all the money.A. spend B. spent C. spending D. to spend3. _ the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly.A. To ensure B. Ensuring C. Having ensured D. To have ensured4. As youve never been there before, Ill have someone _ you the way.A. to show B. show C. showing D. shown5. He used to _ his teaching when he was young.A. devote to B. be devoted to C. devoting to D. being devoted to6. The waiter was made _ to the guest.A. apologize B. apologizing C. to apologize D. to be apologizing7. Children at the beginning of the 20th century _ a lot and _ themselves even withouttelevision. A. used to read; enjoying B. used to read; enjoyedC. were used to reading; enjoy D. were used to read; enjoying8. Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit9. In order to improve English, _.A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电6C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by her father10. The pressure _ causes graduating students to be energetic, but it also puts them under aconstant emotional strain.A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed11. Everyone hopes that we can do something to make things better, so we cant help _ under thestress.A. but working B. but to work C. work D. but work12. Would you please _ spoil your child? He has destroyed all the greens in our garden.A. not B. not to C. to not D. dont13. I would like to be invited to the party, but I didnt _.A. expect B. expect to C. expect to be D. expect to be so14. Im glad _ a chance to visit your country, which has really given me a wonderful impression.A. to give B. to have given C. to be given D. to have been given15. Everybody says this is too good a chance _.A. for being lost B. to be lost C. for being missed D. to be missing16. Would you be so kind _ me a favour?A. to do B. of doing C. for doing D. as to do17. _ the task ahead of time, we need more experts.A. Fulfilling B. Having fulfilled C. To fulfill D. To be fulfilled18. Have you ever responded to someones question about the weather by saying it was warm, only_ out the person thought it was cold?A. finding B. found C. to find D. to have found19. In 1938 Pearl Buck became the first American woman _ the Nobel Prize for Literature.A. to receive B. to be receiving C. receiving D. received20. Every minute is made good _ of _ for the coming national examinations.A. use; prepare B. use; to prepare C. used; to prepare D. used; preparing21. He gave up his job and moved abroad, never _ from.A. hearing B. being heard C. to hear D. to be heard22. Can you arrange for a new experiment _?A. to be done B. to do C. being done D. done23. To get well, _.A. we are going to give the patient a chemical treatmentB. the doctors suggest a chemical treatmentC. a chemical treatment is necessary D. the patient needs a chemical treatment24. His suit has become loose. He seems _ some weight.A. to lose B. being lost C. losing D. to have lost25. What way are you thinking of _ rid of the flies?A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be getting26. If she had remembered _ the door, the thief would not have got in.A. to lock B. locking C. to have locked D. having locked27. “Where _ this weekend?” “Why not _ to the forest park?”A. to go; go B. going; to go C. go; going D. to go; going28. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _ it more difficulty.A. not making B. not make C. not to make D. nor to make29. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _?A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought30. The Entrance Exams, which _ in July, have now been moved to June.A. were used to taking B. used to takeC. used to be taken D. were used to being taken31.The pilot felt something _ wrong with the engine soon after the plane took off.A. go B. goes C. gone D. to go32. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed _ off the mountain.A. to have been blown B. to blow C. to be blown D. to have blown优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电733. He cant help _ the bike because he is busy doing his homework.A. to repair B. repairing C. repaired D. being repaired34. Its necessary for us _ of our own mistakes.A. being reminded B. to be reminded C. reminding D. to remind35. All the students expected there _ more revision before the final exams.A. be B. to be C. being D. having been36. The last man _ the sinking ship was the captain.A. left B. to leave C. to be leaving D. leaves37. Go on _ the other exercises after you have finished this one.A. to do B. with doing C. to be doing D. doing38. The child pretended _ to what his mother was saying.A. to be not listening B. not listening C. not being listening D. not to be listening39. I had intended _ to the party, but I had a very important meeting to attend.A. to come B. to have come C. coming D. having come40.When the sailor came into the cafe, I noticed a _ look _ over the waitress face although shedidnt say anything.A. surprising; to come B. surprised; to come C. surprise; come D. surprised; come41. Who did the teacher have _ an article for the wall newspaper just now?A. written B. writing C. write D. to write42. Emily had the store _ the package directly to her house last Saturday.A. deliver B. delivered C. delivering D. to deliver43. I had meant _ you about it, but I forgot _ so.A. telling; doing B. telling; to do C. to tell; doing D. to tell; to do44. _ the goal, China plans _ promising young scientists with more key national programs.A. For achieving; to provide B. For achieving; providingC. To achieve; to provide D. To achieve; providing45. The labels on the bottle of medicine should be easy _.A. to read B. for reading C. to be read D. read46. Can you find me something _?A. to open the tin B. that I can open the tinC. to open the tin with D. with that to open the tin47. Last summer I took a course on _.A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made48. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to49. She searched the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest50. “The light in the office is still on.” “Oh, I forgot _.”A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off51. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking52.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented53. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle.A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding54.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to55. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met56. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning57. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电8A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone58. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying59. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make60. _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept61. The little time we have together we try _ wisely.A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending that62. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for send