高考英语二轮复习精品资料 专题10 定语从句教学案（教师版）.doc

2013高考英语二轮复习精品资料专题10 定语从句（教学案，教师版）【2013高考考纲解读】定语从句是中学英语教学的重点，也是学生学习的难点，同时又是高考考查的热点。纵观近年各地高考试题，就能发现考点大多集中在带有插入语的定语从句；which 、as 引导的非限定性定语从句； where 、 when引导的定语从句以及定语从句和强调句、同位语从句的区别等方面。对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。【重点知识整合】在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词，关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as，关系副词有when, where, why。一、关系词的基本用法who 指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语关系代词whom 指人，在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物，在从句中作定语that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语关系副词as 指人、物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语（1）the man (whom /who/that) my mother saw in the street is my teacher.（2）the book which/ that tells us about the earth is interesting.（3）she lives in a house whose windows faces south.（4）do you know the boy whose father is an english teacher?（5）i have never heard such stories as he tells.（6）ill never forget the day when /on which i joined the army.（7）i wont forget the factory where / in which my father worked.（8）tell me the reason why you came late.二、必须用“that”引导的定语从句1、当先行词是不定代词all，little, few, much, anything , everything, none, nothing, no one, some等时。he did everything that he could to help us.2、先行词被all, every, no , some, any , little, much, the only, the very, the right, last , few , just 等修饰时。the only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.3、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时。this is the most interesting film that ive ever seen.4、当先行时前有such 或the same修饰时，先行词和关系代词指同一物时。she is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.5、先行词既有人又有物时，later they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6、当主句是以who或which开始时的特殊疑问句时，who is the boy that won the gold medal?7、在同一个句子里，若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用了which， 另一个宜用that.edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8、当关系代词在从句中作表语时。（只限于限制性定语从句中）china is no longer the country that it used to be.9、当先行词是集体名词时，多用that，he wants to join the team that won the game.10、that在有些句型中可作为关系副词，且可省略。i dont like the way (that) he talks to me.三、只用which不用that时情况1、引导非限制性定语从句时：bruce went toward the fire, which was still smoking.2、先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。this is the house in which lu xun lived.3、先行词本身是that时：whats that which flashed in the sky just now?4、先行词后有插入语时，here is the english grammar book which, as ive told you, will help improve your english.5、which 用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。he is an engineer, which i am not。关系代as：在限制性定语从句中用在such, the same, as, so之后，as引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。i have the same book as you（have）.take as many as you want.here is so big a stone as no man can lift.this is such a book as was given to me.四、关系代词的省略情况1、关系代在从句中作宾语时。have you received the book (that) i sent you last week?2、关系代词在从句中作表语时。mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.3、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而这个介词又在句末时。this is the artist (whom) i spoke to you about.注意：关系代词的省略是指在限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。五、带介词的定语从句1、固定词组，介词置于后，关系代词使用灵活。this is the child (whom / who/ that) she is looking after.2、非固定词组，介词位置灵活，关系代词使用严格。the man (whom/ who/ that) i spoke to is a friend of mine.the man to whom i spoke is a friend of mine.3、介词词组（关系代词远离先行词）in front of, on top of ,at the foot of, with the help of, as a result of.we stand in a building in front of which stands a lab.we arrived at a hill, on top of which stood a tower.4、代词/数词+of +关系代词he has written many books, most of which are for children.we have many students, two of whom have won prizes of international competitions.5、介词+关系代词+代词/数词：he has written many books, of which most are in chinese.6、介词+whose 修饰后面的名词：he is the very man in whose pocket i found my lost money.六、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句对先行词起限制确定作用。如果没有它，主句的意思就不完整，这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，在口语中前后没有停顿。he is the man whose father died last week.that is the reason why i didnt open the door.非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词起描述或补充说明的作用，省略后也不影响全句的意思，非限制性定语从句可以修饰名词、代词、短语、主句的一部分或全句，它和主句之间常用逗号隔开，朗读时前后有停顿。