高考英语二轮复习精品资料专题13 特殊句式教学案（教师版）.doc

2013高考英语二轮复习精品资料专题13 特殊句式（教学案，教师版）【2013高考考纲解读】特殊句式已经成为高考的热点，而倒装句和强调句又是热点之热点。命题者加大了对句子结构和知识面的考查，同时注重考查知识之间的交叉和语法知识的力度。例如，高考试题中，在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句，强调了学生综合把握语法知识的能力。这就要求我们在平时的复习和备考中注意总结，全面把握。倒装句、强调句有以下十大考点:（1）含有否定意义的副词放在句首引起的部分倒装；（2）含有否定意义的连接词置于句首引起的部分倒装；（3） “so（nor, neither）+助动词 + 主语”与“so（nor, neither）+主语+助动词”之间的区别以及与“ so + 主语+ 助动词”的句式区别；（4）省略if的虚拟条件句以had / were / should开头引起的部分倒装；（5）not until置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒装；（6）only短语置于句首引起的部分倒装；（7）考查强调句式的基本结构；（8）考查含有“notuntil”句型的强调句式；（9）考查强调句式的疑问句；（10）考查强调句式的正确判断；【重点知识整合】一、完全倒装 1. here, there, away, down, in, up, off, out, now, then, next等表方位的副词或时间副词放在句首，且句子主语为名词时。here comes the bus.公共汽车朝这儿开过来了。 【例】for a moment nothing happened then all shouting together. a. voices had come b. came voices c. voices would come d. did voices come 【答案】b【解析】考查特殊句式。副词then位于句首，且当句子的主语是名词时，句子用全部倒装句，选b。 2表地点的介词短语作状语位于句首时。 in a lecture hall of a university in england sits a professor. 在英国一所大学的演讲厅里坐着一位教授。 from the valley came a frightening sound. 从山谷里传来了一阵可怕的声音。 3形容词、-ed分词、-ing分词或介词短语作表语置于句首，强调表语时，或为保持句子结构平衡用倒装。 present at the meeting were professor white and many other guests.怀特教授和很多其他客人出席了会议。（形容词） gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the chinese people 他们对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。（过去分词） among the goods are christmas trees, flowers and toys. 货物中有圣诞树，花和玩具。（介词短语） 4直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装。 “this is an important language point,”said the english teacher.英语老师说：“这是一个重要的语言点。” 5在there be句型中，要用完全倒装。 二、部分倒装 1only+副词介词短语状语从句位于句首时。但only+主语位于句首不倒装。 only in this way can you master english. 只有用这种方式你才能掌握英语。 only when he returned did we find out the truth. 只有当他返回时，我们才能发现真相。 2. hardly., when,., no sooner., than., never, not, no longer，little，not until，seldom，in no time，nowhere等否定副词、否定的介词短语和连词位于句首时。 not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老师来他才完成家庭作业。 never before have i seen such, a moving film.我以前从未看过一部如此感人的电影。【例】not until i came home last night _ to bed. a. mum did go b. did mum go c. went mum d. mum went 【例】little about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself. a. did rose care b. rose did care c. rose does care d. does rose care 【答案】a【解析】考查特殊句式。little是具有否定意义的词，位于句首时句子用部分倒装句，选a。 3sothat中的so，以及such.that.中的such.位于句首时。 so carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself. 他开车太粗心了，差一点送了自己的命。 such a lovely boy is he that we all like him. 他是如此可爱的一个男孩以至于我们都喜欢他。 so frightened was he that he dared not go out.他如此害怕以至于他不敢出去。 【例】so sudden _that the enemy had no time to escape. a. did the attack b. the attack did c. was the attack d. the attack was 4副词形容词名词动词过去分词+ as/though引导的让步状语从句。【例】unsatisfied with the payment, he took the job just to got some work experience. a. though was he b, though he was c. he was though d. was he though 【例】 i travel to the binhai new area by light railway every day, _ do many businessmen who live in downtown tianjin.a. as b. which c. when d. though【例】try as he might,he didnt succeed. 尽管他尽了力，还是没成功。 5在if引导的虚拟条件句中，if省略，were，had与should移到主语前。 should it not rain, the crops would die. 如果不下雨，庄稼就要枯死了。 