高考不定式讲解.doc

高考不定式专项讲解 高考英语试题与动词不定式纵观近年高考英语试题对于非谓语动词不定式的考查不难发现，虽然考查面还是比较广，但通过对20062010年四年此类题的粗略统计不难发觉，其考查还是有所侧重的：20062010四年不定式考查题数统计表：所作成分主语表语宾语补足语定语状语考查总题数11510415由上表可以看出，高考试题主要考查不定式作状语及作宾补时的用法，间或考查作宾语、定语、主语或表语时的用法。本文旨在分析历年考题中的不定式用法，进而总结一下其考查的范围及趋势，力图对大家的学习有所帮助。大家知道，不定式在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时还保留着动词的一些特征，并且在很多场合具有情态意义。不定式有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式（见下表）。时态 语态 主动语态被动语态一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行式to have been writing不定式的时态：不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词是同时发生的或是在其后发生的；其进行式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时的，而且正在进行着，有时表即将发生，多与情态动词连用；不定式的完成式主要表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等，也用来表示先于谓语动词发生的动作或状态。不定式的完成时主要用于以下几个方面：（1） 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, wanted, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were 等后，表示“原”；（2） 用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等后；（3） 用在should(would) like或should(would) have liked后。不定式的被动语态：要学习其逻辑主语方面的知识。一、不定式作宾语或主语的补足语不定式作宾补，主要用于表示“指示，愿望，感觉”等动词后；动词hope, demand, suggest, welcome后不能用不定式作宾补；动词decide, discover, explain, consider, ask, forget, imagine, learn, think, wonder 等后可接“疑问词不定式”作宾语或宾语补足语；动词feel, think, understand, suppose, prove, know, imagine, find, declare, consider, judge, guess, believe后的宾语补足语常是to be或to have过去分词。1. 2008陕西卷 第11题The message is very important, so it is supposed as soon as possible. A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sending简析不定式的一般式表示的动作此处表示与谓语动词同时或在其后发生。此处与句子主语有被动关系。2. 2007 辽宁卷 第29题The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break 简析不定式的完成式表示动作早于谓语动词reported发生。3. 2009 山东卷 第33题Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday. A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost 简析不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，而且一直进行着。 4. 2010江苏卷 第25小题- Is Bob still performing?- Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an officialA. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left简析同第2题。归纳通过以上各题可见，以下结构大家可放心使用不定式，再根据上面的介绍确定动作发生的时间：sb be supposed/ reported/ said/ believed/ thought + to do/ to have done 应试策略 加强此类结构的训练，务必弄清这类不定式所起的作用。还有一种常见结构要用到不定式作宾补，但同学们要清楚其结构的不固定性。5. 2007 北京卷 第28题 Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing简析have结构有：have (意为“有”) sth to do/ to be done; have(意为“使，让”) sb do/ sb doing/ sth done，大家要分别弄清其意义。6. 2007 江苏卷 第35题 My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. A. feeling wellB. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good简析make后可跟不定式或过去分词做宾补，但不跟现在分词作宾补。结构是makedo/ done; make用于被动语态时，make do 应说: be made to do。7. 2010全国卷3 第18题While watching television, _.Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell ringsCwe heard the doorbell ring Dwe heard the doorbell rings简析 表示“听、看”一类动词后多可接不定式、现在分词或过去分词做宾补。即 hear/ see do/ doing/ done；但用于被动语态时，hear/ see do应说be heard/ seen to do8. 2008上海春 第34题Due to the heavy rain and flooding, ten million people have been forced _their homes. A. leaving B. to leave C. to be left D. being left简析 force sb to do sth的被动语态形式。归纳这类结构特别要注意什么时候用带to的不定式什么时候用不带to的不定式；分清其后的宾补为何种非谓语动词形式。应试策略首先要记住英语中常带宾补的动词，清楚英语5大句型之一的“主谓宾补”这一中国学生缺乏自主使用的不足，逐个归纳，各个击破。二、不定式作状语不定式作状语表示的情况很多，可以表示目的、结果或原因等。不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后，一般放在句子兵部。但如果表示强调，也可位于句首，前面可加in order, 但不能用so as。值得注意的是，不定式作目的状语时，其否定式不能用not+ 不定式，必须用in order not +不定式或so as not +不定式。在英语中目的一般用不定式表示，不用for +动名词这一形式。分词无论位于句首或句尾，都不可用作目的状语。917题不定式表示目的。9. 2008湖南卷 第30题 the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. A. Completing B.Complete C.Completed D. To complete 简析 不定式放在句首表示目的，意为“为了.”。以下8题同。