i live in beijing where my parents worked ten years ago.his sister, who works in wuhan, is coming to see him tomorrow.七、as 引导非限制性定语从句与which 的区别1、用于非限制性定语从句时，可以指代整个主句的内容，as 和which 可以换用。he left her, as/ which was strange.2、as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句可置于句首，句中和句尾。as everyone knows, tom is good at english.the earth, as we know, moves round the sun.3、非限制性定语从句中谓语为被动时，常用as 作主语。as is said/ known/ announced/ reported/ mentioned/ expected/ disused等。as is known to all, taiwan is part of china.4、as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如”的含义，因此，下列句式中多用as:as has been said aboveas anybody can seeas we had expectedas (it) appearsthings are not always as they appear.5、which 引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句只能置于句尾。the decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted.6、which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句中的一个词（先行词）从句置于先行词后，可在句中或句尾。the football match, which i watched yesterday, is very interesting.7、which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句的谓语带有宾语，有的还带宾语补足语。after that things improved, which astonished me.water changes into steam, which is known to be a physical change.8、which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句意思可与主句相反，即从句为否定式或带否定前缀的形容词。he can write a letter in english, which i cannot.he was married again, which was unexpected.八、定语从句运用中的注意点1、是用the one还是用that , which, where.（1）is this school _ you study in?（2）is this the school _ you study in?（3）is this the school _ you study?（4）is this school _ is a senior one?a. that/whichb. wherec. the oned. the one where e. the one that / which 遇到这类句子，先将其变成肯定句，再看主句是否缺少表语。若缺表语，则必须用the one的形式，接着再看the one在从句中作什么成分，若作状语，则必须用the one where，若作主语或宾语时，则用the one (that/ which)2、是用when还是用that, which （1）may 1 is the day _ we spent together.（2）may 1 is the day _i joined the army.a. that/ whichb. when当先行词是表示时间的名词时，作时间状语时，用when, 若作主语或宾语时，就用that/ which.3、定语从句与强调结构的区别（1）it was in this house _ he was born.（2）it was this house _ he was born.（3）it was in the house _ he used to live that the exhibition was held.a. whereb. thatc. whichd. there判断是否是强调结构的方法是去掉it is /was that, 若整个句子结构和意义不受影响，则为强调结构，否则为定语从句。4、定语从句与其他从句的区别（1）定语从句与地点状语从句的区别是看有无表示地点的名词作先行词，有则是定语从句，试比较：you should leave the toy where you can find. i still remember the bus stop where / at which i met you.（2）定语从句与结果状语从句的区别是看从句的边接词是否在从句中作成分，作成分的是定语从句；若连接词在句中不作成分时，则为结果状语从句。试比较：he is such a kind person as everybody likes. he is such a kind person that everybody likes him.（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别主要是看连接词是否在从句中作成分，作成分的是定语从句，不作成分而只是表示前面名词的具体内容的则是同位语从句。试比较：the news that he had been back surprised us all. the mews (that) he told us surprised us all.5、way 后面的定语从句（用that/ in which 或省略）：please tell me the way (that/ in which) you did the job.易混易误，深度总结 1.误认为作关系代词whose只用于修饰人。 whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。例如： it was an island，whose name i have forgotten它是一座岛，名字我忘了。 the factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家全是妇女的工厂。在假期关闭了。 2.混淆定语从句与并列句。 请看下面两题： (1) he has two children, and both of_are abroad. a. them b.which c.whom d. who (2) he has two children, both of are abroad. a. them b.which c.whom d. who 第(1)题选a，第(2)题选c。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，所以and后应是一个独立的简单句，因此选a不选c；第(2)题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下题(答案为a) he has two children, both of_being abroad. a. them b.which c.whom d. who 3混淆关系代词和关系副词。 有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语（如用作主语、宾语等）则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较： this is the factory where l want to work.这就是我想去工作的工厂。 (work为不及物动词，where在从句中作状语) this is the factory that l want to visit这就是我想参观的工厂。 (visit为及物动词，that作visit的宾语) the reason why he cant come is that he is ill他没来是因为他病了。 （come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中作状语） the reason that he put forth is very important他提出的理由很重要。 （put forth为及物动词词组，that在定语从句中作其宾语） 4误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句。 有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时这类句子根本就不是定语从句。例如： (1) if a book is in english,_means slow progress for you. a. as b.which c.what d. that (2) when i say two hours,includes time for eating. a. as b.which c.what d. that 以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。