6not only., but also.连接并列分句且置于句首时前倒后不倒，但连接并列主语时不倒装。【例】the computer was used in teaching. as a result, not only _ , but students became more interested in the lessons. a. saved was teachers energy b. was teachers energy savedc. teachers energy was saved d. was saved teachers energy not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either. 修车厂不仅对我超额收费，而且维修工作还很差。 not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it. 不仅帮助人们寻找工作。而且也将提供医疗给那些需要的人。 7neither., nor.连接并列分句且置于句首时前后都倒装，但连接并列主语时不倒装。 neither is he clever,nor does he work hard. 他既不聪明也不努力。 8neither/nor/no more表否定位于句首时；so表肯定位于句首时。so+助动词十主语前后主语不一样，表示前面的情况也适用于后者。主语十助动词+ so表示某人做了那件事。so+主语十助动词前后主语一致，表示确实如此。“so do i”在口语中常说成“me too”。i like fresh fruit我喜欢新鲜水果。me too（ so do i）我也喜欢。 they love having lots of friends;so do those with disabilities.他们喜欢有很多的朋友，残疾人也一样。 he came last night,and so did i. 他昨晚来了，我也是。易混易误，深度总结1. 忽略了主句是倒装语序的错选。1). never in my wildest dreams_ lead to a career in the nba, which has allowed me to give back to my people in africa.a. i thought the chance wouldb. i thought would the chancec. did i think the chance wouldd. did i think would the chance【典型错误】b【错因分析】粗心的同学如果忽略了主句是倒装语序，就会错选。【正确答案】c【归纳拓展】本题考查倒装句式。像never，not a.，hardly，little等否定词为了强调或修辞需要提到句首时，该句在习惯上要用部分倒装句式，即把谓语部分中的助动词、系动词、情态动词或把diddoesdo助动词提到主语的前面。2. 地点状语在句首，且谓语动词是lie，应该使用完全倒装。2). at the foot of the mountain _. a. a village lies b. lies a villagec. does a village lie d. lying a village【典型错误】a【错因分析】地点状语在句首，且谓语动词是lie，应该使用完全倒装。a未倒装，因此不正确。【正确答案】b【归纳拓展】全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：(1)here，there，now，then，thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be，come，go，lie，run等表示“来”“去”或状态的动词；(2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的方向。正确答案应是b。 3. 主句句首的否定词no sooner，容易误用陈述语序。另外此处的时态也容易出错。3). -did linda see the traffic accident? -no, no sooner_than it happened. a. had she gone b. she had gonec. has she gone d. she has gone【典型错误】b、d【错因分析】粗心的同学如果忽略了主句句首的否定词no sooner，则容易使用陈述语序。另外此处的时态也容易出错。【正确答案】a【归纳拓展】以“no sooner”开头的句子要部分倒装。“no soonerthan”意为“一就”，no sooner从句中的谓语要用过去完成时than从句中的谓语动词要用一般过去时。因此正确答案应是a。4.“so+形容词”位于句首时，后接部分倒装句。4）._ homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.a. so much b. too muchc. too little d. so little【典型错误】b【错因分析】粗心的同学如果忽略了主句是倒装语序，就会错选。【正确答案】a【归纳拓展】“so+形容词”位于句首时，后接部分倒装句，应把助动词提前。因此正确答案应是a。5. 忽略句首的never就易在句中使用陈述语序.5）. the old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _ with each other. a. they had quarreled b. they have quarreled c. have they quarreled d. had they quarreled【典型错误】b【错因分析】忽略and后句首的never就易选b。【正确答案】c【归纳拓展】此题考查的是never放在句首应用倒装语序。再结合时态（应与前边分句时态一致），故正确答案为c。省略 （一）、定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom可省略；当先行词是reason，place时，作状语的关系副词why，whose也可省略。 i dont know the reason (why) he was late for class. 我不知道他上课迟到的原因。 （二）、状语从句中的省略现象 1当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且谓语动词为be动词时，可以省略状语从句的主语和be动词，这时从句中可出现如下结构： (1)连词(as，as if,once)+名词 as (he was)a young man,he used to be a store keeper.他年轻时当过店员。 (2)连词(though, whether, when)+形容词 work hard when (you are) young,or youll regret. 年轻的时候努力学习，否则你就会后悔。 (3)连词(whether,as if， while)+介词短语 he looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of some-thing他四处看，好像在找什么东西。 (4)连词(when, while, though)+现在分词 while(1 was) walking along the street,i heard my name called.当我正沿街走的时候，听到有人叫我的名字。 (5)连词(when,ifeven if ,unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词 the exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 这个展览比预料的更有趣。 (6)连词(as if,as though) + 不定式 he opened his lips as if (he were) to speak. 他张开嘴，好像要说话。 2当从句中主语是it，且谓语动词中又含有be动词时，可以把it和be动词一起省略。此时构成连词(if，unless，when，whenever)+形容词的结构。 unless (it is) necessary, youd better not. refer to the dictionary除非需要，你最好不要查字典。 另外，我们还可以用so或not替代上文内容，此时可构成if+ so/not的省略句式： get up early tomorrow. if not (you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus. 明天早点儿起床。否则的话，你会错过第一班公交车的。 he may not be at home then,if so (he is not at home) ,leave him a note 他那时可能不在家，如果是那样的话，给他留张字条。 3不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。 (1)代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常跟在expect，forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want,wish等词的后面。 i asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to. 我要求他去看电影，但他不想去。 (2)跟在have，need，ought, be going，used等词的后面。 i didnt want to go there,but i had to. 我不想去那儿，但我不得不去。 (3)跟在某些形容词如glad，happy，pleased，delighted，afraid，anxious，eager，ready，willing等的后面。 will you join in the game ?你要加入游戏中吗？ id be glad to我很高兴加入。 (4)不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常见的这类动词有：allow, ask, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, wish,warn等。 he didnt come,though we had invited him to (come). 虽然我们邀请了他，但他却没来。 (5)不定式在chance，courage，time等名词后作定语时，连to也可省略。 he will never go abroad even if he has a chance (to go abroad).即使他有一次机会，他也不出国。 (6)否定形式的省略用not to。 shall i go instead of him?我该代替他去吗？ i prefer not to但愿不要。 (7)如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。 are you a sailor?你是个水手吗？ no，but i used to be不，但我以前是。 he hasnt finished yet他还没完成。 well，he ought to have.哦，他本该已经完成了。 4惯用的省略结构 (1)无动词祈使句和无主句祝愿语，句尾往往用感叹号。 if only i could remember his name! 要是我能记住他的名字多好啊！ (2) how/what about句型 what about some more milk?再喝一点牛奶，好吗？ (3)why not do?句型 ， why not go at once?为什么不立即走呢？ 【例】some of you may have finished unit one. _, you can go on to unit two.a. if you may b. if you do c. if not d. if so【答案】d 【解析】本题考查省略句的用法。 if so = if you have done that / so替代 （一）、替代句子 主从复合句中，主句有一些成分省略，或省略一个从句或从句的一部分时，用so或not替代（不可用it替代）。 is she going to see the film tomorrow:? 她明天要去看电影吗？ i think so.我想是的。 are you feeling better today?你今天感觉好点儿了吗？ im afraid not恐怕没有。 how so? /why so? /is that so? 怎么会这样？为什么是这样？是这样吗？ i suppose/believe/hope/guess not. 我想相信希望猜不会。 im afraid so我恐怕如此。 i hope so.我希望如此。 注意：think, believe，suppose，expect等有两种否定形式：i dont thinksoi think not而hope，guess只有一种否定形式：i hope not【例】 what s the matter with della? well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _.a. hopes to b. hopes so c. hopes not d. hopes for （二）、替代名词 1one与onesone与ones是常用的名词替代词，替代可数名词，可指人或物，它们的前面一般要有限定词，如定冠词等。但如果one前面为形容词最高级或this，that，another等修饰词时，one常可省去；同样，如果ones前面有these,those时，ones也可省去。 i have a new coat and several old ones. 我有一件新外套和几件旧的。 id prefer the large box to a small one. 比起小盒子来，我更喜欢大的。 of all the brothers tom is the most handsome (one). 所有的兄弟中，汤姆是最英俊的。 these books are mine while those (ones) are my brothers. 