10. 2008北京卷 第31题Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding11. 2007 上海春 第38题 the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. ATo ensureBEnsuringCHaving ensured.DTo have ensured12. 2006广东卷 第30题 this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making13.2009上海春 第38题_ the employees working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break. A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved 14. 2007 江西卷 第24题When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained15. 2010辽宁卷 第22题 All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas.Ain order to have received Bin order to receiveCso as to be received Dso as to be receiving16. 2005浙江卷第8题 _ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.ATo find outBFinding out CFind out DHaving found out17. 2007 浙江卷 第9题The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _. A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard 简析 不定式的逻辑主语与不定式呈被动关系，要用不定式的被动语态。不定式表示原因，作原因状语，多放在句尾。18. 2008北京卷 第32题 I feel greatly honored _ into their society. A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed简析不定式常跟在一些形容词或过去分词之后说明产生这种情绪的原因。形容词有：happy, lucky, fortunate, ashamed, surprised, frightened, sorry, glad, delighted, eager, disappointed, anxious, ready, quick, foolish, rude, cruel, wrong, bored, interested, puzzled, worried, honored等。再如：Its nice to see you. Its kind of you to help me. 等。不定式表示结果时要放在句尾，常可表示出乎意料的、令人不愉快的结果。1821题为不定式表示结果。18. 2006陕西卷 第18题He hurried to the booking office only_that all the tickets had been sold out. A.to tell B.to be told C.telling D.told简析常带only一词表明是结果，本句中译成“结果被告知”。19. 2005广东卷 第31题 He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left. A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 简析译成“结果发现”。 在“名词/代词beeasy (difficult, fit) 不定式”结构中，尽管句子的主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动的，形式上却是主动的。这时可看成是省略了动词的逻辑主语for us, for me, for you等。20. 2008全国卷1 第26题I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good_.A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed简析 可作固定结构或句型来掌握。21. 2005江西卷第30题I think youll grow _ him when you know him better.AlikingBto be likeCto likeDto be liking简析不定式表示结果的句式很多，无法概而括之。用于独立结构中，整个结构作状语。22. 2005湖南卷第34题 I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 简析不定式用于独立主格结构中，表示将来动作即迟于谓语动词发生的动作。归纳由以上题目可知，高考试题主要考查不定式作目的和结果状语时的用法，因而要加大这两方面的学习和训练。其次再掌握其它方面的用法。另外要补充的是，不定式作状语时还可表示说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分，常见的结构有：to tell you the truth, to be true, to bring the story short, to make matters worse, to be brief, to be exact, to be honest, to cut a long story short, to start with, to sum up等。有时表示评述、条件、伴随、方式等。另应注意，so as to 不同于soas to，前者引导的是目的状语，相当于in order to, 表示“以便”；而后者引导的是结果状语，so 后跟形容词或副词，表示“到这种程度以致”。前者前面可用逗号，而后者则不可。应试策略全面学习不定式作状语的尤其是作目的和结果状语时的用法，熟识其句型，提高对不定式的感知能力及应用技巧。三、不定式作定语不定式作定语时，不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，或者该不定式本身有宾语，其后应有必要的介词。2326题为不定式作定语。232008上海卷 第33题 If theres a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing简析不定式可以修饰there be结构中作主语的名词。24. 2007 全国卷I 第25题The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving 简析the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing等常跟不定式作 定语25. 2007上海卷 第35题There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. A. being persuadedB. persuadingC. to be persuaded D. to persuade简析略。26.2006四川卷 第26题The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games_in Beijing in 2008. () A.hold B.holding C.held D.to be held 简析 不定式作定语修饰the 29th Olympic Games，表示“将要举行的”。归纳不定式作定语都要放在其所修饰的名词之后，多用于一些常用结构。