名词讲解与练习.doc

I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1）专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2）普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词都有单数和复数之分；英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,可以用冠词a或an, 数词，some, any ,many, how many, too many a few, few, a lot of, lots of, several，a number of修饰如： box, child, orange；不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词，可以用冠词some, any ,much, how much, too much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, a number of修饰。如：water, news, oil, population, information .用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。【重点】中考常考不可数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。 说明：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不可 数名词 ，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants9、hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey 如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs. 10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等；news也是如此。11、glasses， trousers， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定：Where are my glasses ？My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes. III. 名词的所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解： s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室),分别拥有，可以采用As and Bs 的形式,如：Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(露西和丽丽一人一个卧室) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)3、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 theChinese, aChinese, twoChinese 瑞士人 theSwiss, aSwiss, twoSwiss 澳大利亚人theAustralians, anAustralian, twoAustralians 俄国人 theRussians, aRussian, twoRussians意大利人 theItalians, anItalian, twoItalians 希腊人 theGreek, aGreek, twoGreeks 法国人 theFrench, aFrenchman, twoFrenchmen 日本人 theJapanese, aJapanese, twoJapanese 美国人 theAmericans, anAmerican, twoAmericans 印度人 theIndians, anIndian, twoIndians 加拿大人 theCanadians, aCanadian, twoCanadians 德国人 theGermans, aGerman, twoGermans 英国人 theEnglish, anEnglishman, twoEnglishmen 瑞典人 theSwedish, aSwede, twoSwedesBeijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) the Great Wall(长城). is one of my favourite English restaurants.A.The Brown B. Browns C. The Browns D. The Browns1.-Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep2.There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears3. Sorry, my husband is not in. Would you leave a message? All right. Please give me _.A. a few papers B. some pieces of papersC. some paper D. a paper4. The news reporter has collected_ about the private schools in the city.A. lots of informations B. a lot of informationC. much of information D. many informations5.I wonder how many_ I should pay for the service.A. dollars B. money C. cent D. moneys6. He took down _ while he was listening to radio English. A. several news B. a number of newsC. a few pieces of news D. some of news7. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. 黄冈A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 8. His father went to his doctor for _about his trouble. A .an advice B.some advice C advices D .the advices9. Swimming is _in summer. A .a great fun B.great fun C .great funs D .great a fun 10. I hope there wont be too _ in your work.A. many troubles B. much troubleC. much of trouble D. many of troubles11. Fanners in the forest area need a lot of for the winter.A. wood B. woods C. the wood D. the woods12. Did you have on the ship? Yes, we had a lot of_.A. a bad weather, rain B. bad weather, rainsC. bad weather, rain D. the bad weather, the rain13.Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well，Id like to try those blue_.黄冈Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair14.Would you like some drinks, boys? 河北 Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange15. - They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly. A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters16. Two and a cup of milk are usually my breakfast. A. slices of bread B. slices of breads C. breads D. slice of bread17. On the farm we saw a lot of ._A. cow and sheep B. cows and sheepsC. cow and sheeps D. cows and sheep18. Would you have a little more_? No, thanks.A. fishes B. of fish C. fish D. of fishes19.Many about movie stars are not true.A. news story B. news storiesC. news stories D. stories of news20.At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs 21.The PLA man saved three _lives in the accident济南Achildrens Bchildren Cchild Dchilds22. The_ has two _ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch23. The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths24. -Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. -But I think we should let _go out first. A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children25. Mike hurt one of his _in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear26. There are many _ in the city. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans27._fathers are both scientists 咸宁 AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob28._room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams29. Homework for today is to write composition about your visit to Shakespeares hometown.A. a five-hundred-word B. a five-hundred-wordsC. a five-hundreds-word D. a five-hundred-words30. At the New Years party, I met_.A. some Mr Blacks students B. Mr Blacks some studentsC. some students of Mr Blacks D. some students of Mr Black32. She works in television as well as writes_.A. the childrens books B. childrens booksC. the children books D. children books33. I like these dishes, but is a little smaller.A. the teas cup B. the cup of the teaC. a cup of tea D. the tea cup34. Im afraid is too much for a boy of eleven.A. the weight of a bike B. weight of a bikeC. the weight of bike D. the bike weight用be动词正确形式填空The computer a great invention.The water in the glass very cold.Class Three have a map of China. （用have正确形式填空）There a sheep in the yard.There some sheep in the yard.The news very exciting. The trousers very cheap and I want to take them.A lot of students playing baseball now. A lot of time wasted on that work.The teacher and his son picking apples now.Fish and chips very famous food.There a table and four chairs in the room.Both you and I required to be here tomorrow.A woman with a 7-year-old child standing at the side of the road. Either you or he right.Neither you nor I going there. Two months not a short time.Two thousand kilometers quite a long distance(距离).Over three quarters of the information on the Internet in English.A third of the students playing near the lake.All of the water in these rivers been polluted.（用have正确形式填空）What the population of China?Three quarters of the population in this city Arabs(阿拉伯人). 【2013江苏连云港】3. Its a wise _ to wear the white tie. It matches your shirt well. Thank you very much. A. choice B. support C. mixture D. honour【2013山东滨州】22. Do you think the of this skirt suits me?Of course! You always look beautiful in red.A. size B. design C. price D. color【2013山东菏泽】2. If you want to get more information about English learning, please visit our_.. A. company B. store C. office D. website【2013浙江宁波】21. Would you like some _?No, thanks. Im not hungry at all.A. water B. soup C. orange D. bread【2013浙江丽水】21. Being honest is the first _ if you want to make friends with others. A. step B. time C. job D. hand【2013浙江丽水】26. Tommy, you can never let others know what I have told you today.Dont worry. I will keep the _.A. secret B. money C. address D. grade【2013安徽】31. What is Miss Gaos favorite _? She is always in pink. Dont you know?A. colour B. book C. song D. movie【2013山西】24. Mum, theres something wrong with my _. Could you wake me up tomorrow morning? No problem, dear. A. pencil case B. alarm clock C. tennis racket 【2013山西】17. More and more people would like to go on vacation abroad. They should remember to be _ with good manners.A. visitorsB. playersC. volunteers 【2013山东聊城】30.- I have great _ in finishing the work by myself. Could you help me ? No problem. A. fun. B. success. C. advice. D. difficulty.【2013江西南昌】28. Lee is new in Nanchang. Maybe he needs a _for sightseeing.A. watch B. ticket C. map D. notebook【2013山东泰安】23. The food safety is a serious_ in our country. We should try to solve it. A. subject B. program C. problem D. opinion 【2013山东青岛】1.Where are the _ students?They are playing football with _ students from Hilltop School.A. boys，/ B. boys, the C. boy, / D. boy, the【2013浙江舟山、嘉兴】17. Youd better read the_ first before you use the camera.A. websites B. expressions C. instructions D. advertisements【2013浙江温州】2. I like reading.Me too. I especially like the written by J. K. Rowling.A. homework B. numbersC. moviesD. books【2013浙江台州】17. I want to see the movie Iron Man 3 (钢铁3). Do you know the _ of the ticket?Yes. Five dollars.A. numberB. priceC. kindD. name【2013四川遂宁】22. Im so hungry. Please give me to eat.A. three bread B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads【2013重庆】23Excuse me, where did you get the book? I borrowed it from the_A. cinema Blibrary C. park D. station【2013 浙江湖州】17. Hello! Is that Jenny speaking? Sorry, Im afraid youve got the wrong _.A. number B. name C. address D. message【2013 浙江衢州】17. Would you please pass me the ？I need to look up a word in it.OK, here you are。 A. bag B. box C. paper D. dictionary【2013四川内江】31. I m happy to see great _ have taken place in my hometown. Many new roads have been built. A. experiences B. advantage C. dream D. changes【2013江苏常州】2. I will buy you a new bike if you learn how to swim this summer.Is that a ? Im sure Ill get the bike.A. chanceB. promiseC. trick D. treat【2013湖南娄底】29. What can I do for you? Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and_. A. some chickens B. any chickens C. some chicken【2013 湖南衡阳】21. Jenny, Whats your favorite . I like bananas best. A. vegetables B. fruit C. drink【2013湖北宜昌】35. My favorite TV _ is A Bite of Chinese (舌尖上的中国). We like it, too. My mother often cooks delicious food after watching it. A. instruction B. guidebook C. entertainment D. program 【2013湖北孝感】25. What _ can you give me on learning English?I think you could join an English club A advice B news C messages D information【2013年襄阳】26.I plan to go out for a bicycle trip to Longzhong. But Im afraid I dont know the_.A map is helpful, I think. A. timeB. wayC. weatherD. price【2013湖北咸宁】29. Could you give me some _ on how to learn English _? Sure. Practice makes perfect.A. advice; good B. suggestions; good C. advice; wellD. suggestion; well【2013天津】29. Look at my stamps. They are beautiful! Youve got a wonderful_. A. instruction B. description C. collection D. expression【2013山东威海】40. _ fa