这些书是我的，而那些是我的兄弟们的。2that与those(1)that用来替代前面已经出现过的可数名词或不可数名词时，通常后面需要跟修饰语。that相当于the one时，只能指物。(2)those替代可数名词的复数，既可指人，也可指物；those后面一般跟修饰语，those相当于the ones。 the climate of shenyang is just as good as that of beijing. 沈阳的天气和北京的一样好。 the students im teaching this year are much more diligent than those i taught last year. 我今年教的学生比去年的勤奋得多。 （三）、do(does，did)do so替代动词do (does，did)可以替代上文中已出现过的动词或谓语；do与so连用，可替代动宾或动状结构。 do you like flowers?你喜欢花吗？ yes，i do是的，我喜欢。 he swims as well as he did(=swam) ten years ago. 他游泳游得和十年前一样好。 it is polite to listen to people carefully,and i usually do so. 仔细听人讲话是礼貌的，我通常这样做。三、反意疑问句反意疑问句的一般应用规则为：前面陈述部分是肯定句形式，后面的附加疑问部分则用否定形式；前面陈述部分如果用否定形式，后面的附加疑问部分则用肯定形式。但是在实际运用中，只知道一般的应用规则还不够，以下几种特殊情况应特别注意：1当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this，that，these，those时，疑问部分的主语不再用指示代词，而要用it或者they代替。 例如： (1)that isnt your dictionary, is it? 这不是你的字典，是吗？ (2) these are interesting stories, arent they? 这些故事很有意思，不是吗？ 2当陈述部分的主语是“i am”结构时，疑问部分一般用 “arent i?”。如： (1)im late for class，arent i?我上课迟到了，对吗？ (2)im doing well，arent i?我做得很好，是吗？3当陈述句部分的主语是everybody，somebody，nobody, none等合成代词时，疑问部分的主语多用they。如： (1)everyone came here,didnt they? 每个人都来这了吗？ (2)nobody phoned while l was out,did they? 我出去的时候没人打电话吧？ 4当陈述部分的主语是everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，疑问部分的主语用it。如： (1)nothing is too difficult for him,is it? 对他来说没什么事是困难的，是吗？ (2) everything is ready, isnt it? 所有事都准备好了，对吗？ 5当陈述部分是不定代词one作主语，疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one，在非正式场合用you。如： one cant be too careful,can one (you)? 人再怎么认真也不过分，对吧？ 6当陈述部分是“there be+主语十其他”结构时，疑问部分用“be (not)+ there”结构。如： (1)there is a book on the desk,isnt there? 桌上有本书，是吗？ (2)there are not any pens in the box,are there? 盒子里没笔了，是吧？ 7当陈述部分的主语是“i dont think/suppose/believe/guess+that从句”结构时，疑问部分的主语和谓语须和从句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上一致，并且还要用肯定形式。如： (1)i dont think he can finish the work,can he? 我认为他不能完成任务，是不是？ (2)i dont believe she knows it,does she? 我相信她不知道这件事，对不对？ 8当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，有两种情况： (1)have作“有”解时，可有两种形式。如： he has a new book,hasnt/doesnt he? 他有本新书，是不是？ (2)have表示其他意思时，只用do的相应形式。如： she had a good time in the park,didnt she? 她在公园玩得很开心，是不是？【例】1.you and i could hardly work together, _?a. could you b. couldnt i c. couldnt we d. could we【例】2. its the first time that he has been to australia,_?a isnt he b hasnt he c isnt it d hasnt it【例】3. he must be helping the old man to water the flowers, _? a is he b isnt he c must he d mustnt he【答案】b【解析】考查反意疑问句。陈述句中的谓语中虽有情态动词must，但此处must表示对正在进行的动作进行推测，将其不看作情态动词。而must后有助动词be，故反意疑问句根据助动词be来构成，选b。四、强调句1使用某些词来表示强调，如so，such，really和just。 our classmates were so excited when they were listening to her speech 当他们听她的演讲时是如此的激动。 i have never seen such a beautiful picture before. 我从来就没有见过这么美的画。2如果要强调句中谓语动词以外的其他部分，我们可以使用“it+be+被强调部分+that从句”的句型。 a)我们可以用这个句型强调句中的主语、宾语或状语。下列例句表明如何强调句子中的不同部分： i saw mr. white in the park last sunday. 上周日我在公园看见white先生了。 it was l who saw mr. white in the park last sunday.（强调主语） 上周日是我在公园看见white先生的。 it was mr. white whom/that i saw in the park last sunday.（强调宾语） 上周日我在公园看见的是white先生。 it was in the park that i saw mr. white last sunday.（强调地点状语） 上周日我是在公园看到white先生的。 