【高频考点突破】考点之一 ：正确区分关系代词that引导的定语从句，除不能作定语(用whose)外，其它几个功能都可用that。但命题角度主要以that与which指物时的区别为重点。例如：（1）do you have anything in mind _ youd like for supper?well, _ is ok with me.a. that ; anything b. which ; everythingc. what ; whatever d. where ; something （2）the wrong youve done him is terrible, for _ you should make an apology to him, i think.a. this b. which c. what d. that （3）he should stand near the stage _ he could watch and follow the play.a. where b. when c. that d. there 【答案】a【解析】此处stage是先行词，其在定语从句中作地点状语。（4）do you think the reason _ he gave is believable.a. for which b. which c. why d. what （5）we are living in an age _ many things are done on computer.a. which b. that c. whose d. when 考点之三 ：当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，应注意主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题。尤其要注意在考题中不用定语从句，而是用分词短语作定语。例如：（6）the first textbooks _ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. a. having written b. to be written c. being written d. written （7）the train that stands at platform 7 / standing at platform 7 is for wuhan.（8）any article that is left in these buses / left in these buses will be taken at once to the lost property office. 考点之四 ：定语从句中不能再重复与先行词有关的代词或副词。必须牢记定语从句中关系词已经替代先行词并且在定语从句中已经充当其成分，故不能再用相关的代词或副词。例如：（8）he made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.a. which i think it is b. which i think isc. which i think it d. i think which is （9）this is the hospital _ they visited last year and is the one _ i worked in five years agoathat；where bwhere；thatcwhere；where dthat；that （10）there are dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.a. that b. which c. where d. when 【答案】c【解析】 此处先行词是her trousers，在定语从句中作状语，相当于on her trousers=on which=where。故选c。考点之五 ：对介词后接关系代词而不接关系副词的考查；当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现介词+关系代词。先行词指物，用介词+which, 指人则用介词+whom, 且两个关系代词均不能省略，介词的选择要遵循两个原则：1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。 2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。例如：（11）this flower doesnt do well in soil other than the one_ it has been specially developedafor which bthat cof which dwhere （12）anyway, that evening, _i will tell you more about later, i ended up staying at rachels place.a. when b. where c. what d. which （13）our teacher set us such a difficult maths problem _ we could not work out.a. that b. which c. as d. even （14）carl said the work would be done by october , _ personally i doubt very much.a. it b. that c. when d. which （15）_ is reported in the newspaper , talks between the two countries are making progress.a. it b. as c. that d. what 考点之七 ：解题时要注意题干的内容和句子的结构，（进行必要的语法分析，弄清句子结构。）再行答题。例如：（16）the teacher wanted to teach us _ he knew at this last lesson.a. all which b. all whatc. of which d. everything which （17）meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment , _ i will always treasure.a. that b. one c. it d. what （18） mrs brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _went wrong again.a. it repair b. it repairedc. repaired d. to be repaired （19）_is well-known that antarctica is difficult to reach.a. it b. what c. as d. which （20）_is well-known , antarctica is difficult to reach.a. it b. what c. as d. which （21）_is well-known is that antarctica is difficult to reach.a. it b. what c. as d. which 虽然定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，但只要从定语从句的形式上、结构上和用法上来分析理解和比较，就一定就能把握定语从句的用法。 【难点探究】1.考查which/who(m)引导的非限制性定语从句which引导非限制性定语从句，用以指代整个主句的内容，或主句中某个词或短语的内容。 【例】she brought with her three friends, none of i had ever met before. a. them b. who c. whom d. these【例】 by serving others,a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself,_can be very eye-opening and rewarding. a. who b.which c.what d.that【答案】b【解析】which在此引导非限制性定语从句，which在定语从句中作主语，表示前面所提到的情况。【例】 chans restaurant on baker street,_used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. a. that b.which c.who d. where2.考查as引导的非限制性定语从句 as也可指代整个主句的内容，但不同于which的是，它引导的定语从句既可以位于主句的前面，也可以位于主句的后面。它的意思是“正如”，as在这些从句中作主语或宾语。 【例】_i explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. a. when b.after c.as d. since【例】_is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. a. which b.when c.what d. as3.考查由“介词十关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词十关系代词”结构中的关系代词主要是which或whom，不能是that;其中的介词则要根据句子中的相关搭配来确定。 