“have+ the +抽象名词”后常用不定式；有些名词后常用不定式：time, way, right, reason, effort, ambition, chance, movement, ability, agreement, attempt, decision, need, plan, promise, willingness, wish, impatience, eagerness等。应试策略多做一些句型操练，培养语感。四、不定式作主语不定式作主语时，往往由it代替它作形式主语，不定式则移至谓语之后。这样就衍生出许多句型：It + be + 形容词+ for 短语 + 不定式；It + be + 形容词+ of 短语 + 不定式；It + be + 名词+ 不定式；It + 动词+ 宾语+ 不定式；27. 2006江西卷 第32题It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness_. Ato make Bto be made Cmaking Dbeing made 简析此题是It takes sb some time to do sth或It takes some time for sb to do sth结构。如果不定式的逻辑主语为不定式的宾语，则不定式用被动形式。归纳对不定式作主语考查较少，主要是不定式作主语时用形式主语的用法。应试策略掌握几个关键句型即可。五、不定式作宾语不定式常放在某些动词后作宾语，要熟悉这些动词：agree, refuse, offer, promise, choose, decide, determine, attempt, intend, manage, fail, ask, hope, want, expect, long, wish, tend, desire, seek, plan, prepare, learn, volunteer, pretend, afford, arrange, appear, beg, demand, dislike, forget, happen, hate, hesitate等。28.2006北京卷 第35题 I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working ; stopping B. to work ; stopping C. working ; to stopD. to work ; to stop 29. 2005天津卷 第12题 I dont want _like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair.A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded归纳考查较少。应试策略熟知使用不定式作宾语的动词：有些只能用不定式作宾语；有的既可用不定式亦可用动名词；这些情况要记忆。六、不定式作表语不定式作表语，比较难掌握，多数表达情态意义。可以表示目的；表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或预言；用于第一人称疑问句；表示征求意见；表示同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止等；用于被动语态，表示情态意义等。She is to blame. The house is to let.等是不定式作表语，主动表示被动的意义。30.2006浙江卷 第18题 It remains _ whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals. A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see 简析remain to be done表示“有待于被”。 归纳考查较少。应试策略掌握一些特定用法或句型。七、不定式及其符号to的省略当几个动词不定式具有同样的功能时，to只用在第一个不定式之前，以避免重复，除非为了强调、对比或对照。以why引导的疑问句肯定句表示不满或委婉的批评；否定句表示建议时，不用to。31. 2006上海春 第40题China has promised to revise its existing regulations and _ new policies according to WTO requirements. A. forming B. to form C. to be forming D. have formed 32. 2007 全国卷I第24题 Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend? A. Why not visit B. why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit归纳除了上面提到的省略，有时用to代替整个不定式，这时常同：refuse, want, seem, intend, mean, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, forget, wish, try等连用。应试策略掌握一般省略规则即可。预测性练习1. The bank is reported _in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday. A. being robbed B. having been robbed C. to have been robbed D. robbed2. Its an honor for me _ make a speech here.A. to ask to B. to be asked to C. to being asked to D. to have asked to 3. John was made _the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing4. The party was a success, but we thought it a pity not _you. A. to invite B. to be inviting C. to have invited D. to be invited5. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _ clear warning before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued6. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _. A. that, to be improved B. which, to be improvedC. where, improving D. when, improving7. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused8. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have9. The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed 10.Whats the matter with Tim? Oh, Tims cellphone was left in a taxi accidentally, never _ again.A. to find B. to be found C. finding D. being found11.How is it that you know shes got back from the UK? She _ when I came out of the house this morning.A. seemed to be passing B. happened to have passedC. chanced to be passing D. chose to be passing12. He went to American _some English as well as _. A. learning ,to travel B. learning, traveling C