it was last sunday that i saw mr. white in the park（强调时间状语） 我是上周日在公园看到white先生的。 如果被强调的部分是一个人或一群人，我们使用who或that引导从句。 b)当被强调的主语是代词时，我们通常用其宾格形式。 it was me who went to canada last summer. 就是我去年夏天去了加拿大。 c)这种强调结构也可用于疑问句。 was it yesterday that you met your teacher in the street? 你是昨天在大街上碰到你老师的吗？ who was it that told you such a thing? 究竟是谁告诉你这么件事的？ why was it that you didnt come to the meeting yesterday? 究竟是为什么你昨天没有来开会？ d)我们还可使用“it was not until. that”这个句型强调时间状语。 it was not until he took off his dark glasses that i recognized him. 直到他摘掉墨镜我才认出他来。 3如果要强调时态为一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句中的谓语动词，我们在该动词前加助动词do或did。 many of the films are from the usa,but we do give awards to films from other countries. 许多电影是来自于美国，但我们的确也给其他国家的影片颁奖。 he did come to see you last sunday,but you were out. 他上周日的确来看过你，但是你出去了。【例】it was _ he came bank from africa that year _ he met the girl he would like to marry.a. when; then b. not; until c. not until; that d. only; when易混易误，深度总结典型陷阱题分析 1. _ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual. a. it was we being late b. it was our being late c. it was we were too late d. it was because we were late 【陷阱】此题容易误选d，认为强调的是原因状语从句 because we were late. 【分析】但实际上，此题的答案为b，强调的是句子主语 our being late，此题若还原成非强调句，即为： our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual. 注意，强调句的一个显著特点是，若去掉强调结构 it is was that，句子仍然成立；换句话说，该结构中的 that 不能充当句子成分。2. “how was _ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace？” “totally by chance.” a. it thatb. he that c. it when d. he which 【陷阱】几个干扰项均可能误选。 【分析】答案选a，为强调句的特殊疑问句形式，其相应的陈述句形式为： it was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace. 比较以下各题，它们也属强调句的特殊疑问句形式： （1） who was it _ saved the drowning girl？ a. since b. as c. that d. he 答案选c，被强调成分为 who，该句实为类似 it was tom that saved the drowning girl. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式（即对其中的tom 提问而得）。 （2） what is it _ his daughter needs most？ a. what b. which c. that d. if 答案选c，被强调成分为 what，该句实为类似 it is a bike that his daughter needs most. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式（即对其中的a bike 提问而得）。 3. _ was very _ that little jim wrote the letter. a. it, careful b. it, carefully c. he, careful d. he, carefully 【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，但最有可能误选的可能是a，认为这是一个普通的系表结构，即认为第二空要填形容词作表语。 【分析】其实，此题是一个强调句，其非强调形式为 little jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is that 的强调句式强调其中的状语 very carefully 即为上面一题的题干，所以答案应选b.请看下面几例，也属强调结构： （1） it was when she was about to go to bed _ the telephone rang. a. since b. as c. that d. then 答案选c，被强调成分为 when she was about to go to bed 这一时间状语从句。 （2） it may have been at christmas _ john gave mary a handbag. a. before b. who c. that d. when 答案选c，被强调成分为 at christmas，其中的动词 be 采用了 may have been 这一较为复杂的形式。 4. “where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday？” “it was in the hall _ the students often have a meeting.” a. where b. which c. that d. when5. it was what he meant rather than what he said _ annoyed me. a. which b. as c. what d. that 【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。 【分析】此题为一个强调句型，空格处应填 that （即选d），被强调成分为 what he meant rather than what he said.句意为“让我生气的不是他说的话，而是他话中的意思”。请再看两例： （1） it