【例】 he was educated at the local high school,_he went on to beijing university. a. after which b.after that c.in which d.in that【例】 she was educated at beijing university,_she went on to have her advanced study abroad. a. after which b.from which cfrom that d. after that4.考查由.of which引导的定语从句 这类结构主要表示所属关系、同位关系或整体与部分的关系。 (1) it is reported that two schools,_are being built in my hometown, will open next year. a. they both b.which both c.both of them d. both of which (2) we shouldnt spent our money testing so many people, most of_are healthy. a. that b.which c.what d. whom5.考查由where，when，why引导的定语从句 关系副词where，when，why引导定语从句时，它们分别在从句中充当地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。 【例】those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity_sight matters more than hearing a. when b.whose c.which d. where【例】the book was written in 1946,_the education system has witnessed great changes. a. when b.during which c.since then d. since when6.考查whose引导的定语从句此时要注意三点：(1) whose引导的定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成“whose+名词”；(2) whose引导的定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物；(3) whose引导的定语从句指物时，可用of which代替whose，但词序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+of which。【例】last month, part of southeast asia was struck by floods, from_effects the people are still suffering. a. that b.whose c.those d. what【例】 george orwell,_was eric arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. a. the real name b.what his real name c. his real name d. whose real name7.考查分隔式定语从句 即所考查的定语从句与先行词之间插有其他修饰语。做题时应撇开其中的修饰语，直接将先行词与定语从句联系起来。 【例】the film brought the hours back to me_lwas taken good care of in that faraway village. a. until b.that c.when d. where【例】 it was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_for the first time in years their team won the world cup. a. that b.while c.which d.when【答案】d【解析】定语从句修饰的先行词是an exciting moment。8.考查关系词省略的限制性定语从句 能被省略的关系代词主要是用作宾语的that，which，whom，who等，且只限于限制性定语从句中。另外，the way后接定语从句修饰时，也可省略关系代词。 【例】-why does she always ask you for help? -there is no one else_,is there? a. who to turn to . b.she can tum to c. for whom to turn d. for her to turn【答案】b【解析】先行词是no one else，定语从句she can tum to前省略了作宾语的关系代词whom或who。值得指出的是，本句还可以写成to whom she can turn。【例】 what surprised me was not what he said but_he said it. a. the way b. in the way that c. in the way d. the way which9.考查定语从句与其他知识点的综合运用【例】 he is the only one of the students who_a winner of scholarship for three years. a. is b.are c.have been d. has been【例】 meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_1 will always treasure. a. that b.one c.it d. what【历届高考】【2012山东卷】23. maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series. a. them b. that c. which d. what【答案】【解析】此处先行词是two novels，后面是一个非限制性定语从句且介词前置，因此用both of which引导。句意：maria写了两部小说，两部都被拍成了电视剧。【考点】考查非限制性定语从句的用法。【2012福建卷】23. the air quality in the city, _is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.a. thatb. it c. as d. what【2012浙江卷】17.ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.a. whichb. whoc. whered. whom【考点】定语从句【答案】b【解析】who引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语，修饰先行词ellen（人名）。which修行先行词是物的定语从句；whom修饰先行词为人，且在从句中做宾语；where修饰先行词是地点名词，且在从句中地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除。【2012浙江卷】9.we live in an age_more information is available with greater ease than ever before.a. whyb. whenc. to whomd. on which【2012江苏卷】22.after the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.a. which b. who c. where d. what【考点】定语从句关系代词【答案】b【解析】指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选b项。【举一反三】由who引导的定语从句关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：a teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.教师是传授知识的人。（关系代词在从句中作主语）the man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.能够做此工作的人将获得1000美元。（关系代词who在从句中作主语）【2012安徽卷】29. lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.a. as b. it c. which d. this【2012江西卷】28by 16:30, _was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.awhichbwhencwhatdthat【2012湖南】34. care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered. a. whatb. in whatc. whichd. in which【2012重庆卷】29. sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as salesa. which b. that c. when d. where技巧点拨：句意表示“我已经达到人生的一个转折点，应该自己做决定。”先行词是point, 关